1993年WHO的中枢神经系统肿瘤分类

一、神经上皮组织的肿瘤 (一)星形细胞性肿瘤 1.星形细胞瘤分型:纤维型、原浆型、肥胖细胞型或混合型 2.间变性(恶性)星形细胞瘤 3.胶质母细胞瘤 分型:巨细胞胶母细胞瘤、胶质肉瘤     

人脑星形细胞瘤中肿瘤相关抗原RCAS1的表达

目的探讨表达于SiSo细胞系上的受体结合癌抗原(RCAS1)在星形细胞瘤中的表达情况,及其与肿瘤病理分级的关系.方法用免疫组织化学方法检测RCAS1的表达,研究对象为6例正常脑组织、13例毛细胞型星形细胞瘤、25例弥漫型星形细胞瘤、20例间变型星形细胞瘤、13例胶质母细胞瘤.结果 RCAS1在人脑星形细胞瘤中的总表达率为60.1%, RCAS1的表达与肿瘤级别呈正相关(P<0.001),间变型星形细胞瘤与胶质母细胞瘤之间的阳性表达细胞计分差异有显著性(P<0.01).结论 RCAS1是人脑星形细胞瘤的新的肿瘤相关抗原,其表达与胶质母细胞瘤的形成相关.     

脑胶质瘤的分子靶向治疗

间变星形细胞瘤或间变少枝胶质细胞瘤与胶质母细胞瘤,统称为高级别胶质母细胞瘤。其中,恶性度最高的,即恶性多形性胶质母细胞瘤(简称:恶性胶母瘤),其发病率约占所有颅内肿瘤的12%～15%、占所有星形细胞肿瘤的50%～60%。恶性多     

Olig-2在人脑胶质细胞瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的研究少突胶质细胞转录因子-2（Olig-2）在人脑胶质细胞瘤组织中的表达,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化sP法和蛋门印迹技术（Westernblot）,检测96例脑胶质细胞瘤患者的手术标本,WHO分类：Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ级20例,Ⅳ级22例;组织学分类：巨细胞星形胶质细胞瘤26例,少突胶质细胞瘤28例,间变性星形胶质细胞瘤20例,多形胶质母细胞瘤10例,髓母细胞瘤12例和10例颅脑损伤内减压脑组织标本中Olig-2蛋白的表达水平：结果免疫组化结果表明：巨细胞星形胶质细胞瘤阳性表达牢为23．08％（6／26）,少突胶质细胞瘤阳性表达率为82．14％（23／28）,间变性星形胶质细胞瘤阳性表达率为40．00％（8／20）,多形胶质母细胞瘤阳性表达率为30．00％（3／10）,髓母细胞瘤阳性表达率为75．00％（9／12）和正常脑组织阳性表达率为60．00％（6／10）;Olig-2阳性率在良性（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ）和恶性（Ⅲ＋Ⅳ）中分别为53．70％（29／54）和47．62％（20／42）,统计学处理无明显差异（P〉0．05）;少突胶质细胞瘤Olig-2阳性率82．14％（23／28）和其它病理类型肿瘤阳性率38．24％（26／68）比较有明显差异（P〈0．05）;Westernblot结果显示少突胶质细胞瘤中Olig-2蛋白的表达明显高于其它类型胶质细胞瘤及正常脑组织（P〈0．05）。结论Olig-2在少突胶质细胞瘤中明显高表达,但表达水平与脑胶质细胞瘤恶性程度无明显相关,Olig-2可以作为人脑少突胶质细胞瘤与其它类型胶质细胞瘤鉴别诊断的重要标记物.     

1993年Kleihues等确定的WHO脑肿瘤组织学分类

（一）神经上皮组织肿瘤１－星形细胞来源的肿瘤（１）星形细胞瘤变异型：①纤维性星形细胞瘤;②原浆性星形细胞瘤;③肥胖性星形细胞瘤（２）间变性（恶性）星形细胞瘤（３）胶质母细胞瘤变异型：①巨细胞胶质母细胞瘤;②胶质肉瘤（４）毛细胞性星形细胞瘤（５）多形性黄色星形细胞瘤（６）室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤（常伴结节性硬化）２－少突胶质细胞来源肿瘤（１）少突胶质细胞瘤（２）间变性（恶性）少突胶质细胞瘤３－室管膜细胞来源肿瘤（１）室管膜瘤变异型：细胞型、乳头型、透明细胞型（２）间变性（恶性）室管膜瘤（３）粘液乳…     

颅内胶质肉瘤（附15例报告）

胶质肉瘤是由恶性胶质成分和肉瘤成分组成的少见的原发中枢神经系统肿瘤。在临床上，胶质肉瘤和胶质母细胞瘤或间变性星形细胞的表现相似。本文报告了１５例胶质肉瘤，就其临床表现和病理与胶质母细胞瘤或间变性星形细胞瘤的主要不同点，结合文献进行讨论。     

侧脑室神经细胞瘤

少枝胶质细胞瘤在脑内多见,而位于侧脑室者比较少,光镜下均诊断为少枝胶质细胞瘤。结合国外文献报告和我院脑内、侧脑室少枝胶质细胞瘤电镜的超微结构检查,结果对比,侧脑室少枝胶质细胞瘤实际应诊断为“神经细胞瘤”根据文献报告及本组病例的观察,此肿瘤对放疗敏感,预后较好。     

MRI评分在星形细胞起源肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的观察星形细胞起源肿瘤患者的MRI表现,探讨MRI评分与病理学分级之间的相关性。方法选择经手术病理证实的幕上星形细胞起源肿瘤患者44例,其中星形细胞瘤9例、间变性星形细胞瘤14例及多形性胶质母细胞瘤21例,手术后进行MRI评分。评分标准包括肿瘤是否越过中线、有无水肿、不均质性、出血、边界清晰、囊变或坏死、血管流空效应、强化程度和强化的不均质性等9项指标。结果MRI评分随肿瘤病理分级的提高而增加,星形细胞瘤患者的不均质性、水肿、边界清晰、血管流空效应、强化程度和强化的不均质性等6项指标均低于间变性星形细胞瘤和多形性胶质母细胞瘤,其差异具有显著性意义(均P<0.05);而间变性星形细胞瘤与多形性胶质母细胞瘤之间9项指标相比,仅不均质性和强化程度2项差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论MRI评分对选择星形细胞起源肿瘤的治疗方法及判断患者预后具有重要临床参考价值。     

十例髓母细胞瘤的光镜和电镜观察

髓母细胞瘤的组织学起源和细胞分化至今仍有争论。本文收集髓母细胞瘤10例、81/2月胎儿小脑1例和成人小脑1例,进行光镜和电镜观察。髓母细胞瘤细胞主要是未分化的原始细胞。有的瘤细胞表 现神经元性分化,光镜下出现菊形团,电镜下出现轴突样结构、突触样结构和致密核心小泡。有的瘤细胞表现星形细胞特点,分化出磷钨酸苏木素染色阳性的幼稚成胶质细胞和星形细胞,电镜下细胞胞体和突起内有成束的微丝。表明髓母细胞瘤是一种神经上皮性肿瘤,瘤细胞具有双向分化的潜能。髓母细胞瘤细胞和胎儿小脑外颗粒层细胞有很大相似性。在神经上皮之中,本瘤更可能起源于小脑外颗粒层或其残余。     

脑室内少突胶质细胞瘤与中枢神经细胞瘤的临床病理分析

目的 总结发生于脑室内的少突胶质细胞瘤与中枢神经细胞瘤的临床病理特点。方法 选取同期发生于侧脑室内的6例少突胶质细胞瘤和5例中枢神经细胞瘤进行回顾性研究,对各自的临床病理特点进行分析,探讨二者的鉴别诊断要点。结果。发生于脑室内的少突胶质细胞瘤与中枢神经细胞瘤在临床表现、神经影像学和光镜下的病理学表现均十分相似。结论 目前认为光镜下出现无核原纤维岛、免疫组织化学显示突触素阳性表达、电镜超微结构检查证实肿瘤细胞有神经元分化证据为诊断中枢神经细胞瘤的金标准,也是鉴别少突胶质细胞瘤与中枢神经细胞瘤的重要依据。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.