Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: MR imaging evaluation using current techniques

PURPOSE: To determine the MR imaging findings of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease using current imaging techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our five-year experience with MR imaging of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) to determine the spectrum of appearance of kidney disease, the occurrence of cysts in other abdominal organs, the size and number of cysts in the kidneys and other organs, and the association with other benign or malignant disease. Thirty patients (17 men and 13 women, age range 30 to 88 years old) with ADPKD were included in this study. All patients were examined by MR imaging including T2-weighted single-shot echo-train spin-echo and pre- and post-gadolinium chelate spoiled gradient-echo imaging. RESULTS: All kidneys were involved with multiple, varying sized cysts scattered throughout the parenchyma. Giant renal cysts (>8 cm) were associated with pain in the only two patients who possessed them. Hemorrhage in renal cysts was observed in all kidneys with a heterogeneous pattern of involvement on non-contrast T1- and T2-weighted images, reflecting hemorrhage of varying age. The mean kidney size for the right kidney was 17.4 cm in length, 10.3 cm in transverse, and 9.4 cm in antero-posterior diameter (AP); and for the left kidney, 15.9 cm in the length, 9.3 cm in the transverse, and 9.3 cm in AP diameter. Other organs involved included the liver (22 patients), the pancreas (three patients), with two of the above-mentioned patients having both liver and pancreas cysts, and the spleen (one patient) who had both liver and splenic cysts. Massive liver involvement with large cysts was associated with abdominal pain. Malignant disease was present in five patients, including two patients with renal cell carcinoma, one with bladder cancer, one with lung cancer, and one patient with anal adenocarcinoma. Comparison of pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted images was essential to detect renal cancer. CONCLUSION: All kidneys in patients with ADPKD had extensive, varying-sized cysts and in all cases some cysts showed evidence of hemorrhage. The liver was the second most common organ to be involved with cystic disease, in 73% of patients. Large cysts in the kidneys and liver were associated with abdominal pain.     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗急性肾脏出血

目的:评价超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗急性肾脏出血的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析14例急性肾脏出血患者的临床资料,包括肾动脉创伤3例,多囊肾3例,肾动静脉畸形8例,所有病例采用COOK弹簧圈行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术进行止血治疗。随访9～14个月(平均12.5个月),观察术后疗效、并发症及复发情况。结果:所有患者均成功进行了超选择性肾动脉栓塞术,止血成功率100%,5例患者术后出现肾区疼痛或原有疼痛程度加重,3例出现术后发热,上述症状经对症治疗均于1周内消失,无严重并发症发生。所有患者随访期间无血尿复发及其它中远期并发症。结论:超选择性肾动脉栓塞术是治疗急性肾脏出血安全、有效的方法,可以达到即刻止血和保存肾脏的目的。     

超声造影结合Bosniak标准在良恶性肾囊性病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 评价超声造影鉴别良恶性肾囊性病变的准确性,探讨超声造影结合Bosniak标准分级诊断肾囊性病变的可行性.资料与方法 对30例患者的36个肾囊性病灶进行超声造影,分析良恶性肾囊性病变的超声造影征象;按照Bosniak标准对超声造影的表现进行分级诊断,计算其敏感性、特异性、诊断符合率、阳性预测值、阳性似然比、Kappa值及验后概率,分析该方法分级诊断肾囊性病变的准确性.结果 超声造影可显示常规超声不能发现的囊内分隔及实性结构.超声造影结合Bosniak标准诊断肾囊性病变的敏感性、特异性、诊断符合率、阳性预测值、阳性似然比分别为92.9％、90.9％、94.8％、86.7％、10.2,Kappa=0.83;应用超声造影结合Bosniak标准可提高肾囊性病变良恶性诊断的验后概率.结论 超声造影结合Bosniak标准可以提高鉴别诊断肾囊性病变良恶性的准确性.     

肝硬化门静脉性胆病的影像表现

目的：探讨肝硬化门静脉高压性胆病（PB）的MSCT及MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析16例肝硬化PB患者的MSCT及MRI表现,分析门静脉血栓导致PB的解剖位置和临床表现。结果：16例患者中门静脉海绵样变13例,其中8例合并门静脉血栓;门静脉和／或门静脉分支血栓3例。16例患者中3例表现为肝内胆管扩张,9例表现为肝外胆管及一侧肝内胆管扩张,4例表现为肝外胆管和两侧肝内胆管扩张。本组病例门静脉系统侧支循环的类型包括食道一胃底静脉曲张13例（13／16,81％）、胰腺周围静脉曲张10例（10／16,63％）和胆囊静脉曲张10例（10／16,63%）。结论：肝硬化门静脉高压患者出现肝外或肝内胆管扩张时应考虑门静脉高压性胆病的可能。     

Renal cell cancer: Incidence of hemorrhage on MR images in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

This study describes the occurrence of hemorrhage in renal cancer in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as shown on MR images. Thirteen consecutive patients with chronic renal insufficiency who had his tologically proven renal cancer and underwent MRI at 1.5 T were entered in the study. MR examinations included spoiled gradient echo (SGE) and T1-weighted fat-suppressed imaging pre- and postgadolinium administration. All renal cancers were well shown on MR images and were most clearly depicted on postgadolinium T1-weighted fat-suppressed images. Tumors in 12 of 13 patients had regions of high signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted images. Histology demonstrated intratumoral hemorrhage in all 12 of these patients. Four hemorrhagic tumors were largely cystic on imaging studies. One of these cancers altered in appearance from largely cystic with extensive hemorrhage to largely solid with substantial enhancement after a 2.5-year interval. Renal cancers demonstrated minimal enhancement (11 patients) on early postgadolinium images and were minimally enhanced on delayed images in 10 of 13 tumors. Two renal cancers demonstrated intense enhancement. Renal cancers are well shown on MR images in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Because of the common occurrence of hemorrhage into renal cancers in patients with renal insufficiency, caution should be exercised when evaluating hemorrhagic cystic lesions in these patients.     

声触诊组织定量技术评估兔慢性肾病肾纤维化的实验研究

目的：建立新西兰兔慢性肾病模型,应用声触诊组织定量（VTQ）技术监测兔慢性肾病的发展,为VTQ评估慢性肾病肾纤维化提供实验依据。材料与方法选取38只健康新西兰大白兔,其中32只每天经耳缘静脉注射阳离子牛血清白蛋白（C-BSA）诱导慢性肾病模型,另外6只未注射C-BSA设为对照组。于0周、2周、4周、6周、8周采用VTQ测量兔肾皮质硬度,随后解剖兔,评估肾脏的病理变化,并分析VTQ参数与病理参数的相关性。结果兔肾皮质0周、2周、4周、6周、8周的VTQ值分别为（1.68±0.25）m/s、（1.70±0.31）m/s、（1.87±0.35）m/s、（2.19±0.31）m/s、（2.46±0.46）m/s,6周VTQ值与4周比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,8周VTQ值与4周、6周比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。4周、6周、8周肾小球硬化指数分别为0.81±0.40、1.43±0.46、2.15±0.46,肾间质胶原纤维面积分别为（14.29±4.62）%、（26.28±11.06）%、（42.37±10.09）%,均明显高于0周、2周,且纤维化随病程进展逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。肾皮质VTQ与肾小球硬化指数、肾间质胶原纤维面积呈正相关（r=0.663、0.652, P<0.05）。结论VTQ可以检测到兔慢性肾病发展过程中肾皮质硬度增高,与肾纤维化呈正相关,提示VTQ可以成为评价肾纤维化的重要方法。     

单侧烟雾病大脑中动脉供血区血管情况与灌注状态的相关性研究

目的探讨单侧烟雾病(MMD)大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区血管情况与灌注状态的相关性,为更加个体化地评估血流动力学状态提供客观依据。方法回顾性分析2008年~2013年经天坛医院确诊的单一MCA受累的单侧MMD患者31例。分析MCA狭窄程度、侧支循环分级与MCA皮层的M1~M6区域CT灌注成像各灌注参数比值的相关性。统计学采用Spearman等级相关及多重线性回归检验。结果 1大脑中动脉狭窄程度和灌注参数图的相关性:除M3区域的rCBF及M4区域各灌注参数比值外,各区域的rCBF与MCA的狭窄程度呈负相关,而rMTT及rTTP与MCA狭窄程度呈正相关;2侧支循环分级与灌注参数图的相关性:侧支循环分级与M5区域的rCBV、M6区域的rCBF、rCBV呈负相关,与M1区域的rMTT、M6区域的rMTT及rTTP呈正相关;3其他影响因素:年龄是影响M3区域rCBF、rMTT及rTTP变化的独立因素。结论单侧MMD患者的MCA狭窄程度、侧支循环分级及年龄均是影响灌注参数比值变化的重要因素。     

Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging detection of renal cancer presenting with diffuse peritoneal metastases in a patient with hemodialysis‐associated acquired cystic disease of the kidney

A 59‐year‐old man was admitted with a large amount of ascites, cake‐like omental thickening, and dialysis‐associated acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK). It was difficult to detect renal cancer, which was revealed as a primary site of peritoneal metastases by autopsy, with conventional cross‐sectional imaging, such as enhanced computed tomography and T2, T1, and dynamic gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, because multiple renal cysts caused marked distortion of the renal parenchyma and the cancer had necrosis. We demonstrated the usefulness of diffusion‐weighted imaging with a high b‐factor to detect renal cancer presenting with peritoneal metastasis in a patient with ACDK. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:953–956. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.