NS患儿CD系列阳性细胞与免疫球蛋白调节改变的相关性

对３０例肾病综合症（Ｎｓ）患儿与１０例正常健康儿童所进行的ＣＤ系列阳性细胞与免疫球蛋白调节改变的相关性进行对照研究。按全国统一诊断标准，诊断为单纯性综合症１８例（Ｂ组）；肾炎性肾病综合症１２例（Ｃ组）；健康儿童对照组１０例（Ａ组）。Ｂ组平均年龄６．６岁，Ｃ组７．１岁，Ａ组６．１岁。Ｂ组男女各９例，Ｃ组男性８例、女性４例，Ａ组男性４例、女性６例。几种ＣＤ＋细胞检测结果见表：从ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋的比值与ＩｇＧ含量的关系看：单纯性ＮＳ组患儿ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋细胞比值与血清ＩｇＧ含量水平无相关性（ｒ＝０…     

植入微型刺激器对大鼠神经损伤后自残及神经再生的影响

本实验利用大鼠坐骨神经钳夹损伤模型，观察了电针（Ａ组）、直流刺激器（Ｂ组）及双向平衡电脉冲刺激器（Ｃ组）对神经损伤后自残及神经再生的影响，Ｄ组为对照。结果：（１）术后１７ｄ，Ｃ组的右后足趾自残率为１３％，而Ａ、Ｂ及Ｄ组分别为４６％、５３％及８０％，Ｃ组的自残率显著低于其它各组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；（２）右侧屈肌反射阈：当刺激强度为３５±５Ｖ（Ｃ组）、４５±５Ｖ（Ａ和Ｂ组）时，可引出短潜伏期（４５～１５０ｍｓ）的Ａ类及长潜伏期（１２５～５２５ｍｓ）Ｃ类传入纤维反应，而当刺激强度增至６５±５Ｖ时，于Ｄ组仅见长潜伏期（１９０～６００ｍｓ）的Ｃ类传入纤维反应；（３）术后１７ｄ脊神经节的标记细胞百分享分别为１１．１％（Ｃ组）、５．７％（Ｂ组）、５．２％（Ａ组）及１．１％（Ｄ组）；脊髓前角的标记细胞百分率分别为１６．６％（Ｃ组）、８．１％（８组）、７．４％（Ａ组）及１．９％（Ｄ组）。上述结果表明：双向平衡电脉冲刺激器在抑制神经损伤后自残及促进周围神经再生等方面具有更显著的生理功效。     

病毒性心肌炎、扩张型心肌病患者T细胞及其亚群和免疫球蛋白的改变

本研究用ＣＤ系统ＭＣＡＢ间接免疫荧光法对柯萨奇Ｂ病毒中和抗体阳性的病毒性心肌炎（Ｂ型），扩张型心肌病（Ｃ组）患者检测其周围Ｔ淋巴细胞及其亚群并与正常人（Ａ组）相对照，结果不论是Ｂ组或Ｃ组其ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ３均较Ａ组为低，Ｐ值均＜０．０１，Ｃ组比Ｂ组更低，两者相比亦有统计学意义，Ｐ值分别为＜０．０５，＜０．００１。至于ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８，Ｃ组＞Ｂ组＞Ａ组，Ｐ值为＜０．０５，＜０．０１。在急性恢复期者与正常人相近，分别为１．７８±０．０５、１．７３±０．０８，而慢性反复发作期者与扩张型心肌病者相近，分别为２．２２±０．３及２．２９±０．２６。免疫球蛋白测定在扩张型心肌病中较在病毒性心肌炎息者明显增高，并有统计学意义     

哮喘患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞分类及其T细胞亚群的改变

目的和方法：采用间接免疫荧光法和支气管肺泡灌洗液（ｂｒｏｎｃｈｉａｌａｌｖｅｏｌａｒｌａｖａｇｅｆｌｕｉｄ，ＢＡＬＦ）技术观察１２例过敏性哮喘患者和２３例健康人外周血和ＢＡＬＦ中的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化：结果：与健康对照组比较，过敏性哮喘患者外周血的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群无明显改变，但其ＢＡＬＦ中的ＣＤ４＋细胞显著增高（５４．９７±４１４）％ｖｓ（７９．７１±９．６３）％，Ｐ＜００５；ＣＤ４＋与ＣＤ８＋细胞的比值也显著增高（１６４±０．３２ｖｓ２．３２±０．８３，Ｐ＜００５）。此外，过敏性哮喘患者ＢＡＬＦ中肥大细胞和嗜酸细胞百分比（００９±０．０４）％和（３６２±１．０６）％明显高于健康对照组（００２±０．０１）％和（０．３９±０．３０）％，Ｐ＜００５和Ｐ＜００１。结论：ＣＤ４＋细胞在哮喘的气道炎症中发挥重要作用。     

IL－4对多发性骨髓瘤患者外周血细胞CD20及HLA－DR表达的影响

本文报道用流式细胞分析技术，检测了２８例多发性骨髓瘤（ＭＭ）患者和２０名健康对照者外周血Ｂ细胞（ＣＤ２０＋）以及Ｂ、Ｔ和单核细胞中ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋细胞比率。结果发现，ＭＭ患者ＣＤ２０＋以及Ｂ、Ｔ及单核细胞中ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋细胞比率与正常对照组差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。加入重组ＩＬ－４，可使８名ＭＭ患者ＣＤ２０＋、ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋ＣＤ２０＋、ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋单核细胞比率提高非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而在Ｔ细胞，Ｐ值则＞０．０５。我们认为由于ＩＬ－４分泌减少，一方面使多克隆Ｂ细胞激活及增殖受抑，另一方面使单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达减少，抗原提呈能力下降可能是ＭＭ发生多克隆免疫球蛋白抑制的重要原因。     

慢性脑缺血对青年和老年大鼠海马NOS阳性神经元的影响

本文利用组织化学方法观察了慢性脑缺血对青、老年大鼠海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的影响。慢性脑缺血采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎模型。结果：青年缺血１ 月组大鼠海马ＣＡ１、ＣＡ２～３ 和ＤＧ 亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为２９．１±２．３、２３．５±２．１ 和３９．３±２．８,小于对照组相应三个亚区（４９．６±１．３、４９．３±２．１ 和６４．７±２．１）,Ｐ＜ ０．０１;青年缺血３ 月组大鼠ＣＡ１、ＣＡ２～３ 和ＤＧ 亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为４０．２±１．６、３９．３±２．５ 和４８．４±１．８,和对照组者相近,但大于缺血１ 月组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。老年缺血１ 月组大鼠海马各区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为３９．６±１．５、３５．６±２．１ 和５４．７±２．５,小于老年对照组相应三个亚区（５５．８±１．７、５１．３±１．７ 和６４．９±１．９）,Ｐ＜ ０．０１;老年缺血３ 月组大鼠各亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为４３．１±２．４、３８．７±３．４ 和５４．７±３．２,仍然小于对照组,Ｐ＜ ０．０１。结果提示：慢性脑缺血可以影响大鼠海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元,但青年和老年大鼠海马ＮＯＳ神经元对慢性脑缺血损伤的易感性和反应性不同。     

T细胞表面6种细胞表型的变化与大肠癌分期及术式的关系

应用流式细胞仪检测３９例大肠癌患者手术前后Ｔ细胞表面６种细胞表型，发现随着Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期的增高，术前ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ６９及ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋逐渐下降，ＣＤ８逐渐增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ａ期大肠癌患者机体免疫功能活跃，术前ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋与对照组相同；根治及姑息性切除术后，ＣＤ８降低，ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ６９、ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；肿瘤未切组术后ＣＤ３、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８进一步下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示大肠癌患者术前免疫状态与疾病的程度呈负相关，切除肿瘤有益于改善患者细胞免疫功能。     

雌二醇增强大鼠空间记忆能力的研究

目的：探讨雌激素对学习记忆能力的影响。方法：３月龄雌性 ＳＤ大鼠 ２８只,体重 ２００ ｇ,分用药组（雌二醇肌注０．２５ ｍｇ／ｋｇ／日）和对照组各１４只,每组有９只动物用Ｍｏｍｓ水迷宫技术测试大鼠学习记忆能力,另５只在用药 １０天后用 Ｇｏｌｇｉ－Ｃｏｘ染色,观察海马 ＣＡＩ区锥体细胞树突棘的变化。结果：（１）用药 １０天后,定位航行实验显示：后 ４个时间段用药组和对照组潜伏期分别为 ８． ６±３．１秒和 １４．１±４．２秒,差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;Ｇｏｌｇｉ－Ｃｏｘ染色显示对照组中段树突棘数为 １９．５±２． ３,用药组为 ２４．８±３．２,差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）用药 ３０天后,用药组和对照组潜伏期分别为１７．４±６．２秒和３５．９±９．３秒,在原有平台像限游泳路线长度占总长度４２．３±４．３％和３１．７±４．６％;跨越平台次数分别为３．１次和１．６次,差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：雌二醇能增强大鼠学习记忆能力,特别是记忆能力。     

香菇多糖冲剂对反复呼吸道感染患儿免疫功能的影响

本文报道应用香菇多糖冲剂治疗反复呼吸道感染患儿６０例。观察治疗前后临床症状、体液免疫和细胞免疫变化。结果显示治疗后血清Ｉｇ和Ｃ３水平均比治疗前提高，尤以ＩｇＡ和Ｃ３为明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＣＤ３＋细胞和ＣＤ４＋细胞百分率显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＤ８＋细胞百分率无变化，ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋细胞比值有所上升。活化的淋巴细胞表面白细胞介素２受体（Ｔａｃ）的表达率明显增高（Ｐ＜０．００１）。临床观察总有效率达９６．７％。提示香菇多糖冲剂对反复呼吸道感染患儿有广泛的免疫刺激作用。该冲剂疗效好，服用方便，未发现任何毒副作用。     

STUDY ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL(PBMC) PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT HCV ANTIGENS IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C

为探讨丙型肝炎（ＨＣ）病人细胞免疫功能和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的致病机制及机体对其免疫保护作用,收集２４例ＨＣ病人（急性３例,慢性２１例）,用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法研究病人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）对不同ＨＣＶ抗原增殖反应,并用流式细胞仪（ＦＡＣＳ）检测了ＰＢＭＣ中ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞亚群在ＨＣＶ抗原刺激后的变化。结果：ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ合成肽ＣＰ９,ＮＳ４和基因重组抗原Ｃ,Ｅ１,Ｅ２,ＮＳ３刺激后出现不同程度增殖反应,刺激指数（ＳＩ）分别为１．６９±０．５１,１．６１±０．５４,１．６８±０．５８,１．４９±０．４４,１．４４±０．４４和１．３３±０．３３。３例急性ＨＣ中２例病人的ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ抗原呈有效增殖反应（ＳＩ≥２．１）,且血清ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴转伴ＡＬＴ正常。细胞表型分析显示：增殖的细胞表型是ＣＤ４＋淋巴细胞,而ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞增殖反应较弱。结论：ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ确实存在对ＨＣＶ抗原的增殖反应;ＣＤ４＋淋巴细胞比ＣＤ８＋淋巴细胞增殖反应要强,急性ＨＣ病人ＰＢＭＣ对ＨＣＶ抗原有效的增殖反应预示可能有良好的临床愈合     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.