Measured and expected resting energy expenditure in patients with bipolar disorder on maintenance treatment

OBJECTIVES: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) on long-term maintenance treatment represent a clinical population with peculiar characteristics, for which available equations to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) are not suitable. The aim of this study was to measure REE by means of indirect calorimetry in bipolar patients on maintenance treatment and in controls, and to estimate the agreement between measured and predicted REE in both groups. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with BD I and healthy controls were assessed for height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Predicted REE was calculated using Harris-Benedict, Schofield, Recommended Nutrients Assumption Levels (LARN), and OUR equations; measurements of REE were performed using a portable indirect calorimeter. RESULTS: Results for our sample show the most commonly used formulas give a systematic overestimation of REE with respect to measured basal metabolic rate in the patient group. The mean bias was considerably greater for bipolar subjects than for controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with severe mental illness on long-term psychopharmacologic treatment may have reduced basal energy expenditure that may be a cause of weight gain.     

奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者的对照研究

目的：比较奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法：70例双相障碍躁狂发作患者随机分为奥卡西平组和碳酸锂组各35例,分别给予奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗8周。以Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重程度（CGI-SI）以及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：两组治疗后BRMS、CGI-SI评分均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组不良反应均为轻度。结论：奥卡西平治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效与碳酸锂相当,不良反应轻。     

碳酸锂单用与合并阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者的随机对照研究

目的:探讨碳酸锂单用及合并阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者的疗效和安全性。方法:86例门诊双相障碍I型躁狂发作患者被随机分为联合组(碳酸锂+阿立哌唑治疗)和单药组(碳酸锂单药治疗),疗程8周。分别在治疗前、治疗2、4、8周进行杨氏躁狂量表(YMRS)和汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)-17项评定,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果:治疗前两组YMRS评分差异无统计学意义;治疗2、4、8周后联合组YMRS减分值明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);治疗前后两组HAMD均7分;两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义。结论:碳酸锂联合阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍I型躁狂发作较单用碳酸锂起效快,症状改善更明显,且未见不良反应明显增加。     

双相I型障碍躁狂发作患者高尿酸血症发生率及其影响因素的研究

目的：探讨双相 I 型躁狂发作患者高尿酸血症（HUA）的发生率及其影响因素。方法：检测77例双相 I 型躁狂发作住院患者（患者组）和77名健康对照者（正常对照组）血清尿酸水平,同时检测体质量、腰臀比、血压及三酰甘油（TG）水平。结果：患者组 HUA 的发生率28.6%（22例）显著高于正常对照组7.8%（6例）（χ2=11.18,P <0.01）。平均血清尿酸水平患者组（365.19±103.45）μmol/ L显著高于正常对照组（301.77±76.04）μmol/ L,差异有统计学意义（F =25.70,P <0.01）;男性血清尿酸水平高于女性[（381.43±99.02）vs（291.38±70.33）]μmol/ L（F =50.08,P <0.01）。相关分析显示,患者组中性别与血清尿酸水平呈负相关（r =-0.56,P <0.01）;TG 水平与血清尿酸水平呈正相关（r =0.419,P <0.01）。结论：双相 I 型障碍躁狂发作患者 HUA 发生率增加并与性别、血清 TG 水平相关。     

Herbal products and serious side effects: a case of ginseng-induced manic episode

OBJECTIVE: Ginseng root extract is a widely used herbal product not devoid of side effects. This report describes the development of manic symptoms after ginseng consumption in a patient with affective disorder. Other potentially harmful side effects of ginseng are also reviewed. METHOD: A single case report. RESULTS: A 56-year-old woman with previous affective disorder presented a manic episode during ginseng intake. Symptoms disappeared rapidly with low doses of neuroleptics and benzodiazepines after ginseng suppression. CONCLUSION: Ginseng may produce manic symptoms. A special risk situation seems to be affective patients under antidepressant medication. The case emphasizes the lack of harmlessness of herbal products. Patients should be routinely asked about the use of herbal products and diet supplements.     

Resting energy expenditure prediction using bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities

Introduction

Resting energy expenditure (REE) is expected to be lower in with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) patients than in healthy subjects because of their relatively low fat-free mass (FFM). Therefore, an REE predictive equation for SMID patients may be required. The aim of this study was to validate existing REE predictive weight-based equations (Harris-Benedict, WHO, Mifflin, Owen, Schofield) and FFM-based REE equations (Mifflin, Owen and Cunningham) and to develop a new SMID patient-specific FFM-based REE equation.

Hypocholesterolemia during mixed manic episodes

Background An association of relatively low serum cholesterol with both depression and suicide has been reported. Depressive symptoms, including suicidality, are defining features of mixed mania. Few studies have considered differences in cholesterol levels in subjects during mixed bipolar episodes. Methods Fasting serum cholesterol levels obtained from 174 subjects evaluated during mixed and pure manic episodes were compared using ANOVA statistics. Sex was included in the analysis and age was used as a covariate. Cholesterol levels in the total manic cohort and in the mixed and pure manic subgroups were compared with national norms. Results Fasting serum cholesterol levels were lower in the mixed manic subtype compared to the pure manic subtype. As expected, cholesterol levels increased with age. No differences were noted between males and females. Cholesterol levels were lower in both the mixed and pure manic subtypes when compared with national norms. Conclusion Fasting serum cholesterol levels are low in manic patients, especially during mixed bipolar episodes. Cholesterol, which has been reported to be a negative acute phase reactant, may be lower during mixed states as a result of an immune activation. Received: 18 July 2001 / Accepted: 22 April 2002     

反复发作躁狂症与双相情感障碍躁狂相的血液流变学特点比较

目的 探讨反复发作躁狂症与双相情感障碍躁狂的血液流变学特点。方法 对住院患 在三天内进行采血检测,利用电脑对三者血流流变学数据进行比较研究。结果 反复发作躁狂症全血粘度,刚性指数比正常健康人高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而血浆压积却比正常健康人低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,双相情感障碍躁狂相各项指标在常健康人无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,反复发作躁狂症全血粘度,细胞压积,低切朱粘度比双相情感障碍躁狂相高（Ｐ〈０．０５）     

Adipocytokines and ghrelin level of bipolar patients from manic episode to euthymic episode

Purpose: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MeS) are more frequently observed in bipolar patients than the general population. This may result from the differences of adipocytokines and ghrelin levels in bipolar disorder.

Material and methods: We evaluated the leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin levels in bipolar patients (n?=?30) in manic episode and in a control group (n?=?30). After treatment, the same patients were evaluated again during the euthymic episode. We also measured the insulin, glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA), trygliceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in relation to the (MeS).

Results: When controlling for age, BMI and glucose, leptin levels were higher in the bipolar disorder manic episode group (BD-ME) and bipolar euthymic episode group (BD-EE) than the control group; resistin levels were higher in the BD-ME compared to the control group and it had a positive correlation with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). After treatment, ghrelin levels were higher in the BD-EE compared to the BD-ME group. There was no difference among the groups with respect to adiponectin.

Conclusions: The present results point that high leptin, resistin and ghrelin levels may be involved in the early pathophysiological process which can lead to later obesity and MeS in patients with bipolar disorder.     

Sensorimotor gating in manic and mixed episode bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have examined acoustic startle sensorimotor gating in bipolar disorder (BPD) despite the fact that patients with BPD have exhibited inhibitory dysfunctions on a variety of early information processing tasks. The present study aimed to expand the current literature through the investigation of electromyographic (EMG) measures of acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI) in manic and mixed episode BPD. METHODS: Fourteen manic and 21 mixed episode BPD patients were compared to 32 healthy controls on acoustic startle measures of PPI using a 120-ms lead interval. RESULTS: Prepulse inhibition did not significantly differ across diagnostic groups (manic, mixed, control), and the presence of psychosis in the patient sample was not significantly related to PPI levels. With respect to startle response characteristics, patients in the mixed phase of the disorder showed prolonged prepulsed startle latency and attenuated responses to both probe-alone and prepulsed probes, though no differences in startle habituation were found across diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although PPI deficits were not observed in either BPD sub-group, attenuated probe-alone and prepulsed startle magnitudes and reduced prepulse-induced latency facilitation in the mixed episode group is consistent with evidence that the mixed phase of BPD is associated with a more severe clinical outlook than other stages of the disorder. The absence of attenuated PPI in the patient sample may be due to the low incidence of psychosis in the BPD groups, though further studies are required to systematically assess the effects of symptom factors and clinical phase on sensorimotor gating in BPD.     

Risk of recurrence after a single manic or mixed episode – a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Objectives

For the first time to estimate the risk of recurrence among patients with a single manic/mixed episode by systematically reviewing prior studies on cohorts of adults, and cohorts of children and adolescents, respectively.

Methods

A systematic literature search up to August 2017 was carried out including studies in which < 25% of the participants were estimated to have had a mood episode that required pharmacological treatment prior to the index manic or mixed episode at inclusion.

Results

Three studies including a total of 293 adult patients with a single manic or mixed episode and three studies of children and adolescents including 126 patients were identified. In the adult studies, 31%, 40% and 42% experienced recurrence after recovery within 1 year, 59% after 2 years, and 58% after 4 years, respectively. In the studies on children and adolescents, 40% and 52% experienced recurrence after recovery within 1 year, 30% and 60% after 2 years and 64% and 67% after 4 to 5 years, respectively. Results from meta‐analyses showed a 1‐year rate of recurrence of 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30‐41%) in adults, and in adolescents/children, a 1‐year rate of recurrence of 48% (95% CI: 38‐58%), a 2‐year rate of 46% (95% CI: 33‐60%) and a 4‐5‐year rate of recurrence of 65% (95% CI: 52‐77%; as data from different studies were included at 1, 2 and 5 years, rates of recurrence did not increase steadily with time).

Conclusions

The rate of recurrence is high among adults as well as children and adolescents. It is important that clinicians and patients as well as relatives are well informed about these high risks when deciding to start maintenance treatment or not following onset of a single manic or mixed episode.     

双相情感障碍混合发作血清细胞因子水平研究

目的：比较双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作及抑郁发作患者之间血清细胞因子的水平。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法测定38例双相情感障碍混合发作患者（混合组）、54例躁狂发作患者（躁狂组）、47例抑郁发作患者（抑郁组）及38名正常人（对照组）血清白介素-1（IL-1β）、白介素-2（IL-2）及白介素-6（IL-6）的浓度;混合组患者于治疗前和治疗8周进行Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD-24）和Young躁狂量表（YMRS）评定。结果：混合组IL-1β浓度显著高于躁狂组及抑郁组（P〈0.01）,但与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-2浓度与躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-6浓度显著高于躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组（P〈0.001）。混合组IL-6浓度治疗8周后较治疗前显著下降（t=3.372,P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.823,P〉0.05）。混合组治疗前后IL-6浓度差值与HAMD-24、YMRS减分率之间均无显著相关（r分别=-0.211、-0.100,P均〉0.05）。结论：双相情感障碍混合发作可能存在IL-6诱导的免疫功能异常,有不同于双相情感障碍躁狂发作及抑郁发作的生物学特征。     

1H-MRS of hippocampus in patients after first manic episode

Objectives. The investigation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder in patients at disease onset is a strategy to avoid the confounding effect of progression of disease or duration of treatment. Our purpose was to investigate in vivo neuronal metabolites in the hippocampus of bipolar disorder patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) within 3 months after their first manic episode. Methods. Fifty-eight BD I patients meeting DSM-IV criteria following their first episode of mania and 27 healthy subjects were studied using ¹H-MRS with a 3.0 T Philips Achieva scanner. Voxels with 30 × 15 × 15 mm were placed in the hippocampus on both sides of the brain and the signal was collected using a PRESS sequence with TE = 35 ms and TR = 2000 ms. Data analysis was performed using the LC Model software. Results. N-Acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), creatine (Cre) and glutamine + glutamate (Glx) levels were compared between the groups and no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions. Our results suggest that early in the course of BD there are no alterations in neuronal metabolism or vulnerability in the hippocampus after the first manic episode.     

Dimensionality, responsiveness and standardization of the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale in the ultra-short therapy with antipsychotics in patients with severe manic episodes.

OBJECTIVE: Typical antipsychotics have their indication in the ultra-short (first week) treatment of severe episodes of mania. In this setting the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS) was psychometrically compared with the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) to assess its ability to measure response. METHOD: Ratings on patients with marked to severe mania (n = 80) who participated in the clinical trials to evaluate the ultra-short antimanic effect of zuclopenthixol acetate were assessed. The MAS was analysed for internal validity (total score a sufficient statistic) and for external validity. RESULTS: The MAS was shown to have a high internal validity showing onset of action already after days of treatment. After 6 days of treatment 53% of the patients responded according to the MAS but only 30% according to the CGI. The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The MAS has been found to be a valid scale to measure early onset of action and response in the ultra-short antimanic treatment with typical antipsychotics.     

Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar 'depressive mixed state' as bipolar spectrum

OBJECTIVE: To report the frequency of intra-episode manic symptoms in depressive episodes, and to evaluate unipolar depressive mixed state (DMS) as bipolar spectrum. METHOD: A total of 958 (863 unipolar, 25 bipolar II, and 70 bipolar I) depressive in-patients were assessed in terms of manic symptoms at admission, and several clinical variables using standardized methods. RESULTS: The frequency of manic symptoms (flight of idea, logorrhea, aggression, excessive social contact, increased drive, irritability, racing thoughts, and distractibility) was significantly higher in bipolar depressives than in unipolar depressives. Unipolar depressives with DMS - defined as having two or more manic symptoms - had more similarities to bipolar depressives than to other unipolar depressives in clinical variables such as onset age, family history of bipolar disorder, and possibly suicidality. CONCLUSION: Depressive mixed state is frequent, particular in bipolar depressives. Unipolar depressives with DMS may be better classified into bipolar spectrum.     

Intoxication in manic patients following chaotic self-administration of lithium

Intoxication is a serious complication of lithium therapy. Suicides attempted by depressive patients or excessive serum levels due to reduced renal elimination are typical causes of these intoxications. So far, lithium intoxications following excessive intake by patients with manic disorders have not been reported. We present 4 case histories of manic patients in whom the diagnosis of lithium intoxication was delayed, even though their affective disorders and medication were known. Lithium should be determined immediately on a routine basis in all patients who, on the basis of their history, are known to receive or who, considering the underlying mental illness, possibly receive lithium therapy.     

Outcome following a first manic episode: cross-national US and Taiwan comparison

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar disorder (BD) is recognized as a significant psychiatric condition worldwide, yet little is known about cross-national differences in the course of illness. This information might clarify features of the disorder that are illness versus culturally specific. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify differential and shared outcome predictors in first-episode manic bipolar patients in Cincinnati, OH, USA and Taipei, Taiwan. METHODS: DSM-IV bipolar patients were identified at the time of their first manic or mixed episode and were prospectively followed in a naturalistic, longitudinal study for one year. Patients were recruited from a first psychiatric hospitalization at university-affiliated, urban hospitals in Taipei and Cincinnati. The primary outcome measures were remission, recovery, recurrence and percent of follow-up spent with affective symptoms and syndromes. Treatment adherence was also assessed, as were a number of possible mediator variables. RESULTS: The two patient groups showed a number of significant differences in index clinical presentation on characteristics previously associated with outcome in other studies (e.g., substance abuse). The patients in Taipei showed significantly better outcome on virtually all measures. Some of these findings reflected differences in index (mediator) variables, whereas others persisted after controlling for potential baseline confounds. CONCLUSIONS: The early course of BD varies between Chinese and American patients. Some of this variance results from demographic and clinical cross-national differences in premorbid variables. Other sources of variance remain to be identified.