米雅与肠道菌群

米雅与肠道菌群戴德银，李文俊，何思福（解放军第４５２医院重庆６１００６１）米雅即酪酸菌（ＣｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍｂｕｔｙｒｉｃｕｍＭＩＹＡＩＲＩ，宫入菌）在中国注册的商品名。米雅颗粒剂的主要成分系酪酸菌，酪酸菌可产生双歧杆菌，乳酸杆菌发育促进因子，补充...     

益生菌对抗生素致肠道菌群紊乱患者肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨益生菌对抗生素致肠道菌群紊乱患者肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响.方法:回顾性分析我院收治的86例非肠道疾病感染患者临床资料,根据治疗方案不同进行分组,将予以抗生素治疗的患者纳入对照组(n=40例)、将予以抗生素联合益生菌治疗的患者纳入观察组(n=46例).比较两组治疗21 d后菌群失调、菌群失调程度、免疫功能(CD...     

高脂血症大鼠肠道菌群变化的实验研究

目的:研究高脂血症时动物肠道菌群的变化情况,即从微生态学角度探讨肠道菌群在高脂血症发生发展中的作用。方法:用Wistar大鼠24只,分别用高脂饲料、正常饲料连续喂饲20d,用比色法测定动物血中甘油三酯、总胆固醇的含量,用需氧培养法测定动物肠道中肠杆菌、肠球菌的数量,用厌氧培养法测定动物肠道中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的数量。结果:模型组动物血中甘油三酯、总胆固醇的含量明显增高;肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、肠球菌的数量明显减少;肠杆菌的数量明显增多,与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义。结论:高脂血症大鼠肠道菌群失调。     

肠道菌群与糖尿病

摘要： 近年来, 肠道菌群与糖尿病的关系成为研究热点。随着对肠道菌群认识的深入, 肠道菌群作为环境因素在调节免疫及代谢性疾病发生中的作用逐渐被大家认识。目前国内外已有大量研究关注肠道菌群影响肥胖和糖尿病的发病机制, 也有研究发现肠道菌群能够从食物难以消化的成分中获取能量, 从而影响人体的能量平衡和代谢。人们通过基因组测序的方法揭示不同类型糖尿病患者肠道菌群的组成、 丰度等, 并在动物体内进行验证, 明确和糖尿病相关的细菌功能。肠道菌群携带的遗传信息可能是未来治疗糖尿病的新突破口。关于2型糖尿病 （T2DM） 及1 型糖尿病 （T1DM） 肠道菌群的研究较多, 但妊娠期糖尿病 （GDM） 肠道菌群的相关研究报道较少。因此, 本文对不同类型糖尿病的肠道菌群特点及肠道菌群参与糖尿病发生的机制作一综述。     

肠道菌群与动脉粥样硬化

肠道菌群对胆汁酸以及胆固醇的代谢与吸收直接影响着血胆固醇的水平．而胆固醇水平的高低又是影响动脉粥样硬化发生、发展的重要因素。肠道菌群的有效调节可能成为防治动脉粥样硬化的潜在治疗靶点．本文通过将对肠道菌群影响动脉粥样硬化的可能机制进行综述。     

肠道菌群与肥胖

肠道菌群可能在肥胖及其相关性疾病的发生中发挥重要作用。本文现就其关系作用作一综述．以期能为解释肥胖病因和治疗肥胖提供依据。     

大肠癌患者肠道膜菌群检测分析

大肠癌是胃肠道常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其诊断技术虽有较大的进展,但当确诊时多已近晚期,影响预后。目前,迫切需要一些敏感的早期检筛查指标。有报道认为:肠道菌群在致癌物质     

肠道菌群与川崎病

川崎病(KD)是一种儿童急性发热性全身性中、小动脉炎,是儿童获得性心脏病最常见的原因,其主要特征为免疫紊乱和全身性血管炎.以婴幼儿多见,其病因及发病机制不明,与感染、遗传及环境因素相关.近年来研究表明,KD病人存在肠道菌群紊乱,导致了肠道屏障功能破坏和自身免疫激活.作者对KD的肠道菌群研究做一综述,探讨菌群干预作为KD...     

络病研究与转化医学（英文）

Translational medicine,a kind of medical scientific practice oriented by patients′demands,emphasizes that basic theoretical study helps enhance clinical effect,transform into new drugs as well as meet major needs of social development and human health.It follows disciplinary development rules of TCM,persists in five-in-one(theory-clinic-new drug-experiment-evidence based)innovative new mode of TCM translational development,accelerates internal transformation of research findings,and promotes clinical effect and disciplinary development driven by the oretical innovation of collateral disease.In terms of the oretical research,establishment of new discipline of TCM collateral disease theory has become a practitioner and typical representative for promotion of TCM industry development.Important position and guiding role of theoretical innovation in disciplinary development has been valued.Systematically constructing"collateral disease treatment based on syndrome differentiation"and "meridian-collateral theory"lay a theoretical foundation for establishment of the discipline.With regard to clinical research,under the guidance of TCM theory-collateral disease theory,systematic researches on Chinese medical pathogenesis,intervention strategy and effective formula of major diseases are conducted;series of innovative Chinese medicines are developed.Through pharmacodynamics study,relevant action mechanisms are investigated and revealed in-depth.Evidence-based medical researches prove that representative activating-collateral drugs developed under guidance of collateral disease theory have great application values in prevention and treatment of major refractory diseases such as ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease,arrhythmia,chronic heart failure,influenza,tumors and diabetes,bringing about significant economic and social benefits.In this way,international cooperation is promoted and internationalization process of innovative Chinese medicine is accelerated.USA FDA phase-Ⅱclinical research of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules has been successfully launched.Guided by inheritance and innovation of conventional theory of TCM,the new five-in-one mode of development is established.Such a mode conforms to disciplinary development rules of TCM,sufficiently exerts core driving effect of TCM theory,realizes combination of theoretical innovation with clinical practice,specialty construction with disciplinary development and clinical research with original new drug,as well as powerfully promotes progress of TCM collateral disease discipline.     

The potential of translational bioinformatics approaches for pharmacology research

The field of bioinformatics has allowed the interpretation of massive amounts of biological data, ushering in the era of ‘omics’ to biomedical research. Its potential impact on pharmacology research is enormous and it has shown some emerging successes. A full realization of this potential, however, requires standardized data annotation for large health record databases and molecular data resources. Improved standardization will further stimulate the development of system pharmacology models, using translational bioinformatics methods. This new translational bioinformatics paradigm is highly complementary to current pharmacological research fields, such as personalized medicine, pharmacoepidemiology and drug discovery. In this review, I illustrate the application of transformational bioinformatics to research in numerous pharmacology subdisciplines.     

Strategies to assess the drug interaction potential in translational medicine

Translational medicine is the drug development phase in which preclinical and clinical applied research is conducted to aid dose and disease selection with great financial impact. Thus, during this phase, early discontinuation of a drug that will later fail due to drug interactions is a must for a proper resource allocation. It is not only important to identify a potential interaction, but also to be able to differentiate between detectable interactions and clinically relevant interactions. Due to the scientific advancement, the prediction of drug interactions during translational medicine has shifted from empirical/observational to rational based. These investigations are thus in line with the FDA's Critical Path Initiative and are facilitated by the availability of mature technologies and by current European and US guidelines for both in vitro and in vivo studies. Because drug interactions must be evaluated in a multidisciplinary fashion, even if these studies are contracted externally, pharmaceutical companies should be directly involved in the conduction of such studies to fully exploit their potential and to allow a better and faster interpretation of the results.     

转换医学在新药研究开发中的应用

创新药物研究和开发的理论,方法和关键技术随着生物技术的发展而发展,我国创新药物研究获得前所未有的机遇,也面临着重大挑战.在关键路径研究中,实施转换医学研究或转换研究不但影响医药企业的新产品研发过程,也会对研发机制产生深远的影响.转换医学为提高研究开发效率提供了机遇和挑战,在新药发现,研究开发,临床前和临床评价研究的各个阶段,应用转换研究模式,科学地利用获得的有用信息,把握转换研究与新药研发三要素,定能降低研发成本和缩短研究时间,提高研发效率和速度.笔者主要论述转换医学的发展、国际动态,我国创新药物研究所面临的机遇和挑战等方面的内容.     

转化医学研究中生命伦理学辩护的现况分析与前瞻思考

转化医学作为一门新兴学科,运用多学科交叉策略来推动医学发展,它已逐步融入各个学科,并在干细胞研究、生物标志物、细胞信号转导、药物及器具研发及个体化医学等各个领域发挥着重要作用。随着转化医学研究的深入,一些临床试验势必对人体存在一定的伤害和潜在危险,存在各种伦理问题。虽说科学研究与伦理道德是一对相互冲击的矛盾,但两者在总体上又是一致的,共同决定着社会前进步伐。科研的重大进步必然会对伦理道德提出更高要求,而伦理道德的高标准又规范、引导、促进科学研究朝着正确方向迈进,两者相辅相成。鉴于伦理辩护对于转化医学研究强有力的支撑,建议在转化医学研究中能进一步完善伦理监管的体系、发挥机构伦理委员会的功效、持续加大伦理培训的力度、强化研究人员的伦理道德修养,从而为转化医学的发展夯实人文基础。     

精准药学:从转化医学到精准医学探讨新药发展

自1960年以来,美国FDA推出的基础研究-发现-设计-临床前开发-临床研究等过程的新药研发的转化研究,这种"转化研究"的"万里挑一"的模式,可以说是最早的"转化研究",对近50年的新药发展起了积极作用。随着生命科学研究的发展及成果的应用,转化研究得到快速发展,转换医学模式成为国际医学健康领域的新概念和研究模式。在美国2010年提出"精准医学"概念之后,奥巴马在他的国情咨文中提出了"精确医学"计划,希望更接近治愈癌症和糖尿病等疾病,希望将以基因为特点的大数据信息用于精准个体化药物治疗。"精准医学"作为医学的未来是人类医学的变革,长期目标是为实现多种疾病的治愈提供有价值的信息。基于精准医疗四要素中"精确、准时、共享、个体化",笔者提出"精准药学"的概念,希望它在实现"精准医疗"中发挥重要的作用,而且具有不同于"精准医学"的研究目标和研究特征。"精准药物"治疗只有实现"精准诊断"的基础上,医疗应用相关的"精准药物"才能提出"精准治疗方案",才能实现精准的个体化治疗。在"大数据"时代,基因组学是精准医学和精准药学的共同基础。但药物研发中可以认为与健康人和病人的基因有关,更与疾病的病因有关,但有些功能性疾病和病毒、细菌、寄生虫等感染性疾病的治疗还与它们的感染、复制及其酶和蛋白等生化过程有关,也与药物的制剂技术和组合有关。因此需要更广阔的知识和视野去认识研发的难度和治疗的精准性,才能开发出疗效更好、更安全、更便利、更经济的新药。     

Hydrogen sulfide and translational medicine

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) along with carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule that has undergone large numbers of fundamental investigations. H₂S is involved in various physiological activities associated with the regulation of homeostasis, vascular contractility, pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as pro- and anti-apoptotic activities etc. However, the actions of H₂S are influenced by its concentration, reaction time, and cell/disease types. Therefore, H₂S is a signaling molecule without definite effect. The use of existing H₂S donors is limited because of the instant release and short lifetime of H₂S. Thus, translational medicine involving the sustained and controlled release of H₂S is of great value for both scientific and clinical uses. H₂S donation can be manipulated by different ways, including where H₂S is given, how H₂S is donated, or the specific structures of H₂S-releasing drugs and H₂S donor molecules. This review briefly summarizes recent progress in research on the physiological and pathological functions of H₂S and H₂S-releasing drugs, and suggests hope for future investigations.     

The role of the pathologist in translational and personalized medicine

Over the years, pathologists have served to make morphologic diagnoses for clinicians when provided with a biopsy or surgically resected tissue specimen. Traditionally, pathologists have used a series of morphologic techniques and relied on the microscopic appearance of resected tissues to determine a pathologic diagnosis and, with respect to neoplastic lesions, provide predictions of the potential growth pattern that might be anticipated. With the introduction of the techniques of molecular biology in medicine, the role of the pathologist has changed as have the tools available for characterizing pathologic specimens. With the pathologist's unique perspective on disease processes and access to tissue specimens from the operating room, he has become a key player in the area of translational and personalized medicine and the development of new approaches to diagnosis and translational research.     

微生物转化在现代中药研发中的应用

微生物转化是指利用微生物的一种或多种酶,在一定条件下,把一种化合物转变为结构相关的有经济价值的另一种化合物。近年来,微生物转化技术越来越多地应用于中药的研发,目的在于提高中药药效,降低毒性,去除杂质,帮助有效成分在体内代谢,产生新的活性成分等。此外,微生物转化具有反应类型广、特异性强、副产物少、反应条件温和可控、环保无污染等优点,在中药转化领域具有独特优势。本文总结了近年来微生物转化技术在中药研发中的应用情况并进行了展望。