Correlation of stress radiographs to injuries associated with lateral ankle instability

BACKGROUND Stress radiographs have demonstrated superior efficacy in the evaluation of ankle instability.AIM To determine if there is a degree of instability evidenced by stress radiographs that is associated with pathology concomitant with ankle ligamentous instability.METHODS A retrospective review of 87 consecutive patients aged 18-74 who had stress radiographs performed at a single institution between 2014 and 2020 was performed. These manual radiographic stress views were then correlated with magnetic resonance imaging and operative findings.RESULTS A statistically significant association was determined for the mean and median stress radiographic values and the presence of peroneal pathology(P = 0.008 for tendonitis and P = 0.020 for peroneal tendon tears). A significant inverse relationship was found between the presence of an osteochondral defect and increasing degrees of instability(P = 0.043).CONCLUSION Although valuable in the clinical evaluation of ankle instability, stress radiographs are not an independent predictor of conditions associated with ankle in-stability.     

小切口解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带复合体治疗慢性外踝不稳的临床疗效

目的:探讨解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带复合体治疗慢性外踝不稳的临床疗效。方法:自2005年9月至2010年3月,采用解剖重建距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带手术治疗慢性外踝不稳29例,男24例,女5例;年龄15～35岁,平均24岁;病史7个月～10年,平均10个月。主要临床表现为踝关节反复扭伤。查体时29例均有踝关节的内翻增加以及距骨前移增加,内翻活动度比健侧平均增加(12.5±3.2)°。术中先在踝关节镜下处理关节内病变。移植物为自体股薄肌腱,距骨止点以锚钉在骨表面固定,移植物通过腓骨远端的骨隧道,跟骨止点以挤压钉在骨隧道内固定。术后通过观察患者症状的变化、距骨内翻和前移的程度改变以及影像学变化来评价疗效,并以AOFAS后足功能评分评价踝关节功能。结果:所有患者手术成功,无骨折及感染发生。所有患者获得随访,时间16～60个月,平均28个月。终末随访时无踝关节不稳定或活动受限。术后踝关节内翻角度比对侧增加值为(2.5±0.8)°,低于术前(t=12.3,P=0.012);距骨前移距离(3.5±0.8)mm,较术前(16.3±4.0)mm下降(t=18.6,P=0.002);距骨倾斜角(4.5±1.0)°,较术前(17.5±3.6)°下降(t=9.7,P=0.035);AOFAS后足功能评分(92.8±6.2)分,较术前(48.0±6.7)分升高(t=25.3,P=0.001)。所有患者无严重并发症出现,对疗效满意。结论:自体股薄肌腱移植解剖重建踝关节外侧韧带复合体的手术方式符合解剖学重建理念,手术创伤小,术后恢复快,无严重并发症。该手术临床效果可靠,术后踝关节稳定性恢复良好,踝关节功能明显改善。     

自体半腱肌重建外侧副韧带治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的疗效分析

目的 :探讨采用自体半腱肌重建外侧副韧带治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2014年9月至2016年11月采用自体半腱肌肌腱重建踝关节外侧副韧带治疗28例踝关节外侧不稳患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女8例;平均年龄28.6岁(18~47岁)。记录围术期并发症,并采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节评分标准评价术后功能改善情况,采用视觉模拟标尺法(Visual analogue scale,VAS)评估患者术后疼痛情况。结果 :28例患者均获得随访,时间6~28个月,平均18.2个月。围术期未出现医源性骨折及切口感染等严重手术并发症。末次随访时未出现踝关节不稳或踝关节活动受限,未出现膝部肌腱供区肌肉功能障碍。AOFAS评分由术前的53.1±6.8提高至术后的90.4±5.9,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。VAS评分由术前的6.3±1.7提高至术后的0.8±0.5,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用自体半腱肌解剖重建踝关节外侧副韧带手术方式简便,术后恢复好,无严重并发症,临床疗效好,是治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的可靠方法之一。     

自体肌腱移植解剖重建慢性踝关节外侧不稳定

目的 探讨采用自体半腱肌肌腱移植对不同类型慢性踝关节外侧不稳定患者进行韧带解剖重建的临床疗效.方法 2008年10月至2009年10月收治16例慢性踝关节外侧不稳定患者,男8例,女8例;年龄19～47岁(平均28.2岁).首先在麻醉下对慢性踝关节外侧不稳定患者进行应力X线片评估:对于前抽屉应力片距骨前移大于4 mm的患者,采用距腓前韧带重建,共9例;对于距骨倾斜应力片距骨倾斜角度大于10°的患者,采用距腓前韧带和跟腓韧带重建,共7例.韧带移植物采用自体半腱肌肌腱,用带线锚钉固定移植物于腓骨端,用可吸收界面螺钉固定韧带于距骨端或跟骨端.采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统对患者手术前、后的结果进行评估.采用标准应力X线片对患者手术前、后客观结果进行评估.结果 16例患者术后获6～18个月(平均12.1个月)随访.16例患者AOFAS踝与后足评分由术前的(70.50±3.98)分改善为末次随访时的(93.06 ±4.78)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-24.010,P=0.000);距骨前移距离由术前的(8.75±3.38)mm改善为末次随访时的(3.51±1.63)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=7.028,P=0.000).7例患者距骨倾斜角度由术前的16.18°±7.30°改善为术后的5.57°±2.99°,差异有统计学意义(t=5.661,P=0.001).16例患者中仅1例背屈受限10°,无严重并发症发生.结论 解剖重建外踝韧带治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳定是一种有效的治疗方法,其具有解剖重建、固定牢固、对腓骨和腓骨肌腱影响小、能够有效节省游离肌腱的长度等优点.     

Management and prevention of acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in athletic patient populations

Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are common in high-demand patient populations. If not managed appropriately, patients may experience recurrent instability, chronic pain, osteochondral lesions of the talus, premature osteoarthritis, and other significant long-term disability. Certain populations, including young athletes, military personnel and those involved in frequent running, jumping, and cutting motions, are at increased risk. Proposed risk factors include prior ankle sprain, elevated body weight or body mass index, female gender, neuromuscular deficits, postural imbalance, foot/ankle malalignment, and exposure to at-risk athletic activity. Prompt, accurate diagnosis is crucial, and evidence-based, functional rehabilitation regimens have a proven track record in returning active patients to work and sport. When patients fail to improve with physical therapy and external bracing, multiple surgical techniques have been described with reliable results, including both anatomic and non-anatomic reconstructive methods. Anatomic repair of the lateral ligamentous complex remains the gold standard for recurrent ankle instability, and it effectively restores native ankle anatomy and joint kinematics while preserving physiologic ankle and subtalar motion. Further preventative measures may minimize the risk of ankle instability in athletic cohorts, including prophylactic bracing and combined neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs. These interventions have demonstrated benefit in patients at heightened risk for lateral ankle sprain and allow active cohorts to return to full activity without adversely affecting athletic performance.     

踝关节外侧不稳的手术修复

目的探讨踝关节外侧不稳手术治疗的效果。方法自1994年6月至2007年7月采用Watson—Jones手术和改进的Chrisman—Snook手术治疗踝关节不稳24例（踝）,其中11例采用Watson—Jones手术,13例采用Chrisman—Snook手术。结果除8例失访外,余16例获平均5年9个月（2．5—9年）随访,踝关节功能采用踝关节稳定度（50分）、踝关节内翻试验（25分）和踝关节抽屉试验（25分）等来评价,疗效优（85～100分）14例,良2例（70—84分）,无失败（〈69分）。还比较了Watson—Jones法与改进的Chrisman—Snook法疗效。术前、术后稳定度、踝内翻试验和抽屉试验两组数据的统计学分析（P〈0．01）有显著意义。本组无并发症发生。结论踝关节外侧不稳采用Watson-Jones手术和改进的Chrisman—Snook手术修复踝关节外侧韧带有良好疗效。     

踝关节外侧结构重建治疗踝关节外侧不稳

目的：探讨踝关节外侧结构重建在治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳中的作用。方法：回顾分析2005年7月至2008年1月收治的13例慢性踝关节不稳患者,男10例,女3例;年龄24～45岁,平均33岁。13例均采用自体半束腓骨短肌腱解剖重建距腓前韧带和跟腓韧带（Sammarco法）,手术前后按踝关节评分系统进行评分,评分项目包括稳定性、疼痛、活动能力、X线表现。结果：13例均获随访,时间6～32个月,平均16.4个月,患者踝关节评分在稳定性、疼痛、活动能力等方面均有所改善,踝关节评分由术前的平均（43.54±7.04）分提高至术后的（73.38±4.17）分,手术前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。全部患者对手术表示满意。结论：采用半束自体腓骨短肌腱解剖重建距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带的方法治疗踝关节外侧不稳,操作便利,对于以关节不稳为主要表现的患者,疗效确切。     

Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments using Gracillis tendon in chronic ankle instability; a new technique

Background

Many surgical technique have been described to assess the outcome of anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments using Gracillis tendon. This technique aims to restore the stability of the ankle by reconstruction of the talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) using the Gracillis tendon.

Methods

From January 2004 to February 2008; inclusive, 16 patients; 11 male and 5 female, underwent an anatomic reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligament for chronic ankle instability. Their ages ranged from 18 to 29 giving a mean age of 25 years. Patients were then subjected to radiologic and clinical assessments for a period of at least 33.5 months. For pain scoring the Americans Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were used; whilst subjective symptom was evaluated using the Olerud and Molander ankle scoring system.

Results

All patients returned for the final evaluation and subjective excellent or good results were recorded on self-assessment, pain scores, AOFAS and Karissons scores. Additionally Olerud and Molander ankle scoring was also done. During the final follow-up, the mean post-operative AOFAS score was 96 (range 80–100), the Visual analog score was 6 (range 0–4), Karissons score was 94.7 (range 80–100) and last but not least Olerud and Molander score was 87.5 (range 70–100). It was noted that the ankle range of motion was not affected by lateral ankle reconstruction. The talar tilt was reduced from a mean of 12–4° (p < 0.0001) and the anterior drawer was reduced from a mean of 11–4 mm (p < 0.001) by the ankle ligament reconstruction.

Conclusion

Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of chronic ankle instability using Gracillis tendon graft resulted in successful results, excellent ankle stability, significant reduction in pain and negligible loss of ankle and hind foot motion.     

注重慢性踝关节不稳的诊断和治疗

<正>踝关节不稳指踝关节内外侧及下胫腓联合等维持踝关节稳定的重要结构受损,导致踝关节频繁内翻或外翻性损伤所引发的踝关节长期慢性疼痛和创伤性关节炎以及功能障碍,也称为踝关节不稳综合征。踝关节不稳主     

关节镜联合韧带缝合治疗外踝不稳的短期疗效

目的随访采用关节镜手术联合小切口辅助下缝合距腓前韧带缝合术式治疗的患者,分析此术式治疗慢性外踝不稳的近期疗效,为进一步推广应用提供依据。 方法回顾性随访自2016年1月至2018年5月,选择保守治疗无效的踝关节机械性不稳患者,排除功能性不稳、足踝部畸形等其他病史的患者。共纳入了西南医院关节外科63例应用关节镜手术联合韧带缝合术治疗慢性外踝不稳的患者。记录围手术期并发症,采用配对t检验分析术前与术后1年以上末次随访的踝关节视觉模拟疼痛(VAS)评分、美国足踝骨科协会踝与后足(AOFAS)评分。 结果患者末次随访较术前踝关节VAS评分、AOFAS评分明显改善,差异有统计学意义(t＝17.8、20.8,两者均P<0.01)。关节镜手术探查发现：合并软组织撞击征47例,撕脱性骨折24例,前踝骨性撞击征11例,距骨软骨损伤8例,关节游离体8例,腓骨肌腱脱位1例。患者术后均无严重并发症。 结论关节镜手术联合韧带缝合术治疗慢性外踝不稳,可以获得较理想的近期疗效。该联合方案,既可以应用关节镜微创术处理踝关节内合并损伤,又可以使用锚钉技术缝合距腓前韧带,具有操作相对简单,并发症低的优势。     

踝关节慢性前外侧不稳的手术治疗

目的: 探讨治疗踝关节慢性前外侧不稳定 (踝关节外侧不稳定合并距下关节不稳定) 的合理而有效的手术方式。方法: 自 1999 ~2003年, 应用Chrisman Snook术式, 以腓骨短肌腱前半部分重建距腓前韧带、跟腓韧带和距跟外侧韧带,治疗踝关节慢性前外侧不稳 8例患者,共 13例关节。结果: 术后随诊 6个月~5年, 平均 19个月。术后所有踝关节均达到功能稳定, 关节活动度基本恢复正常, 没有复发性踝关节不稳发生。以Good评级标准作为疗效评价, 10例关节 (77% ) 为优, 2例关节 (15% ) 为良, 1例关节为中 (7% ), 优良率达 92%。结论: Chrisman Snook术式重建了距腓前韧带、跟腓韧带和距跟外侧韧带, 有效地矫正了踝关节外侧不稳定和距下关节不稳定, 是治疗踝关节慢性前外侧严重不稳定的合理而有效的治疗方法。     

Delayed reconstruction of lateral complex structures of the ankle

Lateral ankle instability is one of the most common and well-recognized conditions presenting to foot and ankle surgeons. It may exist as an isolated entity or in conjunction with other concomitant pathology, making it important to appropriately diagnose and identify other conditions that may need to be addressed as part of treatment. These associated conditions may be a source of chronic pain, even when the instability has been appropriately treated, or may lead to failure of treatment by predisposing the patient to ankle inversion injuries. The primary goal of this editorial is to provide a brief summary of the common techniques used in the delayed reconstruction of lateral ankle ligamentous injuries and present a method we have successfully employed for over 15 years. We will also briefly discuss the diagnosis and treatment of the more common associated conditions, which are important to identify to achieve satisfactory results for the patient. We present the outcomes of 250 consecutive reconstructions performed over the last 10 years and describe our operative technique for addressing lateral ankle ligamentous injuries.     

踝关节镜下修复距腓前韧带治疗慢性踝关节不稳

目的探讨踝关节镜下改良Brostr?m法解剖修复距腓前韧带(ATFL)治疗慢性踝关节不稳的临床疗效。 方法选取2015年12月至2017年1月慢性踝关节不稳患者共12例,均采用踝关节镜辅助下改良Brostr?m法解剖修复距腓前韧带进行治疗。采用美国足踝外科学会(AOFAS)评分标准、Tegner运动水平评分及距骨倾斜角变化对手术前后疗效进行评价,随访观察并发症发生情况。治疗前后各观察指标比较采用配对t检验。 结果12例均获得15～46个月随访,平均(26±8)个月。随访期间,所有患者踝关节活动度基本达到正常水平,未出现踝关节不稳,无踝关节肿胀、疼痛等表现,末次随访AOFAS评分为(91.0±2.6)分、Tegner评分为(6.0±1.2)分,两者较术前均明显提高(t ＝10.57、12.38,均为P<0.001)。距骨倾斜角(4.5±1.0)°较术前降低(t＝7.13,P<0.001)。 结论踝关节镜下改良Brostr?m法解剖重建ATFL治疗慢性踝关节不稳,能更精准地探查韧带断端、定位韧带附着点、创伤小、疼痛轻、术后恢复快,疗效理想。     

Ankle instability as a prognostic factor associated with the recurrence of ankle sprain: A systematic review

DesignSystematic review using PRISMA guidelines.PurposeTo explore Relationship between ankle instability and ankle sprain recurrence in preventing recurrence of ankle sprains and to provide appropriate treatment.MethodsMEDLINE (the Cochrane Library) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were explored using key words related to ankle instability and ankle sprains in for April 2022. According to the inclusion criteria, studies that 1) targeted patients with ankle sprains, 2) assessed ankle instability, and 3) investigated ankle sprain recurrence rates, were extracted. The author names, publication year, patient characteristics, comparison groups, intervention methods, and outcome data (ankle instability and recurrence) were extracted. A correlation analysis between recurrence rate and ankle instability was conducted. In addition, A meta-analysis was performed on the correlation coefficients within each article.ResultsEight studies were extracted from 149 studies. A correlation analysis was conducted on five studies and meta-analysis was on three studies with the same post-intervention follow-up period and the same assessment methods for ankle instability and recurrence rate. Strong positive correlations were found for the same follow-up periods (r = 0.95: 95%CI [0.62–0.99]; 3-month, r = 0.97: 95%CI [0.75–0.10]; 1 year, p < .05). The correlation became stronger as the follow-up period increased. Furthermore, the meta-analysis showed that ankle instability as well as the main symptoms of sprain, such as pain and swelling, tended to be positively correlated with the recurrent rate of ankle sprains. These results suggest that ankle instability is strongly related to recurrence, and the longer the time since onset, the stronger the relationship.ConclusionsAnkle instability was a prognostic factor associated with recurrence of ankle sprains in patients with ankle sprains. Therefore, ankle instability is one of important factor in preventing recurrence of ankle sprains.     

慢性踝关节不稳诊断与治疗的研究进展

慢性踝关节不稳常由急性踝关节扭伤漏诊或者治疗不当所致,可以导致局部长期疼痛,继发踝关节创伤性关节炎甚至功能障碍等一系列问题,是种常见但治疗相对棘手的疾病。但是对于其诊断与治疗尚没有统一的标准。应力下X线、MRI及超声等检查方式众多,哪种才是疾病诊断过程中的首选或是金标准。在疾病的治疗过程中,手术是治疗严重踝关节不稳的主要手段,但现有的手术方式疗效差别较大,理念也不尽一致,使临床医师选择手术方式时存在较大的困惑。近年来文献报道的手术治疗方式已由原有的非解剖重建逐渐向原位解剖重建转变。     

Impact of fibular torsion and rotation on chronic ankle instability

BackgroundThe fibula is known not to involve in transmission of weight but known simply as an ankle stabilizer. However, its main function in stabilizing the ankle remains obscure. Since the fibula has an impact on torsion and rotation of the ankle, its effect on lateral ankle instability should be investigated.Materials and methodsTwenty patients with lateral ankle instability (Group 1) and 19 healthy volunteers (Group 2) were included in the study. The tibiofibular and talofibular relationships were evaluated using MRI images. Fibular torsion and rotation angles were calculated using a new method. Range of motion of the ankle joint was investigated while the knee was at flexion (90°) and extension (0°). The comparisons performed between the 2 groups and independent from the groups were statistically evaluated and, the p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsA significant difference was found between the two groups for age (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides for all measurements in the group 1 and 2 (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in dorsal flexion when the knee is at flexion (90°) and extension (0°) position. There was also a statistically significant difference between the two groups in plantar flexion which was measured while the knee was at extension (0°) position. No statistically significant difference was found between both groups in terms of fibular torsion and rotation. However, independent from the groups when the patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether the fibula localized posteriorly or not, in patients with posteriorly localized fibula it was demonstrated that the fibular torsion and rotation was increased significantly.ConclusionWe did not detect any relationship between fibular torsion and rotation and ankle instability. However, independent from the groups when the patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether the fibula localized posteriorly or not, we realized that in patients with posteriorly localized fibula, fibular torsion and rotation significantly increased. This finding did not explain the cause of instability. However, it may gain significance with new further studies regarding ankle instability.     

The feasibility of point-of-care ankle ultrasound examination in patients with recurrent ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of point-of-care ankle ultrasound compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing major ligaments and Achilles tendon injuries in patients with recurrent ankle sprain and chronic instability, and to evaluate inter-observer reliability between an emergency physician and a musculoskeletal radiology fellow.Material and methodsA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in an emergency department. Patients with recurrent ankle sprain and chronic instability were recruited. An emergency physician and a musculoskeletal radiology fellow independently evaluated the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), distal anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL), deltoid ligament, and Achilles tendon using point-of-care ankle ultrasound. Findings were classified normal, partial tear, and complete tear. MRI was used as the reference standard. We calculated diagnostic values for point-of-care ankle ultrasound for both reviewers and compared them using DeLong's test. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for agreement between each reviewer and the reference standard, and between the two reviewers.ResultsEighty-five patients were enrolled. Point-of-care ankle ultrasound showed acceptable sensitivity (96.4–100%), specificity (95.0–100%), and accuracy (96.5–100%); these performance markers did not differ significantly between reviewers. Agreement between each reviewer and the reference standard was excellent (emergency physician, ICC = 0.846–1.000; musculoskeletal radiology fellow, ICC = 0.930–1.000), as was inter-observer agreement (ICC = 0.873–1.000).ConclusionPoint-of-care ankle ultrasound is as precise as MRI for detecting major ankle ligament and Achilles tendon injuries; it could be used for immediate diagnosis and further pre-operative imaging. Moreover, it may reduce the interval from emergency department admission to admission for surgical intervention, and may save costs.     

Lateral ankle triad: the triple injury of ankle synovitis, lateral ankle instability, and peroneal tendon tear

Many articles have been published that discuss various lateral ankle injuries and specific lateral ankle pathology. The purpose of this article is to explore and present a specific combination of findings that the author's multiphysician practice has noticed on a frequently recurring basis. The triple injury of ankle synovitis, ankle instability, and peroneal tendon tear can be termed the Lateral Ankle Triad. While it is common to find each of these specific injuries individually, they are often found in combination.     

Anterior tibiotalar impingement associated with chronic ankle instability

The authors describe the surgical treatment of 13 cases of chronic ankle instability and concomitant anterior bony impingement of the ankle in professional and recreational athletes. All patients had symptoms and signs of lateral instability and a painful block to dorsiflexion. Two patients presented with recurrence of impingement after a previous debridement alone without an ankle stabilization. The anterior osteophytes were debrided arthroscopically and a Brostrom-Gould open stabilization was performed. After a mean follow-up period of 12 months (range 4-23 months), all 13 patients had mechanically and functionally stable ankles. The mean improvement in range of dorsiflexion was 12.4 degrees and all but one had improvement with respect to a subjective and functional outcome assessment. There have been no recurrences of impingement to date. These results suggest that ankle stabilization performed in conjunction with debridement of osteophytes may reduce the recurrence of exostoses as well as improving the outcome.     

Surgical reconstruction for chronic lateral instability of the ankle

We have treated 56 patients (56 ankles) for symptomatic chronic lateral ankle instability by the surgical reconstruction procedure. The operation included lateral shift of the entire lateral capsule-ligament complex, suture to anterior border of fibula, and reinforcement by an elevated periosteal flap of distal fibula. These patients were reviewed at a mean period of 3.1 years (range, 9 months to 5 years) after the operation. There were 29 males and 27 females with an average age of 29 years (range, 16-49 years). The clinical results were graded according to the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot scales. There were 35 patients who were excellent (above 90 points), 16 who were good (between 76 and 90 points), 4 who were fair (between 60 and 75 points), and 1 who was poor (below 60 points). The excellent and good results amounted to 91.1% (51/56). Therefore, we concluded that symptomatic chronic lateral ankle instability could be successfully managed with this easy and effective surgical reconstruction method.