骨膜移植修复骨缺损的实验研究及临床应用

为探寻大块骨缺损修复方法的新途径，进行了自体骨膜游离移植修复骨缺损的实验及临床研究。实验用４２只兔，于双侧胫骨作人工骨缺损模型（６ｍｍ×１８ｍｍ×５ｍｍ）。一侧随机植入自体游离骨膜片，另一侧不植入，作为对照。以组织学、Ｘ线和放射性同位素为观察指标，研究成骨过程。结果表明，骨膜植入侧骨缺损的愈合比对照侧缺损的愈合快一倍。原因可能是骨膜提供了大量成骨细胞并直接呈膜内成骨而非软骨内化骨。在此基础上，为２１例骨缺损患者应用自体胫骨骨膜片植入治疗骨缺损，面积最大１０．５ｃｍ×４ｃｍ×４ｃｍ，最小２ｃｍ×２ｃｍ×２ｃｍ；其中１７例为良性骨肿瘤，４例为骨慢性感染。骨缺损均得到修复，关节功能恢复满意。为腔洞性骨缺损的修复提供了一种新方法。     

新鲜胎儿颅骨骨膜移植治疗成人严重股骨头缺血坏死

近年来，应用自体骨膜移植修复软骨面缺损已有报道。然而，异体骨膜移植仍未见叙述。我们在动物实验基础上，应用于临床１０５例病人，疗效良好。现介绍如下。动物实验成熟中国山羊８只，体重１８ｋｇ～３０ｋｇ，于右后腿股骨髁间髌股关节面上造成１．５×１．０ｃｍ２全层软骨缺损创面，植入同样大小足月胎羊颅骨骨膜，用１号丝线固定。术后患肢自由活动，术后第１，２，４个月分别手术取标本，观察异生软骨性状和组织超微结构。结果：（一）肉眼观察：术后１个月，新生软骨填满缺损面，但低于正常软骨面，表面平呈浅蓝色。术后２个月，新…     

多孔磷酸三钙与自体红骨髓复合移植修复骨缺损的临床应用

为观察多孔磷酸三钙（ｔｒｉｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ，ＴＣＰ）与自体红骨髓（ｂｏｎｅ－ｍａｒｒｏｗ，ＢＭ）复合移植修复骨缺损的临床应用效果，应用ＴＣＰ－ＢＭ复合移植，修复骨缺损２１例，其中肿瘤性骨缺损１７例，陈旧性骨折骨缺损４例。术后定期拍摄Ｘ线片复查。术后６周，植入人工骨与周围骨组织界面间已有明显新骨形成；术后３个月，植入材料与周围骨组织愈合成一体。随访１～３年，结果显示植入材料的成骨作用明显，效果满意。ＴＣＰ－ＢＭ具有骨传导和骨诱导双重成骨作用，能促进新骨形成和加快骨缺损修复，是治疗骨缺损较理想的方法之一     

带血管骨移植在四肢骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的临床观察带血管骨移植修复四肢骨肿瘤瘤段切除后骨缺损的治疗价值。方法对４８例不同类型的骨肿瘤行局部彻底切刮除,或骨膜外瘤段切除后所致的骨缺损分别采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣转位移植６例,游离移植３例;带血管胫骨瓣游离移植１例;带血管蒂腓骨瓣同侧顺逆行转位移植９例,游离腓骨移植２２例,双腓骨瓣组合移植４例,腓骨皮瓣游离移植３例进行修复治疗。结果移植骨与主骨均获得愈合,时间为２５～４２个月,平均３５个月。并经０５～１２年（平均４７年）的随访,４５例治愈,;３例复发,复发的３例病人中２例为骨肉瘤,１例为动脉瘤样骨囊肿恶性变,最终行了截肢术。结论证明带血管骨移植用于修复病变广泛的良性骨肿瘤或低变恶性骨肿瘤瘤段切除后的骨缺损疗效可靠,恶性肿瘤者较差。     

四肢骨肿瘤切除后大块骨缺损的显微外科治疗

自１９８０年２月～１９８９年３月应用显微外科技术治疗四肢骨肿瘤切除后大块骨缺损共３９例。其中良性骨肿瘤２０例，恶性１９例。吻合血管的腓骨移植２２例，髂骨移植６例；带血管蒂的腓骨移植４例，髂骨移植７例。术后随访时间２～９年。结果成功３７例，恶性骨肿瘤术后局部复发行截肢１例，肺转移死亡１例，成功率为９４．８％。骨愈合时间较传统的骨移植缩短，平均为２．８个月。恶性骨肿瘤术后两年以上无瘤存活率达８９．４％。     

吻合血管异体骨膜移植修复骨缺损能力的实验研究

实验选用２６只成年兔子对吻合血管异体骨膜移植修复骨缺损的能力进行研究。为保证供受体组织抗原不相容性，供体选用大耳白兔（６只），受体和对照组选用青紫蓝免（２０只）。实验组：切取供体兔股骨骨膜，移植于受体兔１．２ｃｍ骨缺损区，通过吻合血管保证骨膜血供。术日起给予免疫抑制剂。对照组：兔桡骨１．２ｃｍ骨缺损不作骨膜移植。术后通过系列Ｘ线平片、骨组织形态测量学检查、四环素荧光标记检查及电镜检查观察骨膜成骨情况，观察１～４个月。结果：实验组１２例中９例骨缺损愈合，对照组８例中无１例骨缺损愈合。两组骨缺损愈合率统计学上差异有高度显著性。结果表明，只要血管蒂保持通畅，移植的异体骨膜就能不断形成新生骨使骨缺损愈合。     

四支骨肿瘤切除后大块骨缺损的显微外科治疗

自１９８０年２月～１９８９年３月应用显微外科技术治疗四肢骨肿瘤切除后大块骨缺损共３９例。其中良性骨肿瘤２０例，恶性１９例。吻合血管的腓骨移植２２例，髂骨移植６例；带血管蒂的腓骨移植４例，髂骨移植７例。术后随访时间２～９年。结果成功３７例，恶性骨肿瘤术后局部复发行截肢１例，肺转移死亡１例，成功率为９４．８％。骨愈合时间较传统的骨移植缩短，平均为２．８个月。恶性肿瘤术后两年以上无瘤存活率达８９．４％。     

自体骨膜碎片血肿内植入修复骨缺损的实验研究与临床应用

为探讨骨膜移植的成骨性能和不同血肿对其成骨的影响，作者在家兔双侧桡骨中段制成１．５ｃｍ长的骨缺损模型，并在缺损区内分别填以自体外周血块和骨髓血块。然后将自体骨膜碎片分别植入一侧血肿内，另一侧不植骨膜以作对照。通过Ｘ线、组织学、缺损区新生骨钙磷含量测定、骨组织形态测量和计算机图像分析等手段检测，结果证实自体骨膜碎片有成骨作用；自体骨髓血也有成骨潜能，但成骨能力弱于骨膜成骨；单纯外周血不能成骨；若以骨髓血为载体可使成骨作用提高。自体骨膜碎片血肿内植入临床应用１２例，平均随访２年，临床效果满意。     

生物活性玻璃复合自体骨髓移植修复良性骨肿瘤术后骨缺损

目的 探讨新型生物活性玻璃(bioactive glass,BG)复合自体红骨髓移植修复良性骨肿瘤切除及搔刮术后骨缺损的临床效果. 方法 2004年1月-2007年5月,收治良性骨肿瘤患者34例.其中男21例,女13例;年龄8～56岁,平均25.6岁.病程2周～4个月.其中单体骨囊肿14例,骨纤维结构不良6例,骨样骨瘤3例,非骨化性纤维瘤4例,内生软骨瘤2例,骨嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿2例,骨巨细胞瘤3例.肿瘤范围为2.0 cm×1.5 cm×1.0 cm～9.0 cm×3.0 cm×2.5 cm,骨缺损范围为3.0 cm×2.0 cm ×1.5 cm～11.0 cm×3.5 cm×3.0 cm.彻底清除病灶,残腔灭活处理,将5～20 g条块状BG复合20～60 mL(平均40 mL)自体骨髓填充骨缺损.6例合并移位的病理件骨折结合钢板或髓内钉内固定.术后观察全身及切口局部反应,定期复查X线片,观察骨质生长情况. 结果 术后患者均无伤口渗液、结晶析出、周缘皮疹搔痒等免疫排斥反应发生,伤口均I期愈合.34例均获随访,随访时间1～4年,平均24.6个月.无再次骨折、骨肿瘤复发及明显并发症发生.术后甲均16周,下肢骨肿瘤患者弃拐行走,上肢骨肿瘤患者能持物和正常学习工作,并可行轻体力劳动.X线片观察:术后1个月可见BG替代骨和宿主骨接触界面变模糊;术后2个月,替代骨影开始变淡,骨缺损处有部分新骨形成;术后4个月骨缺损处密度增高,替代骨与宿主骨融合;术后6～10个月,BG均被新牛骨组织替代,骨皮质增厚,骨髓腔改建并再通. 结论 BG具有良好的骨传导性及骨诱导性,BG复合自体红骨髓移植修复良性骨肿瘤术后骨缺损创伤小,并发症少,经骨替代后可完成骨修复.     

吻合血管游离腓骨移植修复长段骨缺损

传统骨移植术，由于缺乏血液供应，植入骨块需经长久的爬行替代过程才能愈合，且易发生骨不连、骨吸收及感染率高等缺点。１９９０年以来，采用吻合血管腓骨移植修复外伤性骨缺损７例，骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变切除致长段骨缺损５例，骨髓炎骨缺损１例，均获成功。经随访６个月～７年均达骨愈合，其中４例携带腓骨头移植修复桡骨下端缺损重建桡腕关节，功能恢复满意。１例胫骨长段骨缺损行吻合血管移植术后９个月、１２个月，先后两次发生疲劳性骨折。认为，移植之腓骨虽愈合增粗，但可能因负重而发生疲劳性骨折，适当延长术后外固定时间，是防止骨折的重要措施。     

感染性骨缺损的治疗及研究进展

感染性骨缺损由于存在感染及骨缺损双重病变,治疗棘手,疗程长,且易出现肌肉萎缩、局部瘢痕而致肢体功能受到严重影响.近年来随着外固定技术、显微外科技术、生物材料技术及骨组织工程技术等的发展,感染性骨缺损的治疗取得明显进步,短缩了治疗时间,且效果显著,笔者对其研究进展综述如下.     

自体外周血及自体红骨髓干细胞与脱钙骨复合移植治疗骨缺损的比较研究

目的 对比观察自体外周血干细胞（APBSC）／脱钙骨（DB）复合移植与自体外红骨髓（ARBM）／DB复合移植治疗骨缺损的疗效。方法 36只家兔双侧桡骨造成1cm骨缺损,随机分为DB组、ARBM／DM级和APBSC／DB组,每组12只,分别进行X线片、生物力学和组织学检查,然后作对比分析。结果 术后第2、4、8、14周,APBSC／DB组和ARBM／DB组X线片、改进的GaryX线评分和光镜观察结果,以及术后第14周整骨破坏载荷和骨缺损修复形态学评分均明显优于DB组;但APBSC／DB组与ARBM／DB组间差异无显著性。结论 APBSC与ARBM都能在DB的骨形态蛋白诱导下促进成骨细胞的形成,复合移植疗效明显优于单纯DB移植。     

移植骨复合骨髓基质干细胞修复兔股骨缺损

目的观察同种异体骨复合骨髓基质干细胞对兔股骨大段缺损修复情况,探讨其修复骨缺损的可行性。方法将24只大耳兔随机分为2组,造成股骨大段缺损,对照组植入打孔同种异体骨,实验组植入打孔同种异体骨＋明胶海绵＋骨髓基质干细胞。术后2个月行X线片观察、病理组织学检查及骨密度测试。结果①放射学检查：对照组在异体骨结合部可见骨痂通过,实验组整个异体骨段均可见明显骨痂形成。②病理组织学检查：对照组可见少量内骨痂及外骨痂且被大量纤维结缔组织所分隔,实验组异体骨有坏死后弧形吸收窝,可见内外骨痂生长,髓腔内充满大量骨母细胞。③平均骨密度值测定：实验组高于对照组及正常股骨,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论同种异体骨复合骨髓基质干细胞用于修复兔股骨大段缺损,较单纯异体骨成骨量大、迅速,能够对骨缺损进行有效的修复。     

Segmental Replacement of the Femur in Baboons with Fiber Metal Implants and Autologous Bone Grafts of Different Particle Size

A study was made of bone ingrowth into fiber metal composite prostheses used to replace large segments of the femur in baboons. Bone grafts of two different types were used to cover the segment: chips of bone with large particle size and ground bone with a smaller particle size. The prosthetic segment was bridged by bone at 3 and 6 months in all cases irrespective of the structure of the transplant. In animals sacrificed at 6 months bone ingrowth occurred, with a marked difference between specimens with the two different grafts. In the ground bone specimens ingrowth occurred over the total surface area, and bone penetrated deep into the composite. With the chip grafts ingrowth was more irregular occurring only in some areas and it was always superficial. The difference is believed to be due to the improved contact between the fiber metal surface and the transplant. The lesser bulk of the ground transplant is advantageous when the soft tissue cover of the bone is thin.     

移植的"肱骨头"吸收-缺损原因和治疗

目的 分析带或不带腓血管，含腓骨头的腓骨上段替代肱骨头后，骨吸收-缺损的原因。寻找缺损肱骨头的修复方法。方法 对4例因肱骨近端肿瘤行瘤段骨切除，含腓骨头腓骨上段移植患者术后不同时段的临床和X线片表现进行分析，其中1例应用带肱二头肌短头和喙肱骨蒂喙突转位治疗，随访时间56-91个月（平均5年7个月）。结果 无论带或不带腓血管，在软组织床基本相同的条件下，移植骨均出现骨缺损仅见2例，“肱骨头”与肩峰或肩胛盂的反复撞击。最终导致骨缺损，带肌蒂喙突移位植骨法近期效果良好。结论 虽然“肱骨头”的吸收不可避免，但可以用减少撞击来减轻缺损程度，带肌蒂喙突移位植骨法可修复较大的缺损。     

冷冻灭活皮质骨移植治疗股骨头颈部侵袭性肿瘤的疗效观察

目的 评估病灶刮除液氮冷冻灭活结合皮质骨支撑治疗股骨头颈部侵袭性骨肿瘤的疗效。方法 １１例患者在诊断明确后均采取病灶刮除加液氮注入法冷冻灭活,缺损处以自体（或异体）腓骨和自体髂骨填充修复,７例辅以内固定。结果 １１例随访３～１０年（平均６年６个月）。参照Ｅｎｎｅｋ－ｉｎｇ评定标准进行功能评估,优７例,良４例。结论 该疗法是治疗股骨头颈部侵袭性肿瘤的良好方法之一。     

Osteogenesis after Bone and Bone Marrow Transplantation: II. The Initial Cellular Events Following Transplantation of Decalcified Allografis of Cancellous Bone

An experimental study was done in rabbits to investigate the fate of allogeneic iliac cancellous bone, both non-decalcified and decalcified with hydrochloric acid, transplanted to a muscular site for up to 14 days. Some of the treated allografts were impregnated with autologous bone marrow cells, obtained from the femoral medulla by aspiration, and each was compared with allografts alone. Combined myelo-osseous grafts produced bone after 7 to 8 days implantation, as did marrow autografts alone. In addition non-decalcified implants stimulated the production of multinucleated giant cells. Three different types of wash solution were used but these did not influence the cell population seen, nor the new bone formation. It is concluded that the critical events in bone formation after transplantation occur less than 8 days after the transplantation and that marrow cells have osteogenic capacity. This has relevance to the clinical aspects of bone grafting.     

Bone cement with reduced proportion of monomer in total hip arthroplasty: Preclinical evaluation and randomized study of 47 cases with 5 years' follow-up

Bone cement with reduced amount of monomer and low curing temperature may improve implant fixation due to reduced toxicity. We analyzed the mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of such a cement (Cemex Rx) using Palacos R as control. The in vivo performance of the 2 cements was also evaluated in a prospective randomized study of 47 hips, where either of the cement types was used to fixate Lubinus SP2 prostheses with the stem made of titanium alloy. Cemex Rx had a reduced tensile strength, probably because this cement was manually mixed, as recommended by the manufacturer. A standardized laboratory test showed lower curing temperature for Cemex, but measurements at 37° and with prechilled Palacos R and Cemex Rx, as in clinical work, showed no difference. In the clinical study radiostereometric measurements of cup and stem migration showed similar values in the 2 groups up to 5 years after the operation. The cement mantle was stable in both groups, but the stems migrated similarly inside the cement mantle regardless of the type of cement used. Proximal wear was low (0.04-0.05 mm/year) and tended to be lower in the Cemex group (p = 0.02). Aluminum and vanadium levels in serum increased 5 years after the operation, but no difference was noted between the 2 groups. Collagen markers (PICP, ICTP) showed similar increases in bone turnover 6 weeks and 6 months after operation in both groups.     

On Injuries to the Acromio-Clavicular Joint: Treatment and Results

A study was made of bone ingrowth into fiber metal composite prostheses used to replace large segments of the femur in baboons. Bone grafts of two different types were used to cover the segment: chips of bone with large particle size and ground bone with a smaller particle size. The prosthetic segment was bridged by bone at 3 and 6 months in all cases irrespective of the structure of the transplant. In animals sacrificed at 6 months bone ingrowth occurred, with a marked difference between specimens with the two different grafts. In the ground bone specimens ingrowth occurred over the total surface area, and bone penetrated deep into the composite. With the chip grafts ingrowth was more irregular occurring only in some areas and it was always superficial. The difference is believed to be due to the improved contact between the fiber metal surface and the transplant. The lesser bulk of the ground transplant is advantageous when the soft tissue cover of the bone is thin.     

自体椎板关节突柱状植骨融合治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效分析

[目的]通过与同种异体+自体骨融合比较,探讨术中整块切除椎板关节突裁制柱状植骨融合治疗退行性腰椎退行性疾病的临床疗效.[方法]对本院2008年10月～2011年11月采用术中整块切除椎板关节突裁制柱状植骨块与同种异体+自体骨融合治疗的62例腰椎退变患者进行回顾性分析,其中A组(椎弓根螺钉固定与自体柱状骨融合,自体柱状骨组)28例,B组(椎弓根螺钉固定与同种异体+自体骨融合,同种异体+自体骨组)34例,比较两种治疗方法在手术时间、术中出血量、手术切口大小、住院天数、手术费用、住院总费用等的差异.通过JOA评分、术后1年融合率等指标来评价两种治疗方法的疗效.[结果]术后随访20～35个月,平均26.3个月.A组与B组手术材料费和住院总费用比较有差异(P＜0.05),A组比B组少;两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、手术切口、住院天数、术后1年融合率无明显差异(P＞0.05).两组患者术后各时间点JOA评分较术前比较有差异(P＜0.05),组间比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).A组未见明显并发症,B组术后有2例伤口周围红肿、白细胞升高及1例脑脊液漏.[结论]通过与同种异体骨+自体骨融合比较,术中整块切除椎板关节突裁制柱状椎体间植骨块作为植骨材料,植骨融合界面大,椎间融合率高,临床疗效好,是一种安全、方便、经济和实用的临床技术.