人骨髓间充质干细胞对不稳定型心绞痛患者树突状细胞功能的影响

目的:研究人骨髓间充质干细胞(Human mesenchymal stem cells,hMSCs)对不稳定型心绞痛患者树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)功能的影响,探讨hMSCs对不稳定型心绞痛患者异常激活的DCs功能是否存在抑制作用.方法:以Friedenstein法[1]分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,密度梯度离心法分离UAP患者和正常人外周血单个核细胞,在含人重组粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)和人重组白介素4(rhIL-4)的培养条件下制备DCs,实验分为UAP组,hMSCs处理组,正常对照组.实验组将UAP患者组中加入hMSCs共培养48小时.用流式细胞仪检测实验各组DCs表面共刺激分子CD86(B7-2),成熟标记物CD83和抗原呈递分子HLA-DR的表达,混合淋巴细胞反应(Mixed lymphocyte reaction,MLR)检测各组DCs对同种异体T淋巴细胞的刺激能力,ELISA法检测各组MLR中细胞因子IL-10,IL-12,INF-γ的表达.结果:与正常对照组比较,UAP组DCs表面CD86和CD83以及HLA-DR表达明显增高;对T淋巴细胞刺激的能力增强;经DCs刺激的淋巴细胞分泌致炎细胞因子(IL-12,INF-γ)增多,抑炎细胞因子(IL-10)减少.hMSCs处理组DCs表面CD86,CD83以及HLA-DR表达较处理前明显下降,对T淋巴细胞的刺激能力减弱,分泌致炎细胞因子(IL-12,INF-γ,TNF-α)减少,而抑炎细胞因子(IL-10)增加.结论:本实验表明,人骨髓间充质干细胞能显著抑制不稳定心绞痛患者DCs功能,从而为应用人骨髓间充质干细胞治疗炎症性疾病提供实验证据.     

microRNA-27a对树突状细胞表型及功能的影响

目的:研究microRNA-27a(miR-27a)对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激的小鼠树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)的成熟和细胞因子分泌的影响。方法:小鼠骨髓来源的未成熟树突状细胞(immature dendritic cell,im DC)转染miR-27a的模拟物(miR-27a mimics)后,用LPS刺激24 h,采用流式细胞仪检测其表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86及MHCⅡ表达,ELISA方法检测其上清中的IL-12p70及IL-10蛋白水平,RT-PCR方法检测其细胞内IL-12p40及IL-10 mRNA水平,混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测其刺激T细胞增殖能力。结果:与未处理的im DC比较,LPS刺激24 h后的DC表面的共刺激分子CD80、CD86及MHCⅡ表达均显著增高(均P0.001);LPS刺激24 h后,与对照组比较,转染miR-27a mimics细胞的共刺激分子CD80、CD86及MHCⅡ表达均显著降低(均P0.001),且显著抑制IL-12分泌(P0.01)、促进IL-10分泌(P0.05),并显著减弱LPS刺激的DC促CD4+T细胞增殖的能力(P0.01)。结论:miR-27a影响小鼠树突状细胞的成熟以及细胞因子的分泌。     

负载滋养层细胞抗原对小鼠树突状细胞表型及功能的影响

目的 研究负载滋养层细胞抗原对小鼠髓源性树突状细胞(DC)分化成熟过程的影响,获得致耐受性DC.方法 体外使用粒细胞巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)诱导小鼠骨髓细胞定向分化、经LPS刺激获得成熟DC;通过外胎盘锥组织块培养法获得滋养层细胞,制备可溶性抗原,加入DC培养体系.流式细胞术检测DC表面共刺激分子及MHC-Ⅱ的表达,ELISA法检测DC分泌IL-10和IL-12的浓度,混合淋巴细胞培养评估 DC刺激同种T细胞增殖、活化的功能.结果 成熟DC表型为CD40high CD80highCD86highMHC-Ⅱhigh,分泌大量的IL-12和极少量的IL-10 ,体外能有效刺激T细胞的增殖;负载滋养层细胞抗原的DC表型为CD40midCD80lo wCD86lowMHC-Ⅱlow,在分泌大量IL-12的同时IL-10也明显升高,不能有效刺激T细胞增殖,并使T细胞分泌细胞因子呈现明显Th2偏倚.结论 负载滋养层细胞抗原后的DC表面共刺激分子及MHC-Ⅱ表达降低,刺激T细胞增殖能力下降;其自分泌和促使T细胞旁分泌的细胞因子呈现Th2偏倚,是一种耐受性DC.     

阿司匹林对树突状细胞成熟及免疫功能的体外研究

研究阿司匹林在体外对小鼠树突状细胞(mDC)成熟及免疫功能的影响。在骨髓来源未成熟树突状细胞培养过程中,加入不同剂量(1mmol/L、2mmol/L)的阿司匹林,观察DC形态。流式细胞仪检测各组mDC表面共刺激分子CD86、CD80的表达;台盼蓝染色测细胞活力;混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测mDC对T淋巴细胞刺激能力;ELISA法检测MLR上清液中细胞因子。与对照组比,阿司匹林处理的DC(aspirin-DC)表面CD80、CD86表达明显降低(P<0.01);对T淋巴细胞刺激能力减弱;MLR上清液中炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)明显减少(P<0.01)。结果:在体外培养过程中给予阿司匹林干预能够抑制mDC的成熟及功能,呈剂量依赖性;阿司匹林对DC功能的抑制可能是阿司匹林抑制炎症反应,治疗冠心病的机制之一。     

尿酸对树突状细胞成熟及免疫功能的影响

 目的：观察尿酸（UA）对体外培养的小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞（BMDCs）成熟及免疫功能的影响。方法：体外分离培养小鼠骨髓来源的DC，使用GM-CSF、IL-4、LPS，并加入UA诱导培养DC。用流式细胞仪技术检测BMDCs细胞表面分子表达，用MTT法检测BMDCs与同基因小鼠T淋巴细胞的混合淋巴细胞反应；ELISA法测定DC培养上清IL-12的水平。结果：通过鉴定体外成功诱导培养出BMDCs。尿酸浓度为400mg/L或200 mg/L时能增强DC细胞表面CD11c、CD83、CD86、IA/IE分子表达率；提高IL-12分泌水平（P＜0.05）； DC与T淋巴细胞比例分别为5∶1、10∶1、20∶1时，能增强DC刺激T细胞增殖能力（P＜0.05）；尿酸浓度为70 mg/L时，细胞表面分子表达、IL-12分泌水平、刺激T细胞增殖作用与对照组比较均无明显差别（P＞0.05）。结论：对体外培养诱导扩增的BMDCs， UA可促进分化与成熟，提高表面共刺激分子表达；增强其刺激T细胞增殖能力和IL-12分泌水平。UA的作用与浓度密切相关。     

IL-12p35 siRNA干涉对大鼠髓源性DC免疫功能的影响

目的:研究IL-12p35 siRNA干涉对大鼠髓源性树突状细胞(DC)免疫功能的影响.方法:通过粒细胞-巨噬细胞型集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、IL-4和脂多糖(LPS)体外培养体系,从大鼠骨髓中获得DC,化学合成小型干扰RNA(siRNA),体外转染DC.DC细胞表面分子CD80和MHCⅡ表达采用流式细胞仪分析,检测IL-12p35转录采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,检测IL-12、IL-10分泌采用ELISA法,细胞递呈抗原能力采用混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测.结果:IL-12p35siRNA转染后的DC表面分子CD80和MHCⅡ表达无明显改变,分泌IL-12减少、分泌IL-10增多,刺激同种T淋巴细胞增殖的能力下降.结论:IL-12p35 siRNA的转染不能干扰DC的成熟,但可以抑制其免疫应答功能.     

地塞米松对小鼠DC2.4细胞表型及功能的影响

目的研究地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)对DC2.4细胞表型及功能的影响。方法取生长状态良好的DC2.4细胞,随机分为4组,A组为对照组;B、C、D组分别为50、100、200μg/L地塞米松组,每组DC2.4细胞培养6d。用流式细胞术测定DC表面CD80,CD86,Galectin-9及PD-L1的表达,ELISA方法检测其培养上清IL-12的浓度,用混合淋巴细胞培养法检测其对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力。结果与对照组相比,经不同剂量地塞米松修饰的DC2.4细胞其表面CD80,CD86,Galectin-9及PD-L1的表达无明显改变,但地塞米松用药组显著减少IL-12的分泌及抑制刺激同种异体T细胞增殖的能力。结论 DC2.4细胞是一细胞表型稳定的细胞系;地塞米松没有明显改变其细胞表型,但抑制其细胞因子的分泌,降低其刺激同种异体反应T细胞增殖的能力。     

调节性DC分泌的外体诱导免疫耐受功能的体外研究

为了探讨树突状细胞(DC)分泌的外体(Dex)在诱导T细胞免疫耐受中的作用,体外研究采用供体Dex降低同种异体移植排斥的可能性。从正常人外周血单个核细胞中诱导培养未成熟DC(imDC),用TGF-β1联合IL-10诱导调节性DC,LPS诱导DC成熟。采用流式细胞术方法观察TGF-β1和IL-10对DC表型、吞噬功能的影响;采用超速离心和超滤的方法提纯Dex;Western blot方法检测imDC分泌的Dex(imDex)与调节性DC分泌的Dex(rDex)表达的相关分子;通过CCK-8法分析异源iDex和mDex在混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)中的生物学功能,并比较rDex与iDex诱导免疫耐受的能力。结果显示,TGF-β1和IL-10可下调DC表面的共刺激分子CD80、CD83、CD86的表达,并诱导调节性DC分泌更多的rDex;异源的mDC分泌的Dex(mDex)在mDC存在时增强MLR,而异源的imDex在imDC存在时一定程度上抑制MLR,rDex诱导的抑制T细胞增殖作用显著强于iDex;rDex表达更多的FasL,提示TGF-β1和IL-10诱导的调节性DC分泌的rDex在免疫耐受中发挥重要作用,有望应用于同种异体移植抗免疫排斥。     

内吗啡肽1抑制人外周血来源树突状细胞成熟和功能

目的研究加入脂多糖(LPS)刺激后内吗啡肽1(EM-1)对外周血来源树突状细胞(PBDC)的表型、细胞因子分泌和刺激T细胞增殖等方面的影响,探讨EM-1调节DC功能的可能作用途径及机制。方法用重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rh GM-CSF)和重组人白细胞介素4(rh IL-4)联合刺激经培养和离心处理后的PBDC,分组加入LPS或EM-1刺激,观察细胞生长形态变化;流式细胞术检测PBDC表面CD80、CD86、CD83、HLA-DR、CC趋化因子受体7(CCR7)的水平;ELISA检测PBDC分泌的IL-10、IL-12、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的水平;羟基荧光素二乙酸盐琥珀酰亚胺脂(CFSE)染色检测EM-1诱导后PBDC对T细胞增殖的影响。结果 EM-1使LPS刺激诱导后PBDC表面CD80、CD86、CD83、HLA-DR、CCR7表达下调;EM-1抑制LPS诱导成熟的PBDC释放炎性因子IL-12和IL-10,抑制PBDC对T淋巴细胞的增殖反应能力,减少PBDC和T淋巴细胞共培养上清液中IL-12和IFN-γ的分泌。结论 EM-1可抑制PBDC的成熟和功能。     

CTLA4-Ig基因修饰的树突状细胞体外对Th1/Th2平衡的影响

目的:探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA4 Ig)基因修饰的树突状细胞(CTLA4 Ig-DCs)体外对Th1/Th2平衡的影响。方法:通过腺病毒载体将目的基因(CTLA4 Ig)转染至小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DC)。采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测DC表面分子和胞内CTLA4 Ig的表达;采用混合淋巴细胞反应检测DC刺激同种异体T细胞的能力,ELISA法检测DC抗原提呈反应中Th1和Th2类细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4分泌水平。结果:CTLA4 Ig基因成功转染至DC,转染率约为80%,制备的CTLA4 Ig-DCs稳定表达CTLA4Ig,表面分子CD86呈现低表达;CTLA4 Ig-DCs可有效抑制T细胞增殖,降低抗原提呈反应上清中IFN-γ和IL-4的分泌,并增加IFN-γ/IL-4比值。结论:通过腺病毒将CTLA4 Ig转染DC并且高效表达,可有效降低DC表面CD86分子,抑制同种异体T细胞反应,并能影响体外Th1/Th2水平。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.