马桑内酯激活的星形胶质细胞条件培养液对大鼠脑内谷氨酸及其受体GluR2表达的影响

目的 揭示马桑内酯(CL)激活的星形胶质细胞(Ast)条件培养液(ACM)对大鼠脑内谷氨酸(Glu)及其受体GluR2表达的影响.方法 取成年健康雄性SD大鼠48只,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(16只)和CL组(32只),对照组侧脑室注射未加任何刺激物的ACM 10μL,CL组侧脑室注射CL激活的ACM 10μL;按注射后取材时间不同又分为2h、4h、8h和12h四个亚组,对照组每亚组4只,CL组每亚组8只.观察两组大鼠的行为表现,用免疫组化、免疫荧光检测脑内Glu和GluR2表达的变化,Western blot检测脑内GluR2含量的变化.结果 CL组大鼠有痫样发作,而对照组无痫样发作;免疫组化和免疫荧光检测结果显示,CL组皮质和海马区Glu表达较对照组显著增强,4h时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而CL组皮质和海马区GluR2的表达较对照组弱,4h时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Western blot结果显示,CL组4个时间点的GluR2表达均较对照组含量显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CL激活的ACM能显著增强脑内神经元Glu的表达,降低GIuR2的表达,进而诱发癫痫.     

马桑内酯点燃效应癫癎动物模型海马区星形胶质细胞的形态学研究

采用马桑内酯（coriarialactone，CL）肌注造成大鼠化学点燃效应癫动物模型并经光镜、电镜、突触素（synaptophysin）免疫组化方法对大鼠脑组织进行观察，发现，大鼠海马区星形胶质细胞有明显变性坏死。提示马桑内酯对星形胶质细胞有损伤性作用，星形胶质细胞的变性坏死可能在诱导癫发作中起重要作用。     

雌激素受体α免疫阳性星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病病人海马中分布的改变

目的:观察雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)免疫阳性星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimerdisease,AD)病人组和老年对照组海马中的分布变化.方法:采用免疫荧光细胞化学双标方法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜.结果:ERα免疫阳性星形胶质细胞主要分布在齿状回的门和海马的分子层、放射层及始层.GFAP(glial fibrillary acidic protein)免疫阳性细胞、ERα胞核染色的和ERα胞质染色的星形胶质细胞(number/mm2)在AD组的CA1均显著增加(P分别小于0.001,0.05,0.05),但其ERα核着色或质着色的星形胶质细胞占GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞的百分数,在对照组(2.56%,n=13;16.68%,n=13)和AD病人组(2.15%,n=13;26.00%,n=13)之间无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:这些结果表明,在AD的发病过程中雌激素可能通过ERα介导对海马星形胶质细胞的作用.     

雌激素受体α免疫阳性星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病病人海马中分布的改变

目的 :观察雌激素受体α(estrogenreceptorα,ERα)免疫阳性星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimerdisease,AD)病人组和老年对照组海马中的分布变化。 方法 :采用免疫荧光细胞化学双标方法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜。结果 :ERα免疫阳性星形胶质细胞主要分布在齿状回的门和海马的分子层、放射层及始层。GFAP (glialfibrillaryacidicprotein)免疫阳性细胞、ERα胞核染色的和ERα胞质染色的星形胶质细胞 (number/mm2 )在AD组的CA1均显著增加 (P分别小于 0 .0 0 1,0 .0 5 ,0 .0 5 ) ,但其ERα核着色或质着色的星形胶质细胞占GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞的百分数 ,在对照组 (2 .5 6 %,n =13;16 .6 8%,n =13)和AD病人组 (2 .15 %,n =13;2 6 .0 0 %,n=13)之间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :这些结果表明 ,在AD的发病过程中雌激素可能通过ERα介导对海马星形胶质细胞的作用。     

癫痫大鼠海马神经元和星形胶质细胞的病理演变

目的　探讨癫痫大鼠海马神经元和星形胶质细胞在点燃后各期的病理特点、时序及机制。方法　针对匹罗卡品癫痫大鼠模型,行Nissl、免疫组化和HE染色,观察海马神经元及星形胶质细胞的病理变化。结果　癫痫持续状态后超急性期（4h）,CA3区神经元呈嗜酸性变性、胞浆深染;急性期（24h）,嗜酸性变性最为显著,神经元固缩、核仁消失、突起断裂,星形胶质细胞水肿;缄默期（7d）,CA3、CA1区及门区神经元大量坏死、脱失,胶质增生肥大,海马构筑紊乱;慢性期（6w）,CA3、CA1区出现胶质瘢痕,遗有形态正常的神经元,且颗粒细胞层增厚。结论　癫痫时海马神经元先于星形胶质细胞发生病理改变,二者均参与癫痫发生。     

大鼠海马星形胶质细胞对突触可塑性的影响

目的研究星形胶质细胞在神经系统发育成熟过程中对突触可塑性的调控规律.方法取健康初生、幼年和成年大鼠各10只,每只取脑切片,用免疫组织化学方法观察其海马CA1区的S100、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和P38免疫反应产物强度;HE染色法显示神经元胞体.结果初生大鼠海马CA1区中神经元大量存在,但S100、GFAP和P38表达均少,幼鼠的表达增加,但仍显著少于成鼠的表达(P＜0.01).结论大鼠海马CA1区星形胶质细胞增殖与突触出现时间、突触数目增加及功能成熟有关.     

红藻氨酸诱发大鼠复杂部分性癫痫发作的海马神经元和星形胶质细胞反应及相互关系

目的：观察大鼠癫痫发作后海鸟内神经元与星形胶质细胞反应变化的时空效应及相互关系。方法：以红藻氨酸诱发的大鼠复杂部分性癫痂发作为模型，利用免疫组织化学法，在原位显示癫痫发作后15、30、60、90、120、180min6个时间点海马神经元Fos蛋白及星形胶质细胞内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达变化、相互关系及分布规律。结果：致痫后15min海马内GFAP表达开始增多，60min达高峰。Fos阳性神经元在癞痴诱发后30min开始出现，120min达高峰。海马内GFAP阳性细胞与Fos阳性神经元分布规律基本一致。结论：在癫痫病理状态下，海马内星形胶质细胞的反应略早于神经元，两者之间分布呈平行关系，它们之间可能存在着复杂的信息通讯，以复合体的形式其同对各种病理生理刺激作出反应。     

反应性星形胶质细胞对脑缺血神经元的保护

近年来研究发现星形胶质细胞在脑缺血后异常活跃。它可通过分泌生长因子、细胞因子、识别分子等修复损伤的神经元,促进轴突再生及诱导再生神经元的迁移。起到恢复神经系统正常功能的作用。现综述如下。1 星形胶质细胞损伤对神经元的影响近10年研究表明神经胶质细胞在神经系统发育、突触传递、神经组织的修复与再生、神经免疫及多种神经疾病的病理机制中都起着十分重要的作用。用选择性胶质毒素Fluorocitrate(FC)注射入无损伤的鼠脑,造成早期胶质细胞功能紊乱,而产生类似缺血半影区的改变,而且发现在缺乏正常胶质细胞时神经元对扩散性…     

红藻氨酸诱发大鼠复杂部分性癫癎发作的海马神经元和星形胶质细胞反应及相互关系

目的:观察大鼠癫发作后海马内神经元与星形胶质细胞反应变化的时空效应及相互关系。方法:以红藻氨酸诱发的大鼠复杂部分性癫发作为模型,利用免疫组织化学法,在原位显示癫发作后153、0、60、901、20、180 min 6个时间点海马神经元Fos蛋白及星形胶质细胞内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达变化、相互关系及分布规律。结果:致后15 min海马内GFAP表达开始增多,60 min达高峰。Fos阳性神经元在癫诱发后30 min开始出现,120 min达高峰。海马内GFAP阳性细胞与Fos阳性神经元分布规律基本一致。结论:在癫病理状态下,海马内星形胶质细胞的反应略早于神经元,两者之间分布呈平行关系,它们之间可能存在着复杂的信息通讯,以复合体的形式共同对各种病理生理刺激作出反应。     

星形胶质细胞条件培养液体外诱导胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元的分化

背景：在神经干细胞移植治疗神经系统退行性变及修复神经系统功能损伤过程中,有效的神经干细胞体外增殖与多巴胺能神经元的定向诱导分化尤为关键。 目的：以星形胶质细胞条件培养液为诱导剂,观察胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞体外向多巴胺能神经元的分化。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外对照观察,于2006-12/2007-08在解放军第三军医大学新桥医院实验中心完成。 材料：清洁级新生2 d龄KM小鼠15只,孕16 d Wistar大鼠40只,均由解放军第三军医大学实验动物中心提供。 方法：采用差速黏附法和振荡分离法纯化培养KM小鼠星形胶质细胞,收集传至第3代、培养5 d的星形胶质细胞条件培养液,-20 ℃冻存待用。体外分离Wistar胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞,加入含B27和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的DMEM/F12无血清培养基进行原代培养,传至第3代后按0.5×108 L-1密度接种,设立2组：对照组单纯加入含体积分数0.1为胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基予以自然分化,实验组加入已制备的星形胶质细胞条件培养液进行诱导分化。 主要观察指标：免疫细胞化学染色鉴定胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞,流式细胞仪检测胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的阳性率。 结果：培养的神经球细胞表达巢蛋白,可分化为神经元特异性烯醇化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞。诱导分化7 d后,实验组可见酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞,胞体呈圆形或椭圆形,酪氨酸羟化酶位于胞质及突起中;对照组酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞在数量、细胞成熟形态上均未达到实验组水平。实验组酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞分化率明显高于对照组（t=35.296,P < 0.01）。 结论：在体外星形胶质细胞条件培养液可显著促进胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化。     

垂体腺瘤雌孕激素受体的研究

目的:为了解垂体腺瘤的雌、孕激素受体分布情况及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测了60例手术治疗的垂体腺瘤的雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR),并结合内分泌功能分类和临床影像学检查进行研究。结果:研究表明,垂体腺瘤ER阳性率为77％,PR阳性率为67％。大的巨腺瘤ER、PR阳性率低于微腺瘤(PR间x~2=8.158,P=0.017<0.05)。细胞生长活跃的腺瘤ER、PR常阴性。不同功能类型的垂体腺瘤ER、PR阳性率亦不同。结论:研究提示ER、PR与垂体腺瘤的分化侵袭有关,ER、PR检测可能是垂体腺瘤选择治疗和评估预后的一项指标。     

Effects of progesterone on glutamate transporter 2 and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression in the developing rat brain after recurrent seizures

Seizures were induced by flurothyl inhalation. Rats were intramuscularly treated with progesterone after each seizure. Results demonstrated that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression levels were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the developing rat brain following recurrent seizures. After progesterone treatment, glutamate transporter 2 protein expression was upregulated, but γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 levels decreased. These results suggest that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 are involved in the pathological processes of epilepsy. Progesterone can help maintain a balance between excitatory and inhibitory systems by modulating the amino acid transporter system, and protect the developing brain after recurrent seizures.     

Expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and -beta immunoreactivity in hippocampal cell cultures with special attention to GABAergic neurons

This study investigated the expression patterns of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) and -beta (ER beta) in the cultured hippocampal cells of neonatal rats by combined application of cell culture and immunocytochemistry. The results revealed that the expression difference between ER alpha and ER beta seemed to be not obvious in the cultured hippocampal cells of neonatal rats. Moreover, immunoreactivity for either ER alpha or ER beta was observed to be localized in the majority of not only neurons but also astrocytes. The coexpression of both ER alpha and ER beta in the same individual cell was also demonstrated by the double-label immunocytochemistry. Western blot analysis showed that immunoreactivity for ER alpha in the neonatal hippocampal tissues was much higher than in the adult (became rather weak), although there was not such a great difference of immunoreactivity for ER beta. The data also provide direct evidence for the expression of ER subtypes within GABAergic neurons in hippocampal cell cultures and suggest that estrogen's effect on the hippocampus may be mediated at least in part by its ER-containing GABAergic neurons.     

Relationships among estrogen receptor, oxytocin and vasopressin gene expression and social interaction in male mice

The incidence of social disorders such as autism and schizophrenia is significantly higher in males, and the presentation more severe, than in females. This suggests the possible contribution of sex hormones to the development of these psychiatric disorders. There is also evidence that these disorders are highly heritable. To contribute toward our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social behaviors, particularly social interaction, we assessed the relationship of social interaction with gene expression for two neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), using adult male mice. Social interaction was positively correlated with: oxytocin receptor (OTR) and vasopressin receptor (V1aR) mRNA expression in the medial amygdala; and OT and AVP mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). When mice representing extremes of social interaction were compared, all of these mRNAs were more highly expressed in high social interaction mice than in low social interaction mice. OTR and V1aR mRNAs were highly correlated with estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNA in the medial amygdala, and OT and AVP mRNAs with estrogen receptor β (ERβ) mRNA in the PVN, indicating that OT and AVP systems are tightly regulated by estrogen receptors. A significant difference in the level of ERα mRNA in the medial amygdala between high and low social interaction mice was also observed. These results support the hypothesis that variations of estrogen receptor levels are associated with differences in social interaction through the OT and AVP systems, by upregulating gene expression for those peptides and their receptors.     

Immunohistochemical expression of aromatase and estrogen,androgen and progesterone receptors in normal and neoplastic human meningeal cells

Evidence suggests that sex hormones may play a role in the tumorigenesis of meningiomas, and studies have demonstrated the expression of hormone receptors in these tumors. Aromatase expression has been detected in several normal tissues, including neurons in the CNS, and tumor tissues. We aim to assess the expression of aromatase (ARO) and of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) in both normal and neoplastic meningeal cells. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 126 patients diagnosed with meningioma (97 women and 29 men; mean age, 53.6 years) submitted to neurosurgery at Hospital São José, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Control sections of normal meningeal cells, 19 patients, were obtained by evaluating the arachnoid tissue present in the arachnoid cyst resected material. Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess ARO, PR, ER and AR. Aromatase expression was detected in 100% of the control patients and in 0% of the patients with meningioma. ER was present in 24.6% of the meningiomas and in 0% of the controls, AR in 18.3% of the meningiomas and in 0% of the controls, and PR in 60.3% of the meningiomas and in 47.4% of the controls. A positive association was observed between the presence of AR and ER (OR 3.7; P = 0.01) in meningiomas. There were no significant differences in the presence of hormone receptors between meningioma histological subtypes. PR expression in women with meningioma was significantly higher than that found in men (OR 2.3; P = 0.08). Behavior pattern differences observed between aromatase expression, present in normal tissues and absent in meningiomas, and estrogen and androgen hormone receptors, absent in normal tissues and present in meningiomas, suggest that there is heterogeneity in modulation by sex steroids in the development of these tumors.     

Inhibition of hippocampal estrogen synthesis causes region-specific downregulation of synaptic protein expression in hippocampal neurons

Previous studies have shown that synapses and expression of synaptic proteins in hippocampal neurons are regulated by hippocampus-derived estradiol. Here, we compared the effects of this paracrine regulation in different hippocampal regions. In tissue sections, immunohistochemistry followed by semiquantitative image analysis revealed a three-fold higher expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase in neurons of the CA3 than that of the CA1 region and in granule cells. Next, we treated hippocampal cell cultures with letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, which resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the release of 17beta-estradiol into the medium and in a dose-dependent downregulation of spinophilin and synaptophysin expression in dissociated hippocampal neurons. The downregulation of synaptic protein expression was restored by simultaneous application of letrozole together with estradiol. In response to a defined dose of letrozole, the downregulation of spinophilin expression was significantly stronger in CA1 neurons and in granule cells, than in cells of the CA3 region in slice cultures. With synaptophysin, downregulation was stronger in stratum lucidum of CA3 than in stratum radiatum of CA1. Both region-specific expression of steroidogenic enzymes and region-specific downregulation of synaptic proteins in response to a defined dose of letrozole may suggest different levels of estrogen concentrations within the hippocampus. Varying concentrations of estradiol in the hippocampus in turn may contribute to region-specific differentiation of hippocampal neurons.