小儿难治性肾病病理特征的研究

目的　探讨小儿难治性肾病病理特征。方法　对小儿难治性肾病１４０ 例的临床及病理特征进行了分析。结果　小儿难治性肾病最常见的病理类型为系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎（ Ｍｅｓ ＰＧＮ）占３９－３％ ,其次为局灶节段性肾小球硬化（ＦＳＧＳ） 占２９－３％ ,再次为轻微病变和微小病变（ＭＣＤ） 占１４－３ ％ ;膜增殖性肾小球肾病、膜性肾病、硬化性肾炎、ＩｇＭ 肾病、ＩｇＡ肾病等病理类型少见。１４０ 例中单纯性肾病者以ＭｅｓＰＧＮ、ＦＳＧＳ、ＭＣＤ 为主,肾炎性肾病可见于各种类型;激素依赖患儿以轻、中度ＭｅｓＰＧＮ、ＦＳＧＳ及ＭＣＤ 为主;频繁复发者以ＭＣＤ 及轻、中度ＭｅｓＰＧＮ 为主;而激素耐药患儿可见于各种病理类型。结论　小儿难治性肾病病理类型多样,以ＭｅｓＰＧＮ、ＦＳＧＳ、ＭＣＤ 多见。病理类型与临床分型、对激素治疗反应等有关。     

小儿难治性肾病临床病理分析及治疗方案的探讨

目的 探讨难治性肾病临床病理因素及其有效的治疗措施。方法 对符合难治性肾病病例除外假性难治因素后，积极做肾脏穿刺(肾穿)活检，明确病理诊断；了解不同病理类型对不同治疗方法的反应，选择不同类型难治肾病的治疗方案。结果 64例病例中肾外因素导致的占46．89%(30／64例)，肾性病理因素占53．12％(34／64例)；肾外因素引起的难治性肾病，纠正诱因后临床近期缓解率为93．3％。引起假性难治的因素依次为感染、治疗不规范、存在有高凝、肾静脉栓塞等并发症。肾性病理因素依据其肾穿病理结果依次为：系膜增殖性肾炎(MsPGN)占55．56％，微小病变性肾病(MCNS)占19．4％，局灶性阶段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)占13．89％，膜增殖性肾炎(MPGN)占5．56％。其他类型为5．56％。其临床类型表现不一，临床治疗效果反应亦不一，依次为：微小病变性对糖皮质激素(激素)治疗有效率最高。达85．7％．临床类型主要表现为频复发(FR)或激素依赖(SD)。系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN)对单纯激素治疗敏感性差，55％患儿表现为耐药(SR)。加用免疫抑制剂治疗，临床近期有效率可提高到85%；临床类型小部分表现为激素依赖，大部分表现为激素耐药。局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)和膜增殖性肾炎(MPGN)对激素治疗无效，主要表现为激素耐药。采用激素、免疫抑制剂等综合措施。临床缓解率极低。结论 应积极寻找难治肾病原因，据不同类型采用不同治疗方法；肾脏病理诊断对指导治疗及判断预后具有重要意义。     

小儿难治性肾病临床病理分析及治疗方案的探讨

目的　探讨难治性肾病临床病理因素及其有效的治疗措施。方法　对符合难治性肾病病例除外假性难治因素后 ,积极做肾脏穿刺 (肾穿 )活检 ,明确病理诊断 ;了解不同病理类型对不同治疗方法的反应 ,选择不同类型难治肾病的治疗方案。结果　 6 4例病例中肾外因素导致的占 4 6 89% (30 /6 4例 ) ,肾性病理因素占 5 3 12 % (34 6 4例 ) ;肾外因素引起的难治性肾病 ,纠正诱因后临床近期缓解率为 93 3%。引起假性难治的因素依次为感染、治疗不规范、存在有高凝、肾静脉栓塞等并发症。肾性病理因素依据其肾穿病理结果依次为 :系膜增殖性肾炎 (MsPGN )占 5 5 5 6 % ,微小病变性肾病(MCNS)占 19 4 % ,局灶性阶段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)占 13 89% ,膜增殖性肾炎 (MPGN)占 5 5 6 % ,其他类型为 5 5 6 %。其临床类型表现不一 ,临床治疗效果反应亦不一 ,依次为 :微小病变性对糖皮质激素 (激素 )治疗有效率最高 ,达 85 7% ,临床类型主要表现为频复发 (FR)或激素依赖 (SD)。系膜增生性肾炎 (MsPGN)对单纯激素治疗敏感性差 ,5 5 %患儿表现为耐药 (SR) ,加用免疫抑制剂治疗 ,临床近期有效率可提高到 85 % ;临床类型小部分表现为激素依赖 ,大部分表现为激素耐药。局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)和膜增殖性肾炎 (MPGN)对激素治     

血尿306例临床与病理分析

目的 研究血尿患儿的临床特征及肾脏病理特点。方法 对以血尿为首发及主要表现并具备肾活检病理诊断的306例血尿患儿的临床与病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 IgA肾病占42％，系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎占38％，薄基底膜肾病占6％，Alport综合征占3％，其他占11％。结论 血尿严重程度与病理类型无明显关系，伴大量蛋白尿或高血压者病理损害相对较严重。     

血尿原因待查患儿的临床与病理分析

目的研究血尿患儿临床与病理特点。方法对以血尿为首发及主要症状的50例患儿进行临床与病理资料的回顾性分析。结果血尿患儿病理类型分布如下IgA肾病占36％,系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎占34％,薄基底膜肾病占10％,遗传性肾炎占4％,其他病理类型占16％。结论血尿的严重程度与病理类型无明显关系,伴大量蛋白尿或高血压者病理损害相对较严重。     

50例难治性肾病病理和临床

本文报告50例难治性肾病的病理及临床所见。病理改变类型:系膜增殖性肾炎30例,局灶节段硬化性肾炎8例,微小病变6例,局灶增殖性肾炎3例,膜性增殖性肾炎2例,膜性肾炎1例。其中系膜增殖性肾炎占60%。4例多次复发,故作第二次肾穿刺复查,3例微小病变中2例转化为局灶节段性硬化性肾炎,1例转为系膜增殖性肾炎;另1例系膜增殖性肾炎病变加重。40例平均随访2年2月,结果完全缓解29例;部份缓解4例;未缓解5例;死亡2例。     

小儿急进性肾炎和新月体肾炎的再认识:附43例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨小儿急进性肾炎和新月体肾炎的病因、临床以及病理特点及两者之间的关系。方法 回顾总结1987年至2002年临床诊断急进性肾炎或病理诊断新月体肾炎的43例住院患儿的临床资料。结果 患儿以学龄儿童多见，60．5％为原发性肾脏疾病，绝大多数表现为浮肿、少尿、高血压、肉眼血尿及肾病水平蛋白尿。部分(24．0％)急进性肾炎的肾脏病理为非新月体肾炎，包括毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎、Ⅳ型膜增殖性狼疮性肾炎、增生硬化性肾小球肾炎及局灶节段性肾小球硬化：而部分(32．1％)新月体肾炎的临床表现为非急进性肾炎，包括肾病综合征(肾炎型)、急性肾炎综合征及慢性肾脏疾病。予正规治疗的25例患儿中，44．0％的患儿肾功能恢复，44．0％的患儿肾功能好转。结论 急进性肾炎是临床诊断，新月体肾炎是病理诊断，两者并非完全一致；积极行肾穿刺活检，有助于明确肾脏病理类型，指导治疗；早期诊断、及时治疗有助于改善急进性肾炎或新月体肾炎患儿的预后。     

难治性肾病综合征患儿51例临床与病理关系及预后分析

目的探讨难治性肾病综合征患儿临床与病理的关系及转归。方法选择难治性肾病51例,其中单纯型31例,肾炎型20例;难治类型有激素耐药25例,频复发20例,激素依赖6例;病理类型微小病变型（MCD）19例,系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）、IgM肾病（IgMN）各10例,IgA肾病（IgAN）6例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化3例,膜增殖性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病、肾小球硬化各1例。患儿经糖皮质激素长程疗法,部分加用雷公藤总苷片或环磷酰胺（CTX）针,对其进行随访并分析。结果临床类型与病理类型、难治类型关系密切,有显著统计学意义（χ^2=29.91.20.26Pa〈0.001）;MCD及IgMN近期疗效较MsPGN及IgAN有显著差异（QCMH=21.14P〈0.001）,远期疗效无显著差异（P〉0.05）。持续完全缓解36例（70.6%）。结论激素长程疗法及联合雷公藤总苷片或CTX疗效满意,但长期复发及激素依赖患儿的病因、病理转型及治疗方案仍需关注。     

激素耐药肾病的几种病理类型

目的 探讨激素耐药肾病的几种病理类型。方法 回顾分析250例激素耐药肾病的肾穿刺病理类型分布及特点。结果 局灶节段肾小球硬化(FSGS)75例,系膜增殖性肾炎(MsPGN)55例,微小病变(MCD)26例,IgM肾病49例,IgA肾病24例,膜增殖性肾炎(MPGN)17例,局灶毛细血管内增生1例,Alport’s综合征3例。7例发生转型。由电镜确诊为FSGS39例,而光镜分别为微小病变21例,系膜增殖性肾炎9例,局灶节段增生5例。毛细血管内增生3例。膜性肾病1例。IgA肾病中3例(12．5％)为Ⅰ级,7例(29．2％)Ⅱ级,8例(33．3％)Ⅲ级,6例(25．0％)Ⅳ级,Ⅴ级0例。结论 激素耐药的病理类型呈多样化;FSGS、MsPGN和MCD之间存在转型;需重视FSGS的早期诊断,电镜在其早期诊断中具有重要价值;激素耐药的IgA肾病的病理多显示已较严重,以Ⅲ～Ⅳ级为主。     

激素耐药肾病的病理特点

介绍激素耐药肾病综合征5种病理类型,分别是局灶节段性肾小球硬化、IgA肾病、膜增殖性肾炎、IgM肾病和Clq肾病。就它们的定义、病理特点、病理分型和病理分级分别作了阐述。并结合已做的工作,与国外资料进行比较。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.