慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的探讨慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和支架置入治疗的可行性和临床价值。方法对血管完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和（或）支架置入治疗,评价其临床效果。结果共对２８例完全闭塞的冠状动脉行ＰＴＣＡ和冠脉内支架治疗。１７支左前降支治疗中,４例失败,植入支架６例。４支左回旋支治疗中,１例失败,置入支架１例。７支右冠状动脉治疗中,３例失败,置入支架２例。成功率为７１．４％,９例病人置入支架（３２．１％）,无严重并发症。随访１～４２个月效果良好。结论对血管完全闭塞病变行ＰＴＣＡ和支架置入治疗,仍有较高的成功率和安全性。     

慢性冠状动脉闭塞置入支架术与球囊扩张术的比较

目的为了解冠状动脉内支架及经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）治疗完全闭塞性冠状动脉血管的临床及冠状动脉造影效果。方法９５例完全冠状动脉闭塞的病人随机分成为：置入支架组（Ａ组４８例）;单纯ＰＴＣＡ组（Ｂ组４７例）,观察二组病人发生临床事件及６个月后的冠状动脉造影效果。结果６个月后两组病人完成临床及冠状动脉造影随访的共８５例,随访率为８９％,Ａ组４２例,Ｂ组４３例。Ａ组：１例于术后１０天内出现心肌梗塞,无１例死亡,其再狭窄率为２８．５％,血管再闭塞率为１１９％,最终重复血管重建术为１９％。Ｂ组：１例死亡,２例发生急性心肌梗塞,再狭窄率为５８％,血管再闭塞率为２２％,最终重复血管重建术达４５％。两组之间临床疗效差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论冠状动脉慢性闭塞的病人ＰＴＣＡ成功后选择性置入支架比单纯ＰＴＣＡ的近期及远期临床疗效预后要好（发生临床事件及重复血管重建术明显下降）。     

急性心肌梗塞直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术

目的观察急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者应用直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的安全性和有效性。方法对１１４例ＡＭＩ患者在发病１２小时内行直接ＰＴＣＡ术,其中有５例心原性休克的患者。梗塞相关血管（共１１５支血管）：左主干３例（２．６％）,前降支５６例（４８．７％）,回旋支１２例（１０４％）,右冠状动脉４４例（３８．５％）。ＴＩＭＩ血流：０级８２例（７１．３％）,１级１７例（１４．７％）,２级１６例（１４．０％）。结果１１１例患者手术成功,ＴＩＭＩ血流３级（９７．４％）。住院期间死亡３例（２．６％）,均为心原性休克患者,其中２例经紧急冠状动脉旁路移植术后死亡。８５例患者置入了冠状动脉内支架（７３．９％）。随访９５例患者,２例后期死于心力衰竭,９例出院后出现心肌缺血,其中８例再次行ＰＴＣＡ术。结论直接ＰＴＣＡ是治疗急性心肌梗塞的安全有效措施,成功率较高,并发症少;术后复发心肌缺血发生率较溶栓治疗低。     

冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术

我们自１９８７年１２月至１９９３年１０月对５５例５８支冠状动脉完全闭塞病变（ＴＯ）行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ），占同期ＰＴＣＡ总数的１８．２％。患者平均年龄５６．４±７．５岁，心绞痛患者１９例，心肌梗塞患者３６例，其中梗塞后１０小时内行急诊ＰＴＣＡ２例，１个月内和１个月以后行ＰＴＣＡ分别为６例和２８例。ＴＯ平均时间６８．４±４６．６天。完全闭塞和次全闭塞各占６５．５％和３４．５％。结果显示：病例成功率为８９．１％，病变成功率为８７．９％；完全闭塞成功率为８９．５％，次全闭塞成功率为８５．０％。闭塞类型、闭塞时间、闭塞长度等特征对成功率无显著性影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血管并发症率为１２．１％（７／５８），处理成功６处，死亡１例。     

冠状动脉内支架在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术中的应用

在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中，１６例患者因发生冠脉内膜剥离、急性血管闭塞及再狭窄而放置冠脉内支架，成功１５例。认为冠脉内支架可有效地防止ＰＴＣＡ术的急性并发症（内膜剥离、夹层形成、血管急性闭塞等）的发生。     

完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术中冠脉内支架的应用及其限制因素

目的　评价冠状动脉（冠脉）内支架在完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中应用的指征及其限制因素。方法　８２ 例冠脉完全闭塞接受ＰＴＣＡ 患者,根据血管病变性质,决定是否给予置入支架治疗。分析支架应用的指征及其限制因素。术后随访６ 个月,发生心脏事件者行血管造影复查。结果　８２例中,６６ 例相关冠脉再通成功,成功率为８０．５％ 。６６ 例中,Ａ 组２３ 处病变单纯球囊ＰＴＣＡ 后取得“支架样”效果,其中Ｂ１ 组３０ 处病变置入支架,支架置入率４５．５％ ,Ｂ２ 组１３ 处病变存在支架置入的限制因素而未置入支架,占１９．７％ 。临床随访期间,Ａ 组５ 例发生心脏事件,血管造影复查,２ 例再狭窄;Ｂ１ 组仅２例发生心脏事件,造影复查２ 例均再狭窄,需再次ＰＴＣＡ;Ｂ２ 组 ５ 例发生心脏事件,３ 例造影发现再狭窄。闭塞冠脉再通未成功１６ 例中３ 例出现心脏事件,其中１ 例死亡。结论　闭塞冠脉再通成功达支架样效果或置入支架有助于改善临床预后,但部分病变存在支架置入的限制因素,不适宜置入支架     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术并发急性血管闭塞

目的：探讨急性血管闭塞的发生及治疗。方法：回顾总结我院１０３４例经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的急性血管闭塞及治疗情况。结果：３１例（３．０％）患者发生急性血管闭塞,其中８例系急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）;１６例为不稳定性心绞痛,７例为稳定性心绞痛。发生急性血管闭塞的时间：２８例（９０．３％）患者在ＰＴＣＡ术中,３例在术后。９例患者因血压降低需用升压药,其中５例需主动脉内球囊反搏（ＩＡＢＰ）支持。４例急性血管闭塞时发生心室颤动,１例出现心室停搏。处理结果：３１例患者中２４例用球囊长时间加压;１８例植入支架;２５例治疗成功,成功率为８０．６％。２例（６．５％）死亡;３例（９．７％）发生心肌梗塞;１例（３．２％）急诊行冠状动脉旁路移植手术。结论：急性血管闭塞的发生与不稳定性心绞痛、多支血管病变、复杂病变有关,采取冠状动脉内支架及长时间加压治疗有助于减少并发症。     

直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术与溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞近期疗效分析

目的比较直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）与药物溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者住院期间的临床效果。方法在１０９例ＡＭＩ患者中，４５例患者接受直接ＰＴＣＡ治疗，６４例患者接受药物溶栓治疗。结果溶栓组梗塞相关血管（ＩＲＡ）再通的患者有４８例，再通率为７５％；直接ＰＴＣＡ组ＩＲＡ成功开通的患者有４４例，成功率为９７．８％。住院期间左室射血分数（ＥＦ）溶栓组为５４．１±１３．２，直接ＰＴＣＡ组为６４．２±１０．１，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；病死率分别为６．３％和２．２％，两组间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。进一步分析溶栓再通组与直接ＰＴＣＡ成功组的临床疗效，前者因再闭塞或缺血发作行择期ＰＴＣＡ的比率明显高于直接ＰＴＣＡ组（２７．１％ｖｓ０；Ｐ＜０．０５），但直接ＰＴＣＡ组左室ＥＦ仍显著高于溶栓再通组（６４．８±９．８ｖｓ５５．９±１２．６Ｐ＜０．０５）。住院期间再发梗塞，心肌缺血事件和心力衰竭例数溶栓再通组都有增加的趋势，但差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论直接ＰＴＣＡ与溶栓治疗ＡＭＩ患者，前者可使ＩＲＡ充分有效地开通，能更好地改善患者心功能     

补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗急性心肌梗塞

目的探讨补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）在治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）中的作用。方法对溶栓治疗失败的３６例患者进行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗。患者心功能Ｋｉｌｐ分级：Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级４例，Ⅱ级和Ⅰ级３２例。冠状动脉造影显示梗塞相关动脉：前降支１７例，右冠状动脉１４例，回旋支４例，中间动脉１例。ＰＴＣＡ前ＴＩＭＩⅠ级和Ⅰ～Ⅱ级血流各２例，余３２例均为ＴＩＭＩ０级。３６例均进行ＰＴＣＡ治疗，其中１３例患者置入了支架。结果术中除３例失败外，３１例患者病变血管血流达到ＴＩＭＩⅢ级，２例ＴＩＭＩⅡⅢ级，残余狭窄≤５０％，成功率为９１．７％。院内并发症：１例在ＰＴＣＡ成功后当天因顽固性休克和心室纤颤死亡；１例于第３天死于心脏破裂，住院病死率为５．６％。１４例患者在术后１～２个月内复查冠状动脉造影，２例发生再狭窄。结论ＡＭＩ患者在溶栓治疗失败后，在有条件的医院可施行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗，成功率高，对改善患者的近期和远期预后可能有利     

冠状动脉内支架应用的初步体会

自１９９４年４月至１９９６年２月对６３例冠心病患者施行６８次经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中的６９支冠状动脉植入８３个支架。其中Ｃ型病变占多数。支架全部植入成功。５例ＰＴＣＡ术中急性闭塞者使用支架无死亡、心肌梗塞和紧急冠脉旁路术。随访中１例术后４天发生猝死，１例术后５天心肌梗塞，１２例术后２～６个月胸痛复发（１９．７％）。由于支架的使用，扩大了ＰＴＣＡ的适应证，减少了ＰＴＣＡ的并发症     

闭塞性冠状动脉病变PTCA成功率及影响因素

目的探讨完全闭塞性和几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率及其影响因素。方法对３５例发生过心肌梗塞和２１例未发生心肌梗塞的完全或几乎完全闭塞性病变施行了ＰＴＣＡ。结果完全闭塞性病变心梗发生后１周内ＰＴＣＡ成功率为１００％,２周～３个月为６６．７％,３个月以后为４２．９％;无桥侧支的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率为１００％,桥侧支丰富的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率为６２．５％。结论心肌梗塞早期ＰＴＣＡ成功率明显高于心肌梗塞晚期ＰＴＣＡ成功率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,无桥侧支的几乎完全闭塞性病变ＰＴＣＡ成功率明显高于桥侧支丰富的几乎完全闭塞性病变的成功率（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

Early and late outcome of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for subacute and chronic total coronary occlusion

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for nonacute total coronary occlusion was performed in 46 patients, with a 63% primary success rate (29 of 46 procedures). There were no acute myocardial infarctions and no deaths in the study group. There was no difference in success rate according to vessel dilated, prior myocardial infarction, or lesion morphology. The success rate with occlusions <2 weeks' duration was 14 of 19 (74%) vs 15 of 27 (55%) with occlusions >2 weeks' duration (p =NS). There was clinical recurrence in 14 of 29 (48%). Factors predictive of recurrence included a greater residual post-PTCA stenosis of 47 ± 6% in recurrences vs 31 ± 3% in nonrecurrences (p < 0.025), while estimated duration of initial occlusion was 1.1 ± 0.4 months for recurrences vs 3.1 ± 1 months for nonrecurrences (p = 0.07). PTCA for total occlusion has a lower success rate and higher recurrence rate than PTCA for nontotal stenoses. Recurrence appears to be related to a higher degree of post-PTCA residual narrowing and to a shorter duration of initial occlusion.     

Predictors of success in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of chronic total occlusions

Earlier studies have indicated that percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of chronic total occlusions has a low success rate. To determine success rate and assess clinical and angiographic variables associated with success and complications, 57 total occlusions in 56 patients undergoing PTCA were analyzed. The clinical duration of occlusion was 51 +/- 86 days. Success (less than 50% residual stenosis) was achieved at 40 of 57 (70%) dilatation sites. Of these 57 total occlusions, 5 were attempted within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction, 35 between 1 day and 8 weeks of clinical occlusion, 13 greater than 8 weeks and 4 were of unknown duration. Success rates were 4 of 5, 25 of 35, 9 of 13 and 2 of 4, respectively, in each group (difference not significant, comparison of all time groups). Of the 9 narrowings with a successful PTCA for an occlusion greater than 8 weeks, the mean duration of occlusion was 93 +/- 41 days (range 60 to 180). None of the attempted dilatations of occlusions with a clinical duration of greater than 180 days (n = 3) was successful. None of the clinical or angiographic variables (including tortuosity, length of occlusion gap, distance of the occlusion from the vessel origin, thrombus, lesion calcium, collaterals, prior myocardial infarction, vessel dilated or diffuse disease) impacted on success rate (difference not significant for all). No patient died, had a Q-wave infarction, required emergency coronary artery bypass grafting or underwent repeat PTCA within 7 days of the procedure. Non-Q-wave infarction occurred in 2 of 56 patients (4%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

512例冠心病病人介入治疗的临床分析

1991年 5月至 1999年 6月 ,我院共完成经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) 512例 (其中支架术 4 2 6例 ) ,本文就 512例冠心病介入病人的临床病灶特点、手术成功率、并发症及术后随访方面进行了回顾性分析。我院PTCA的病例成功率为 95.1% ,病变成功率为 94 .2 %。支架置入成功率 98.8%。A ,B ,C型病变分别为82处 (10 .7% ) ,383处 (50 .2 % )及 2 98处 (39.1% ) ,其成功率分别是 98% ,94 .6 % ,87.7% ;完全闭塞病变 118支 (17.4 % ) ,成功率达 78.8%。严重并发症 2 .1% (手术死亡率 0 .78% )。随着PTCA及支架置入技术的日臻完善 ,本组病例中复杂病变比例及其成功率均较高 ,PTCA及支架术的总成功率达国内先进水平 ,围手术期死亡率及并发症均与全国注册水平相似。因此PTCA及支架术是治疗冠心病的安全、有效的方法。     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A report of 100 cases

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in 100 coronary heart patients with 122 vessels and 138 lesions dilated. Among these 100 cases, there were 39 complex PTCA performed. The primary success rate was 93% (93/100), was 94.3% (115/122) according to vessel dilated and was 92.1% (127/138) according to lesion dilated. In 4 cases whose lesions were located at the bifurcation of the vessel, kissing balloon technique via a single guiding catheter was applied with success. In 5 cases of total occlusion PTCA was performed with success in 4. PTCA with stent in 1. PTCA was performed in 1 cases of high risk whose LVEF was only 30% and coronary hemoperfusion pump was used during the procedure. Emergency PTCA was performed in 3 AMI patients during the acute phase and elective PTCA in 8 AMI cases after successful thrombolytic therapy. There were complications in 9 cases (9%). Among these 9 cases, 2 developed O-wave MI which recovered after medicinal therapy. One AMI complicated with heart failure was treated by emergency PTCA with success, but the patient died 10 days after PTCA due to pump failure and pulmonary infection. There were no deaths due to PTCA, nor was emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) performed. These cases were followed for 1-30 months on an average of 13 months. Clinical success rate was 91.3%. The clinical success rate was 93.1% by 201Tl perfusion study. Restenosis in 7 cases was confirmed by coronary angiography. For these restenotic cases, PTCA was repeated with success in 4, CABG performed in 1, coronary atherectomy in 1, and medicinal therapy employed in 1 patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of chronic total occlusions. Determinants of primary success and long-term clinical outcome.

This study was conducted to assess the determinants of the procedural success and long-term clinical benefits of percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTCA) of chronic total occlusion (CTO) in recent years. Two hundred and twenty-six consecutive patients who underwent PTCA of CTO were divided into two groups according to the procedural success (n = 134) or failure (n = 92). Both groups were analyzed in terms of the initial success, predictors of procedural failure, and clinical outcome. The procedural success rate was noted to have improved to more than 70% since 1995. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of calcification, the length of the occlusion and the presence of multivessel disease were independent predictors of procedural failure. Cardiac death and the need for coronary surgery were significantly less frequent in patients with procedural success than in those with procedural failure. In properly selected cases, the success rate of PTCA of CTO is acceptable. Long-term clinical benefit is suggested by the high rate of freedom from coronary surgery and the low cardiac death rate in the patients who underwent successful revascularization.     

Success and Procedural Outcome of Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Compared to Conventional Balloon Angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Coronary excimer laser angioplasty was suggested to be superior for treatment of lesions with complex lesion morphology. METHODS: In this study, 134 consecutive patients undergoing excimer laser angioplasty (ELCA) were compared to 203 patients treated with conventional balloon angioplasty (PTCA) in the same study period. Baseline characteristics did not differ between both groups except the distribution of target vessel (LAD: ELCA 72% vs. PTCA 50%). RESULTS: In the ELCA group, 64 of 139 lesions required adjunctive balloon angioplasty. Overall procedural success was achieved in 80% of patients treated with PTCA and in 78% of patients treated with ELCA (NS), as defined by a reduction of at least 20% of the luminal narrowing and 2 50% residual stenosis, and no in-hospital complication. Complications included acute vessel closure (ELCA: 23.7%, PTCA 6.9%; NS), myocardial infarction (ELCA: 3.6%, PTCA 1.7%; NS), emergency bypass surgery (ELCA: 0%, PTCA 0.5%; NS), and death (ELCA: 2.2%, PTCA: 0.5%; NS). No significant difference was found between the acute success rates and major complications in either A, B1, B2 and C lesions (modified ACC/AHA Task Force classification) treated with ELCA as compared to PTCA. A trend toward increased success rates were documented for ELCA of total and functional occlusion (ELCA: 86% vs. PTCA: 57%; NS) and bifurcational or ostial lesions (ELCA: 95% vs. PTCA 78%). CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized trials are needed to compare the acute success of excimer laser treatment with balloon angioplasty for these selected lesion types.     

急性心肌梗塞溶栓失败患者行补救性经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术临床研究

为评价溶栓失败急性心肌梗塞（AMI）行补救性经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（PTCA）的疗效及安全性，对35例AMI患者溶栓后90min行冠状动脉造影。根据梗塞相关动脉开通情况，16例成功者（甲组）中12例7～21d后行延迟PTCA治疗；19例失败者（乙组）中13例（乙1组）即刻行补救性PTCA，其余6例（乙2组）溶栓失败而未行PTCA者给一般药物治疗。结果表明，甲级中12例行延迟PTCA，成功11例（91．6％），正例于PTCA中出现冠状动脉急性闭塞并致小灶下壁心肌梗塞；乙1组13例行补救PTCA，全部成功（100％）。甲组住院期总心脏事件发生率（19％）与乙1组（23％）相似，且出院前心功能无显著差异。而乙2组6例中住院期死亡率（33％）及总心脏事件发生率（50％）增高。提示AMI溶栓失败患者补救PTCA成功率高、并发症少，能减少住院期心脏事件并促进左心室功能改善。     

PTCA of chronically occluded coronary arteries

The occlusion of a coronary artery does not necessarily imply the existence of nonviable myocardium of that flow-dependent region, because the presence of a well developed collateral circulation may be a sufficient nutrient source. During an episode of increased demand for myocardial oxygen, this collateral blood supply may become insufficient, and symptoms of myocardial ischemia may arise. PTCA of the occluded vessel appears to be an attractive approach to relieve ischemia in this situation. The primary success of dilatation of totally occluded segments depends largely on the duration of the occlusion but also on anatomic factors such as total or functional occlusion, the length of the occluded segment, and good angiographic visualization of the coronary artery distal to the occlusion by collaterals. The primary success rate (+/- 60%) of PTCA of occluded vessels is lower than the success rate (greater than 90%) of PTCA of nonocclusive stenoses. Also the restenosis rate (+/- 40%) and subsequent recurrence rate of angina pectoris is higher, compared to the 30% restenosis rate after dilatation of conventional lesions. Newer percutaneous techniques such as lasers, newly designed guide wires, and intravascular imaging devices are necessary to increase the primary success rate. Whether these techniques will also improve the long-term results remains uncertain.     

Coronary angioplasty in symptomatic patients after bypass surgery

With the availability of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the management of patients who present with recurrent angina following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has changed. From January 1987 to December 1988, 149 symptomatic post CABG patients underwent coronary angiography at our institution. Ninety were treated with medical antianginal therapy, 14 had repeat surgery, and 45 underwent PTCA. Complications of repeat CABG included one death, two perioperative myocardial infarctions, and four patients with postoperative supraventricular arrhythmia. PTCA was performed on 42 lesions in 37 native vessels (88% success rate), and on 24 lesions in 23 vein grafts (91.7% success rate). Complications included acute reocclusion (one patient), peripheral artery occlusion (one patient), hematoma formation (one patient), and periprocedure myocardial infarction (one patient). No deaths occurred. At a mean follow-up of 5.9 +/- 3.8 months, 10 patients had recurrent symptoms, six of whom were found to have restenosis. Repeat PTCA was successfully accomplished in four patients; the other two were treated medically. It is concluded that PTCA is a feasible alternative to repeat CABG in selected patients and can be achieved with a high success rate and minimal complications.