二甲双胍与顺铂联合诱导人结肠癌HCT-8细胞凋亡的研究

目的研究二甲双胍联合顺铂对HCT-8人类结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法将HCT-8人类结肠癌细胞分成二甲双胍组(MET)、顺铂组(DDP)、二甲双胍联合顺铂组(MET+DDP)、空白对照组(CK) 4组,MTT实验观察4组细胞于24 h、48 h、72 h时的增殖能力;流式细胞术观察各组细胞48 h的凋亡比例;Western blotting观察各组细胞48 h时凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3(激活型)以及AKT/GSK-3通路蛋白的表达水平。结果该实验中MET+DDP组的细胞增殖能力弱于其它三组(P0. 05);细胞凋亡比例高于其它三组(P0. 05); Bax、caspase-3(激活型)表达量高于其它组群,Bcl-2、P-AKT、P-GSK-3表达量低于其它组群,AKT、GSK-3在4组中表达量相对恒定(P0. 05)。结论二甲双胍、顺铂可能通过下调AKT/GSK-3信号通路,改变Bcl-2家族蛋白的表达活性从而促进HCT-8人类结肠癌细胞的凋亡,并促进p-caspase-3剪切转化为caspase-3(激活型);二甲双胍与顺铂可协同发挥促HCT-8人类结肠癌细胞凋亡的作用。     

二甲双胍对肝癌细胞HCCLM3生物学行为的影响

目的 研究二甲双胍对人肝癌细胞株HCCLM3增殖、凋亡及迁移能力的影响.方法 体外培养人肝癌细胞株HCCLM3,以不同浓度的二甲双胍干预细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,RT-PCR检测Bax及Bcl-2基因表达,细胞划痕实验观察细胞迁移情况.结果 随着二甲双胍浓度增高和作用时间延长,对HCCLM3细胞增殖抑制率较对照组显著提高(P＜0.05);浓度达到10 mmol/L可抑制HCCLM3细胞迁移能力;作用48h后HCCLM3细胞中Bax表达呈现明显递增趋势,而Bcl-2表达呈现递减趋势.结论 二甲双胍能够以浓度及时间依赖性的形式抑制肝癌细胞HCCLM3细胞的增殖及迁移活动,并能够影响其凋亡相关基因Bax与Bcl-2的表达.     

二甲双胍通过COX-2/PGE2/STAT3途径抑制结直肠癌的机制研究

目的 探讨二甲双胍对结直肠癌的抑制作用及相关机制。方法 在体外培养小鼠结肠癌细胞系MC38和人结肠癌细胞系SW480，同时在体内使用氧化偶氮甲烷（AOM）与葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）诱导的结直肠癌小鼠模型，使用二甲双胍进行干预，通过CCK-8、细胞凋亡试验、Western blotting、苏木精-伊红（HE）染色、免疫组织化学检测、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、粪便16S rDNA测序来分析二甲双胍是否可抑制结直肠癌的发生、发展，并阐明其机制。结果 不同浓度的二甲双胍分别处理MC38细胞和SW480细胞24 h可在镜下看到，随着二甲双胍浓度的增加，肿瘤细胞数量明显减少。CCK-8法检测结果表明，随着二甲双胍浓度的增加，两种结直肠癌细胞细胞活性率受到抑制。两种结直肠癌细胞加入0、20 mmol/L二甲双胍的细胞凋亡率比较，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。Western blotting结果可见，二甲双胍干预可抑制COX-2蛋白的表达，且随着浓度的增加，COX-2蛋白表达呈药物剂量依赖性减低。两种结直肠癌细胞添加不同浓度二甲双胍后PGE2蛋白水平比较，差异有统计学意义（P <...     

二甲双胍对结肠癌细胞增殖、周期及凋亡的影响

  目的 研究二甲双胍对人结肠癌细胞株SW480增殖、周期及凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其可能的机制。方法 体外培养人结肠癌细胞株SW480,给予不同浓度二甲双胍干预,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及凋亡,Real time-PCR法检测相关基因mRNA的表达。结果 二甲双胍可以抑制SW480细胞的增殖,并呈时间-剂量依赖性。20mmol/L二甲双胍干预48h后与对照组相比,细胞G0/G1期比例升高,S及G2/M期比例均降低;细胞凋亡比率增高;Real time-PCR示周期相关基因CyclinD1 mRNA表达明显下调（P0.05),凋亡相关基因BCL-2 mRNA表达明显下调,CASP3及BAX mRNA 表达明显上调(P<0.01)。结论 二甲双胍能够抑制人结肠癌细胞株SW480的增殖,G0/G1期细胞周期阻滞,促进细胞凋亡;其机制可能与上调及下调某些周期、凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达有关。     

二甲双胍对人胰腺癌细胞增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响及机制

目的 探索不同浓度二甲双胍对人胰腺癌Panc-1 细胞增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法 用不同浓度的二甲双胍处理人胰腺癌Panc-1 细胞后,采用MTT 法检测其对癌细胞增殖能力的影响,流式细胞术检测其对细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响,Western blot 观察PTEN、p-Akt（Ser473）、mTOR 蛋白表达水平的变化。结果 干预48 h 时,不同浓度二甲双胍（0.5、2.0 和8.0 mmol）对细胞生长的抑制率依次为（7.20±5.92）%、（18.35±4.77）% 和（33.45±4.10）% ;72 h 时对细胞生长的抑制率分别为（24.81±4.04）%、（53.42±4.18）% 和（61.36±2.00）%。该抑制作用随着药物浓度增加和干预时间延长而增强,呈药物浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。流式细胞术检测结果显示,二甲双胍干预48 h时,8.0 mmol 组G1 期细胞比例与对照组和0.5 mmol 组比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,8.0 mmol 组低于对照组和0.5 mmol 组;G2/M 期细胞比例与对照组和0.5 mmol 组比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,8.0 mmol 组高于对照组和0.5 mmol 组。二甲双胍作用48 h 时8.0 mmol 组细胞的中晚期凋亡率为（12.64±2.74）%,与对照组（7.01±1.14）% 和0.5 mmol 组（6.19±0.32）% 比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,8.0 mmol 组高于对照组和0.5 mmol 组。Western blot 检测结果显示二甲双胍作用48 h 时,2.0 mmol 组和8.0 mmol 组与对照组和0.5 mmol 组比较,PTEN 蛋白表达量差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,2.0 mmol 组和8.0 mmol 组升高,而p-Akt（Ser473）和mTOR 的表达水平降低。结论 二甲双胍能抑制人胰腺癌Panc-1 细胞的增殖能力,引起G2/M 细胞周期阻滞,同时诱导胰腺癌细胞的凋亡,其可能的机制是通过激活PTEN 的表达,抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR 通路。     

二甲双胍抑制Fo xp 3的表达诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的：研究二甲双胍对于人乳腺癌细胞 MCF-7增殖与调亡的效应,并探讨 Foxp3在其中的作用。方法分别以二甲双胍（5 mmol/L、10 mmol/L、20 mmol/L）干预人乳腺癌细胞 MCF-748 h 后,采用 MTT 法检测细胞增殖抑制率;Hoechst 33258染色和流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡;实时（real-time）PCR检测 Foxp3和 caspase-3 mRNA 表达水平;Western blot 法检测Foxp3蛋白的表达。结果与对照组（未经二甲双胍处理）相比,二甲双胍作用 MCF-7细胞48 h后,对细胞增殖有明显抑制作用（P＜0．05）;并可明显诱导 MCF-7细胞凋亡,早期凋亡率分别为3．76％、8．96％和18．67％;经二甲双胍处理后,MCF-7细胞中caspase-3 mRNA表达水平显著上调（P＜0．05）,而 Foxp3 mRNA和 Foxp3蛋白表达水平降低（P＜0．05）。结论二甲双胍有抑制 MCF-7增殖并诱导其凋亡的作用,其机制可能与 Foxp3表达下调有关。     

二甲双胍对人结肠癌细胞株SW-480增殖的影响

目的 观察二甲双胍对人结肠癌细胞株SW-480增殖的影响并初步探讨其可能机制.方法 不同浓度的二甲双胍干预结肠癌细胞株SW-480,MTT法比较其生长曲线的变化,采用流式细胞术研究二甲双胍对SW-480细胞周期的影响,Western blotting测定CyclinD1的表达,用TRAP银染法观察其对端粒酶活性的影响.结果 MTT结果示二甲双胍可以抑制人结肠癌细胞的增殖,并呈时间浓度依赖性.PBS对照组与5 mmol/L二甲双胍干预组72 h后的细胞G0/G1期所占百分比分别为55.81±0.63,63.38±0.99;S期所占百分比分别为31.11±3.05,25.29±1.64;G2/M期所占百分比分别为13.09±3.00,11.33±2.60.Western blotting示5 mmol/L二甲双胍干预组72 h后CyclinD1的表达较PBS对照组明显减弱.TRAP银染法检测示5 mmol/L二甲双胍干预SW-480细胞72 h后可以显著抑制端粒酶活性.结论 二甲双胍能抑制人结肠癌细胞的增殖,其主要机制可能与G0/G1期细胞周期阻滞、下调CyclinD1的表达及抑制端粒酶活性有关.     

二甲双胍抑制赖氨酸特异性组蛋白去甲基化酶1介导的卵巢癌细胞增殖和迁移

目的: 探讨二甲双胍抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖和迁移的可能分子机制。方法: 用不同浓度二甲双胍(0、5、10和20 mmol/L)处理卵巢癌HO8910和SKOV3细胞,EdU和迁移实验检测细胞增殖和迁移能力;免疫印迹和qRT-PCR检测细胞内赖氨酸特异性组蛋白去甲基化酶1(lysine specific demethylase 1,LSD1)蛋白及mRNA表达水平;免疫印迹检测PI3K/AKT信号通路蛋白表达水平。建立诱导型稳定敲低LSD1的卵巢癌HO8910和SKOV3细胞株,经10 mmol/L二甲双胍处理,通过EdU和迁移实验检测各组细胞增殖和迁移能力。结果： 与对照组相比,不同浓度二甲双胍处理组细胞增殖和迁移能力明显降低(P均＜0.01),LSD1蛋白表达水平明显降低,LSD1特异性底物H3K4me2蛋白表达水平明显升高(P均＜0.01);PI3K/AKT信号通路蛋白PI3K和p AKT表达水平明显降低(P均＜0.01)。二甲双胍处理和敲低LSD1后,细胞增殖和迁移能力均显著降低（P<0.05)。结论： 二甲双胍可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT通路下调LSD1蛋白表达,从而抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖与迁移。     

二甲双胍对高糖状态下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞增殖的作用及机制

目的:探讨二甲双胍对高糖状态下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞增殖的作用以及可能的作用机制。方法:体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(HBZY-1),①分为正常对照(NC)组(葡萄糖浓度5.6 mmol/L)、NC+二甲双胍组(葡萄糖浓度5.6 mmol/L+二甲双胍浓度200 mmol/L)、高糖(HG)组(葡萄糖浓度30 mmol/L)、HG+二甲双胍组(葡萄糖浓度30 mmol/L+二甲双胍,浓度分别是50、100、200、400 mmol/L),作用时间分别为6、12、24 h。MTT法检测各组HBZY-1细胞增殖的情况;②分为NC组、NC+二甲双胍组、HG组和HG+二甲双胍组(二甲双胍浓度200 mmol/L),作用时间12 h,用Western blot;法检测各组细胞内转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、p-AMPK和AMPK蛋白表达的变化。结果:①与NC组相比,高糖刺激12 h后HBZY-1增殖明显,差异有显著性(P<0.01);与HG组相比,HG加二甲双胍干预12 h后,随着二甲双胍的浓度逐渐增加,对HBZY-1增殖的抑制程度逐渐加大,差异均有显著性(P均<0.01);NC+二甲双胍组与NC组相比,两组之间HBZ...     

二甲双胍通过mTOR信号通路促进结肠癌细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 探讨二甲双胍对结肠癌细胞增殖以及凋亡的作用及其潜在机制。 方法 将HCT8细胞随机分为4组:对照组和二甲双胍组(5、10以及20 mM),对照组不接受任何干预措施。MTT法观察4组细胞增殖及对结肠癌细胞的抑制率,AnnexinV-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒观察细胞凋亡情况,同时应用PCR以及Western-blot检测mTOR通路相关基因与蛋白的表达量。 结果 与对照组比较,不同浓度二甲双胍对HCT8均有抑制作用,并且呈剂量依赖性,20 mM二甲双胍对结肠癌HCT8细胞抑制作用最明显,与5、10 mM以及对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外,随着时间的增加,二甲双胍对结肠癌HCT8的抑制作用增加,72 h后抑制率与24 h以及48 h抑制率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。凋亡结果显示5、10以及20 mM二甲双胍作用于结肠癌HCT8细胞后凋亡率分别是(3.16±0.16)%、(5.12±0.39)%以及(6.11±0.15)%,均高于对照组凋亡率(1.5±0.28)%,各组之间凋亡率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。二甲双胍干预后结肠癌细胞4EBP1、S6K1以及mTOR的mRNA表达量以及蛋白表达量均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 二甲双胍通过抑制mTOR信号通路抑制结肠癌细胞增殖以及促进结肠癌细胞凋亡。      

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.