主动脉弓置换加"象鼻"支架手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层

目的 探讨采用升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层的临床意义。方法2010年5月至2011年10月,应用升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者16例,男性12例,女性4例,平均年龄47（30-67）岁;其中急性主动脉夹层12例、慢性夹层4例,均在深低温停循环、低流量选择性脑灌注下手术。结果急诊手术12例,择期手术4例。行主动脉弓置换及“象鼻”支架术2例,升主动脉及全主动脉弓置换1例,升主动脉及全主动脉弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术13例,其中同期行Bentall术2例、主动脉根部成形术8例。心肌阻断时间59-137（104-31）min,选择性脑灌注时间17-57（29-11）min。术后肾功能衰竭2例,1例经血液透析治疗后肾功能恢复,另1例因多器官功能衰竭死亡。15例患者出院,随访1个月至1．5年,1例患者于术后约1个月双下肢肌肉坏死,在外院施行了截肢手术,8例患者不同程度恢复工作,无晚期死亡或再次手术病例。结论升主动脉及全弓置换加“象鼻”支架手术是治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法。     

老年主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的:探讨老年主动脉夹层的外科治疗策略、疗效及预后。方法:回顾性分析本院外科治疗35例老年主动脉夹层患者的临床资料。患者年龄60～77岁,平均(64.9±4.6)岁;男性28例,女性7例;按Debakey分型,Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型20例。结果:全组死亡3例,死亡率8.6%。行降主动脉腔内修复手术18例,杂交手术(即先行主动脉头臂血管转流术,同期行主动脉夹层腔内覆膜支架置入术)3例,均无死亡。开胸手术14例,包括升主动脉置换术2例(同期行主动脉瓣置换1例),升主动脉+半弓置换5例(同期行主动脉瓣置换2例,冠状动脉旁路移植手术1例),升主动脉置换+支架象鼻术2例,升主动脉+全弓置换+支架象鼻术3例,降主动脉置换术2例,共死亡3例,死亡原因为急性肾功能衰竭、多脏器功能不全、心跳骤停及纵隔感染。结论:老年主动脉夹层病情凶险,外科开胸手术治疗死亡率较高,采取杂交手术及微创腔内修复治疗,效果满意。     

Aortic reoperations: experience with 23 patients using axillary artery cannulation

The increase in the number of cardiac operations has brought about an increase in aortic pathology that requires reoperation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate axillary artery cannulation in aortic reoperations. We operated on 23 patients diagnosed with acute type A aortic dissection (13 patients), chronic type A aortic dissection (7 patients), aortic pseudoaneursym (2 patients), and arcus aorta aneurysm (1 patient). The right axillary artery was cannulated directly or through a side graft which was anastomosed to the artery. Antegrade cerebral perfusion with moderate degree hypothermia was used for cerebral protection. Four patients were lost after the operation (17.4%) and no cerebral complications were encountered. Axillary artery cannulation provides safe reentry to the chest and provides good cerebral protection in aortic reoperations.     

The elephant trunk technique: a new complication.

We describe a complication that occurred during the 2nd stage of an "elephant trunk " aortic replacement. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who had undergone graft replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic arch with the elephant trunk technique for an acute, Stanford type-A aortic dissection.     

应用孙氏手术对Standford A型主动脉夹层的治疗体会

目的:评价应用全主动脉弓人工血管替换加改良支架象鼻技术(孙氏手术),治疗Standford A型主动脉夹层的临床效果。方法:自2012年6月至2013年6月,应用孙氏手术治疗急性Standford A型主动脉夹层11例,男性9例,女性2例,平均(42.1±10.4)岁。同期升主动脉行单纯置换8例,Bentall手术1例,Mini-root手术2例。结果:全组平均体外循环(166.0±44.8)min,主动脉阻断(103.7±17.5)min,深低温停循环(55.1±11.3)min,肾衰竭需要接受长期血液透析治疗1例,术后院内无死亡病例;平均随访(5.6±2.0)个月,随访中无死亡病例,患者出院1个月后支架血管段假腔闭合效果好的占81.8%。结论:应用孙氏手术治疗主动脉夹层有良好的临床效果。     

应用"象鼻"技术治疗DeBakeyⅠ型夹层动脉瘤

目的：探讨“象鼻”技术的手术适应证、手术方法及围术期脑和脊髓的保护措施。方法：经右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注．在一期手术行升主动脉和主动脉弓替换的同时,将一段人工血管（即“象鼻”）漂浮于降主动脉中,为二期手术做准备。结果：2例患者一期手术顺利,超高速计算机断层摄影术均示一期治愈,无需二期手术。结论：“象鼻”技术是一种分期治疗广泛主动脉病变的手术方法。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的 总结A型主动脉夹层外科治疗经验,探讨治疗A型主动脉夹层安全有效的术式和方法.方法 我院2008年1月至2013年11月对40例A型主动脉夹层患者予以外科治疗.Bentall（带瓣人造血管替代升主动脉根部和主动脉瓣膜,并移植左右冠状动脉）手术17例,其中10例同期行主动脉弓部替换＋降主动脉象鼻支架置入术;单纯升主动脉人工血管置换术8例;窦部成形＋主动脉瓣交界悬吊术6例,窦部替换＋主动脉瓣成形＋升主动脉半弓替换5例;升主动脉人工血管置换术＋主动脉全弓替换4例.采用深低温停循环技术（DHCA）12例,其余为浅中低温体外循环.采用冷血心脏停搏液灌注12例,组氨酸-色氨酸-酮戊二酸（HTK）停搏液灌注7例,冷晶体心脏停搏液21例.采用改良超滤技术19例.结果 手术死亡1例,围术期死亡4例,死亡率12.5％（5/40）,余均痊愈出院.结论 细化A型主动脉夹层的分型有利于制订个体化手术方案.术中止血彻底及心肌、脑保护确切可提高手术成功率.     

Hybrid treatment for complex aortic problems combining surgery and stenting in the integrated operating theater

OBJECTIVES: Conventional surgical treatment of complex aortic pathologies involving several thoracoabdominal aortic segments necessitates extended incisions or subsequent surgeries, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity rates. The combination of surgery and simultaneous stenting in the operating theater may reduce the surgical trauma. METHODS: A total of nine patients (62 +/- 10 years, range 44-70) underwent a combined surgical and endovascular treatment of thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms or chronic dissection. Five patients were treated with viscero-renal artery translocation followed by transfemoral stenting of the entire thoracoabdominal aorta. Two patients underwent debranching of the supraaortic vessels followed by immediate transfemoral stenting of the aortic arch, and two patients with a history of an ascending aortic aneurysm repair were treated with open surgical debranching of the supraaortic trunks and repair of the ascending aorta and aortic arch with elephant trunk technique. Preoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging was used to check supraaortic and intracranial vessels as well as the completeness of the Circle of Willisi prior to arch stenting and/or supraaortic vessel surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and induced mild hypertension have been used for one-step thoracoabdominal aortic stenting. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality rate and incidence of paraplegia was 0%. There was a single reversible perioperative stroke after aortic arch stenting. One patient required temporary renal replacement therapy using continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration. There was one early reoperation at the superior mesenteric artery after viscero-renal translocation. Four type I endoleaks occurred in three patients requiring two interventions. All patients have been discharged to home. CONCLUSION: The innovative combination of simultaneous conventional surgery and stenting reduces the operative burden for patients with complex aortic pathologies involving several segments of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Arch debranching and viscero-renal artery translocation may avoid the use of thoracoabdominal incisions, cardiopulmonary bypass techniques, deep hypothermia, and circulatory arrest.     

Risk factors for descending aortic aneurysm formation in medium-term follow-up of patients with type A aortic dissection

BACKGROUND: After surgery to repair a type A aortic dissection, most late complications and mortality result from descending aorta-related problems. This study was performed to determine the risk factors leading to descending aortic aneurysm formation and late mortality in patients undergoing the type A aortic dissection operation. METHODS: The medical records of patients who survived the operation for type A aortic dissection between 1984 and 1998 were reviewed. There were 144 patients (95 men and 49 women), ranging in age from 24 to 78 years (mean age, 52 years). Most patients were acutely ill, 15 patients were in shock, and 54 patients had cardiac tamponade at the time of the surgical procedure. One hundred thirty-seven patients had ascending aortic replacement only, and of the other 6 patients 2 had hemiarch and 4 had total arch replacement using the elephant trunk technique. The aortic valve was replaced in 23 patients, resuspended in 100, and untouched in 21. Twenty-four risk factors were evaluated in statistical analyses for the prediction of descending aortic aneurysm formation and 3-year mortality. Risk factors were investigated using univariate and multiple logistic regression and survival analyses. RESULTS: The 3-year, 5-year, and 8-year cumulative survival rates were 96.2%, 89.1%, and 80.0%, respectively. The 3-year, 5-year, and 8-year cumulative survival rates, free from descending aortic aneurysm formation or descending aorta operation, were 74.7%, 58.6%, and 43.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed that patent false lumen and initial descending aortic diameter were statistically significant risk factors for descending aortic aneurysm formation. CONCLUSIONS: The medium-term survival rate of patients who received operations for type A aortic dissection was satisfactory, despite the high incidence of descending aortic aneurysm formation. The intimal entry site over the aortic arch that was resected during the first operation could decrease the patency rate of a false lumen over the descending aorta. In the absence of a patent false lumen over the descending aorta, the chance of descending aortic aneurysm formation or operation is lessened, and the late survival rate is increased.     

Scope-guided implantation of a stented elephant trunk in acute aortic dissection.

A reliable guide is essential for implanting a stented graft safely into a recently dissected, fragile aorta. In 4 patients with acute aortic dissection, the implantation of a stented elephant trunk was done safely using an endoscope for direct visualization. In all patients, the operation went well. The placement of a stent appears to enhance the benefit of the elephant trunk, which itself reduces the complications of an arch replacement in acute dissection.     

Cannulation of the axillary artery: the decision between direct cannulation and cannulation via side graft

BACKGROUND: The axillary artery has emerged as promising alternative cannulation site when the ascending aorta is unsuitable for cannulation. However, in order to minimize vascular injury, the decision to cannulate the artery directly or via graft has to be considered carefully. METHODS: Seventy patients underwent axillary artery cannulation during a two-year period. Indications for operation were acute aortic dissection type A in 25(36 %), ascending aortic or arch aneurysm in 32 (46 %), redo surgery in 6 (9 %), and severely atherosclerotic aorta in 3 (4.3 %) patients. Depending on the diameter of the vessel and the rigidity of the wall, the artery was either cannulated directly or via an 8-mm prosthetic Dacron graft. RESULTS: Direct cannulation was performed in 46 patients (66 %) and cannulation via graft in the remaining 24 patients (34 %). The complication rate associated with axillary artery cannulation was 3.8 %. These two patients developed retrograde type A dissection and further dissection into the descending aorta caused by forceful insertion of a 20-French cannula in a very elastic and small artery. CONCLUSIONS: Cannulation of the axillary artery is an attractive approach with a wide indication spectrum. However, the decision to cannulate directly or via graft should be based on the diameter and elasticity of the vessel, to minimize the complications of vascular injury and subsequent dissection.     

Acute aortic dissection and peripheral ischemia. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Remote control using nuclear magnetic resonance

This study concerns 7 cases of acute aortic dissection associated with visceral and/or lower limb ischemia. Only those cases are included which raised diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Patients were excluded who had purely angiographic involvement of an aortic branch and minor rapidly resolving ischemic syndromes. Five of the 7 patients presented type B (type III or distal) and 2 type A (type I or proximal) dissection. All patients received anti-hypertensor medical treatment. All but one had undergone surgery at least once at the acute stage. Five had been followed up and monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One type A and 4 type B dissections were thus reviewed between the 15th month and the 9th year. Diagnostically, aortography was found to be inaccurate twice because of incomplete exploration of the thoracoabdominal aorta. Therapeutically, a case of intraoperative death occurred during replacement of the ascending aorta. Thus, out of the 6 patients who survived the acute stage, 4 are alive and asymptomatic, one has been lost sight of and the other died in year 5 after surgery for chronic dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch. Among the 5 patients examined by MRI, 4 presented aortic ectasia, chronic dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch and/or a descending aorta with a diameter between 45 and 65 mm. The patient with subnormal aortic diameter had his ascending aorta replaced (the follow-up period at this writing is only 27 months). Among 3 patients who were examined twice, one showed improvement after a year's interval, with a 5-mm increase in the caliber of the dissected aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Axillary artery cannulation with a Dacron graft for surgery of the aortic arch and ascending aorta

Cannulation of the axillary artery is one possible means of establishing cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery of the ascending aorta and aortic arch. Use of a Dacron graft for cannulation has a number of advantages. In this article, we report our experience with this technique in seven consecutive patients in whom we performed an ascending aorta replacement. The associated procedures involved were aortic root reconstruction using David's procedure in two patients, the Bentall procedure in one, the hemi-arch technique in two, the complete arch and elephant trunk technique in one, aortic valve repair in one, and Valsalva sinus reconstruction in one. Circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion was carried out in three cases. There was no in-hospital mortality, and there were no vascular or infectious complications related to axillary access. One patient presented with transient paresthesia of the brachial plexus. In all cases, cardiopulmonary bypass flow was adequate.     

Long-term follow-up after separate replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta.

Between May 1974 and November 1991, 28 patients underwent a separate replacement of the aortic valve and the ascending aorta (20 male, eight female; 32 to 71 years old, x = 52 years). 23 patients were operated for ascending aortic aneurysm, three for chronic and two for acute aortic dissection type A. 17/18 patients living at the beginning of this study were re-investigated after a mean follow-up interval of 8.5 years postoperatively with DSA, thoraco-abdominal CT and echocardiography. 1/8 biological aortic valves and 1/20 mechanical valves had to be replaced (four years and two months postoperatively) for valve degeneration and paravalvular leakage respectively. Three patients developed a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and were reoperated five, 9.2 and 9.3 years after primary repair. In all three patients histological signs of idiopathic degenerative media disease of the aorta were found. Two other patients presented with a perfused perigraft channel and therefore had to be reoperated. Patients with chronic aortic dissection type A and/or ascending aortic aneurysms presenting clinical or intraoperative signs of degenerative media disease of the aorta should undergo composite graft replacement to preclude formation of sinus Valsalva aneurysms.     

Frozen Elephant Trunk Repair for Descending Thoracic Aortic Dissection in a Man with a Hostile Left Pleural Cavity

The frozen elephant trunk procedure is a hybrid, single-staged alternative to conventional surgery for repairing diffuse pathologic conditions of the thoracic aorta. This approach is particularly advantageous in patients who have pathologic conditions of the left side of the chest, because the descending thoracic aorta can be repaired without entering a hostile pleural cavity.We present the case of a 67-year-old man who had undergone repair of acute type A aortic dissection. He presented with aneurysmal dilation of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to chronic dissection, a large acute dissection of the proximal ascending aorta, and a large paraesophageal hernia that made him a poor candidate for conventional, 2-staged open aortic repair. We describe the hybrid frozen elephant trunk technique that we used to repair the aorta, and its broader advantages.     

Extensive aortic surgery in Marfan syndrome: 16-year experience

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of surgical treatment in patients with Marfan syndrome. Between 1985 and November 2001, 33 patients with Marfan syndrome were operated for chronic aneurysm of the aortic root with involvement of the ascending aorta in 20 patients and type A dissection in 13 patients. The patients comprised 24 males and 9 females with a mean age of 31.9 +/- 9.7 years (range, 18 to 54 years). The mean diameter of the ascending aorta was 6.6 +/- 1.6 cm and that of the aortic root was 5.4 +/- 1.2 cm. Hemodynamic instability was observed in 11 patients. The aortic arch was replaced in 7 patients. There was no hospital mortality. Late mortality was 6%, involving 2 patients who had aortic valve replacement. Actuarial freedom from death was 92.3% +/- 7.4% at 12 years and from late aortic complications was 86.4% +/- 9.4% at 13 years. Aortic aneurysm was a significant univariate adverse factor for late aortic complications. Aortic surgery can be performed in Marfan patients with low morbidity and mortality. Aggressive surgical intervention does not impair surgical outcome while it decreases reoperation risk.     

升主动脉瘤累及右半弓的外科治疗及体外循环探讨

目的:总结升主动脉及右半弓置换术的外科治疗经验,探讨不同体外循环(CPB)方式在术中的应用。方法:28例升主动脉瘤伴右半弓受累的患者行升主动脉及右半弓置换术,其中8例单纯经股动脉与右心房插管建立CPB,在深低温停循环(DHCA)下开放吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端;15例经右腋动脉或无名动脉及股动脉与右心房插管建立CPB,在中深低温选择性脑灌注(ACP)加全身停循环下开放吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端;5例经股动脉右心房插管的同时,经腋动脉或无名动脉插管浅低温全流量下行ACP加下半身股动脉逆行灌注,在无名动脉和左颈总动脉之间阻断主动脉弓后吻合主动脉弓和人工血管远端。结果:术后突发大面积心肌梗死造成心源性休克死亡1例。术后偏瘫经CT确诊为脑梗死2例。呼吸功能不全需2次气管插管1例,机械通气辅助24h病情改善后脱离呼吸机。术后出现严重高钠血症需进行血滤1例。2次开胸止血1例。结论:在主动脉右半弓置换术CPB方法的选择上,外科医生和灌注师需根据患者病情、手术熟练程度正确掌握DHCA和ACP技术,选择最佳的灌注方式。     

Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion in surgery on thoracic aorta

Bilateral axillary arterial cannulation for selective cerebral perfusion might minimize cerebral embolic complications during surgery on the ascending aorta and aortic arch. From March 2002 through February 2004, bilateral axillary arterial perfusion was applied in 12 consecutive patients (mean age, 61.3 years). Operative procedures were total arch replacement in 8 patients, hemiarch replacement in 1, and ascending aorta replacement in 3. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion was established through vascular grafts anastomosed to the bilateral axillary arteries and a perfusion catheter placed directly into the left carotid artery. Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion through the grafts was successful in all patients. There were no early or late deaths and no incidence of neurologic deficit. There were no complications related to cannulation of the axillary arteries. Bleeding, temporary renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and graft infection occurred in one patient each; all recovered from these complications. Bilateral axillary arterial perfusion is feasible and effective for brain protection during surgery on the ascending aorta and aortic arch.     

Surgical treatment of multiple mycotic aneurysms: in the ascending aorta,aortic arch,and descending aorta

We report a clinical case of multiple mycotic aneurysms, in the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The patient underwent surgery to replace the ascending aorta and aortic arch by means of a highly modified "elephant trunk" technique and with the aid of arterial cannulation from the right subclavian artery, which provided antegrade cerebral perfusion. Samples of purulent material taken from the aneurysmal wall yielded cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with antibiotics for 6 weeks and then underwent a 2nd procedure for the aneurysmal resection of the descending thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta, through a thoracic laparo-phrenicectomy. We comment on the clinical and surgical aspects of the case.     

Staged Hybrid Repairs of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Involving the Right Aortic Arch with Retroesophageal Aortic Segment

IntroductionSurgery for type A aortic dissection associated with right aortic arch is complicated because of the anatomical relationship of the aorta with the trachea and oesophagus.ReportA 67-year-old man having right aortic arch with a retroesophageal aortic arch segment suffered an acute type A aortic dissection. An intimal tear located just proximal of the Kommerell’s diverticulum. Total arch replacement and an elephant trunk insertion to cover the primary intimal tear were performed. Three months later, endovascular repair was carried out to close the primary intimal tear.DiscussionHybrid repair is the appropriate way for such an unapproachable case.