全国爱卫办：提出今年建设65万座卫生户厕

为加强农村改水改厕工作，改善农村环境卫生，中央财政安排专项资金，对农村卫生户厕建设以及农村改水改厕能力建设给予专项补助，为此，全国爱国卫生运动委员会办公室近日提出，通过建设卫生厕所示范户，开展农村饮水水质检测、卫生改水、培训和健康教育，使农村饮水卫生合格率和粪便无害化处理率显著提高。     

贵州省农村改厕项目试点健康教育干预效果调查分析

通过2005年中央补助地方卫生专项资金农村改水改厕项目,贵州省开展了农村改厕项目健康教育与健康促进干预试点工作。主要目的是预防、控制肠道传染病和寄生虫病的传播,动员群众积极参与农村改厕,逐步养成卫生的行为习惯,实现自我保护和提高健康意识,提高农村居民管理和使用农村户厕的能力,提高农村居民的健康水平。     

农村改水改厕评价指标与相关因素分析

我国农村改水改厕工作经过多年努力，已取得明显成效大多数农村地区的饮水卫生和环境卫生有了明显改善。为了科学评价农村改水改厕对改善农村卫生状况，提高广大农民健康水平，本文采用聚类分析和相关分析的方法，对全国29个省市区农村改水改厕资料进行分析，结果报告如下。     

我国农村改水改厕及其对控制肠道传染病效益评价进展

笔者对我国农村改水改厕工作及其对控制肠道传染病的效益评价进展进行了综述.结果 显示,我国农村改水改厕工作在最近20 a进展加速,截止至2005年底,农村改水受益率为94.06%,农村居民自来水普及率达到61.32%,卫生厕所普及率达55.31%;且农村改水改厕可降低肠道传染病的发生和流行.建议政府应加大改水改厕资金的投入,并开展相关研究,以建立有价值、完善的农村疾病控制体系,为国家制订农村改水改厕及相关公共卫生工作的实施策略提供科学依据.     

广西改厕改水项目村妇女健康知识态度和行为调查

目的了解欧盟援建广西改厕改水项目地区农村家庭主妇的健康知识水平和改厕改水相关的卫生行为状况,为今后制定有效的、可持续的健康教育策略提供科学依据。方法选择广西欧盟援建改厕改水项目地区的隆安县爱华村和陆连村,宾阳县冯村和那宁村,柳江县白见村和三都村等6个项目村作为调查评估的样本村;每个样本村随机抽取60户,共360户,所抽取农户的360名家庭主妇作为调查对象。以入户访谈方式进行问卷调查,由调查员询问家庭主妇与改厕改水相关的健康知识、态度和个人行为状况。结果6个项目村的家庭主妇对5个相关健康问题回答正确率均在85%以上;大多数家庭主妇的健康卫生认识态度比较好,并且支持和愿意参加健康教育宣传活动;饭前洗手率、便后洗手率、喝开水等良好行为比例,爱华村和陆连村家庭主妇比较高,而冯村、那宁村、白见村、三都村等4个村家庭主妇则比较低;大多数家庭主妇将电视作为获得卫生知识的主要渠道。但不同文化程度和经济收入,家庭主妇选择获取卫生知识的渠道略不同。结论农村家庭主妇健康知识水平比较高,伴随改厕改水开展的健康卫生教育取得一定成效,但某些习惯性不良卫生行为的改变与卫生知识知晓水平的提高相比要滞后;在改厕改水项目农村地区进行健康教育干预活动的过程中,要根据不同文化程度、经济条件等选择适合的健康教育方式,使健康教育和促进科学有效地实施。     

湖北省农村改水改厕抽样调查报告

为改善和提高湖北省农村改水改厕的质量 ,实现“九五”规划及 2 0 10年目标设想 ,通过开展农村改水改厕抽样调查 ,进一步摸清我省农村改水改厕现状 ,总结经验 ,发现典型 ,找出问题 ,保证数据准确可靠 ,研究制定对策措施 ,推动全省农村改水改厕工作持续、健康的发展 ,为今后农村改水改厕工作决策提供科学依据。对全省部分市 (县 )农村改水改厕情况进行了抽样调查 ,现报告如下。1　对象与方法1.1　调查对象根据地理分布和 1998年洪涝灾害情况 ,随机选择了随州、云梦、襄阳、公安、罗田、新洲等 6个市、县 (区 )作为抽样调查点 ,由市、县 (区 )…     

农村改水改厕干预措施控制腹泻病效果的调查

目的：探讨改水改厕干预措施与腹泻病发病率之间的关系。方法：在四川省德阳市罗江县和眉山市丹陵县选取12个行政村，按照既改水又改厕、仅改水或仅改厕、未改水未改厕进行分层，开展腹泻病流行病学调查。结果：改水改厕村发病率为o．17％，仅改水或仅改厕村发病率为o．93％，未改水未改厕村发病率为o．70％。结论：控制腹泻病在农村地区的流行，必须实行改善供水与改建卫生厕所“双管齐下”。     

浅析农村改厕对经济与社会发展的促进作用

我国是一个农业大国，改变农村卫生面貌，为广大农民营造一个优美、舒适、洁净的生活和工作环境，已成为农村卫生工作的主流。农村改水改厕、九亿农民健康教育、创建卫生镇（村）是农村大卫生工作的主要内容。进入９０年代中期以来，随着农村改水的快速发展和全面普及，太仓市委、市政府加强了对农村改厕工作的领导，加快了农村改厕步伐。截止２０００年６月底，全市农村共计完成５９ １０５户的改厕任务，占全市农村总户数的５２．６５％，使农村的卫生面貌发生了深刻的变化。 尽管农村改厕是农村卫生工作的重点和难点之一，但笔者认为，农…     

高邮市全面推进农村改厕工作

农村改厕是新时期农村卫生的一项重要任务。近年来,我市认真贯彻落实扬州市人大《关于推进农村改水改厕工作的决议》,加强领导,广泛发动,从开展改厕普及村活动入手,使农村改厕工作有了新的突破。全市已有２８个行政村的无害化卫生厕所普及率达８５％以上。我们的做法和体会是：１做法１．１形成“一个共识”,激发群众的改厕热情由于受落后的卫生习惯和陈旧习俗的影响,群众原先普遍对改厕的认识不足,改厕积极性不高。对此,我们采取教育先行、舆论先导的原则,结合“九亿农民健康教育行动”,向群众宣传农村改厕对预防疾病、保障健康…     

辉南县农村饮水安全工程水质卫生监测结果分析

目的开展农村饮用水监测,掌握农村饮用水卫生安全工程水质卫生动态,为预防控制水性疾病和应对饮用水卫生突发事件提供可靠依据。方法于2007～2009年采用分层随机抽样方式选取监测点,采集农村集中式饮用水96份,农村分散式供水120份,农村改水工程152份,进行水质检验评价。结果农村改水工程水质检测合格率为89.7%,集中式供水检验合格率为92.7%,农村分散式水质检测合格率为59.1%。结论应重视农村分散式供水的监测工作,继续开展以改水改厕为重点的农村环境卫生综合治理,改善农村饮水卫生质量。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.