UV致弱尾蚴免疫对小鼠血吸虫再感染的保护力观察

目的观察致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率、减卵率及肝脏病理损伤,为血吸虫疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法分别以400μw／cm^2×60s和422μw／cm^2×40s两种不同UV强度及时间照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BL／6和DBA小鼠,观察免疫小鼠对再次血吸虫感染的减虫率、肝脏减卵率及肝脏病理改变。结果400μw／cm^2×60s（A）和422μw／cm^2UV×40s（B）照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫组C57BL／6小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为一0．60％和0．02％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为2．70％和11．37％;DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为29．10％和25．70％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为59．50％和69．50％。422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫C57BL／6小鼠,再次感染血吸虫形成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）;400μw／cm^2UV×60s和422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫造成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）。结论UV致弱尾蚴免疫对C57BL／6、DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫的保护作用较小,但能降低肝脏卵荷并减轻肝脏的病理损伤。     

紫外线致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用研究

目的观察紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用。方法辐照致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴,经腹部皮肤用UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫诱导BALB／c小鼠,3周后进行攻击感染,同时设正常感染对照组。攻击感染6周后解剖小鼠,计算减虫率、减卵率,并观察虫体发育情况和肝组织细胞免疫应答情况。结果免疫组的减虫率和减卵率分别为37．90％和51．16％;免疫组小鼠体内虫体发育明显滞后于正常感染对照组内虫体;免疫组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿较正常组明显减少。结论UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠能诱导较好的免疫保护力。     

防蚴润肤霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的：实验评价新型少肤防护剂一防蚴润夫霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果，并了解其对皮肤的急性刺激反应。方法：采用模拟现场试验方法，分别在小白鼠腹部和尾部涂布防蚴润肤霜，并经泥水浸泡洗刷4-8h后接种日本血吸虫尾蚴，饲养40d解剖小鼠观察感染情况。以小鼠感染率、平均虫荷数和减虫率为评价指标，同时进行皮肤急性刺激试验。结果：防蚴润肤霜涂布小鼠腹部、尾部后减虫率达100％；家兔皮肤急性刺激试验结果为阴性。结论：防蚴润肤霜涂布皮肤后4-8h具有完全防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的作用，对皮肤无刺激作用。     

吖啶诱变剂ICR—170致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导的保护性？…

为了观察吖啶诱变无产卵能力的血喟虫是否能诱生抗感染的保护性免疫力，用１０μｇ／ｍｌ吖啶诱变往日上７０致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴作免疫原，免疫Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｎ小鼠两次，分别于初次免疫后６、８、１０ｗｋ用正常尾蚴作攻击感染。结果免疫鼠成虫减少率为６８．９％，肝组织虫卵减少率为７４．９％。动态观察显示，初次免疫后６ｗｋ攻击感染的减虫率最高，减卵率高峰在６～８ｗｋ．表明诱变剂ＩＣＲ－１７０致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴发育的     

重组日本血吸虫中国大陆株rTPI分子对小鼠免疫保护性作用的研究

目的研究重组日本血吸虫中国大陆株磷酸丙糖异构酶（SjC－TPI）分子抗血吸虫感染的保护性作用。方法用IPTG诱导表达,制备纯化的重组TPI蛋白,将重组TPI抗原免疫C57BL／6及昆明鼠,8周后用血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,45d后剖杀,计数减虫率及减卵率。结果C57BL／6获得27．78％的减虫率;昆明鼠获得21．39％的减虫率,54．00％的减卵率。结论重组SjC－TPI对血吸虫感染具有一定的保护作用,可能为日本血吸虫病疫苗候选分子之一。     

日本血吸虫重组BCG-Sj26GST疫苗免疫小鼠保护力的观察

目的探讨日本血吸虫重组BCG-Sj26GST疫苗免疫鼠后对尾蚴攻击感染的保护作用。方法采用10^6和10^8CFU疫苗皮下接种免疫BALB／C鼠，免疫后8周用日本血吸虫尾蚴进行攻击感染，感染后6周剖杀小鼠，计算减虫率和减卵率，观察肝脏病理变化，测量虫卵肉芽肿周长和面积，测定血清中CAg、IgG及其亚类水平，同时设有PBS和BCG对照。结果疫苗接种组的减虫率为16．64％-46．20％，减卵率为55．75％-60．50％，肝组织病变明显减轻，虫卵肉芽肿的平均周长和平均面积显著减少，血清IgG和IgG2a水平明显升高，10^8CFU组CAg升高。结论日本血吸虫重组BCG-Sj26GST疫苗是一种新型比较理想的疫苗，值得进一步深入研究。     

UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导C57BL/6小鼠免疫保护作用的研究

目的 研究紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导C57BL／6小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法分别观察不同UV强度（300、400和500μW／cm。照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫）、不同免疫剂量（8、24和300条uV致弱尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫）、不同免疫位点（300条UV致弱尾蚴经腹部和耳廓皮肤免疫）和不同免疫次数（100条UV致弱尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫3次）诱导C57BL／6小鼠抗血吸虫攻击感染（40条正常尾蚴经腹部皮肤感染）的保护力。同时观察免疫后小鼠的体液免疫应答变化。结果 300、400和500μW／cm。UV照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BI。／6小鼠诱导产生的减虫率分别为2．72％、11．37％和10．38％；8、24和300条致弱尾蚴免疫小鼠诱导产生的减虫率分别为38．67％、7．54％和16．36oA；300条致弱尾蚴经腹部和耳廓皮肤免疫诱导小鼠产生的减虫率分别为16．36％和16．14％；100条致弱尾蚴免疫3次，诱导小鼠产生减虫率为4．88％。对300条uV照射尾蚴免疫后小鼠的体液免疫应答动态观察显示，与感染对照组相比，免疫组血清中可溶性成虫抗原（SWA）和可溶性虫卵抗原（SEA）特异的IgG于免疫后2周开始升高，正常尾蚴抗原（SCA）特异的IgG于免疫1周后开始升高，SWA和SCA特异的IgG随免疫次数的增加而升高。结论 UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BL／6小鼠能诱导其产生高水平的体液免疫应答，但保护力水平较低，提示C57BL／6小鼠为对UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴的低应答品系。     

长效涂肤剂"防蚴灵"预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的 观察“防蚴灵”涂肤剂预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果。方法 用氯硝柳胺加透皮促进剂制成1％～2％浓度的“防蚴灵”，对感染前1、2、3、4、5、6、7d涂肤的小白鼠和家兔分别进行预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的试验，并与对照组比较。结果 小鼠在感染前1～4d，涂1％防蚴灵1次，其减虫率为100％，在感染前5～7d涂药1次，减虫率为99，7％～88，1％。家兔感染前37d涂2％的防蚴灵1次，减虫率为86．4％～80，1％。结论 涂肤剂“防蚴灵”具有较长时间的防御血吸虫尾蚴侵肤感染的功效。     

鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂用作血吸虫抗原佐剂的探讨

目的：探讨鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂对血吸虫抗原的佐剂作用。方法：小鼠分别用鼠伤寒杆菌核糖体制剂（ＳＴＲＰ）加日本血吸虫成虫抗原（ＳＷＡ）和日本血吸虫成虫抗原免疫后，其体液免疫水平用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，保护性免疫力用减虫率表示。结果：用ＳＴＲＰ＋ＳＷＡ免疫的小鼠的抗体水平显著高于单用ＳＷＡ免疫的小鼠。尾蚴攻击感染后，ＳＴＲＰ＋ＳＷＡ免疫组小鼠和ＳＷＡ免疫组小组的减虫率，分别为４７％和１７％，前者高于后者。结论：ＳＴＲＰ可以增强小鼠对血吸虫抗原的体液免疫应答反应，并且可诱导小鼠产生较强的抗尾蚴攻击感染能力。     

紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴和童虫免疫小鼠的抵抗力研究

本文报告用２５条、５０条、１５０条和３００条紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴钻皮免疫或减毒童虫皮下注射免疫均能诱导小鼠产生有效的抗攻击感染抵抗力。以２５条免疫量为例，尾蚴钻皮及童虫皮下注射后的减成虫率分别为７２．１％和７０．４％，肝脏减卵率分别为６９．４％和５７．４％，小肠组织减卵率分别为７６．６％和８０．５％，免疫后的有效保护期为７．５个月。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.