Enlarging unilateral breast mass in an adolescent male: an unusual presentation of intraductal papilloma

Breast masses presenting in adolescent boys are rare and are almost uniformly owing to gynecomastia. Although surgical referral for breast masses in adolescent boys is common, intervention is typically for cosmesis. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented with an enlarging unilateral breast mass, which was found to be owing to an intraductal papilloma at the time of surgical excision.     

Fibromatosis,a benign breast disease mimicking carcinoma. A case report

IntroductionFibromatosis is an uncommon breast lesion that can mimic breast carcinoma in its clinical presentation.Case summaryWe present a clinical case in which a diagnosis and treatment dilemma existed, in terms of ultrasound findings that were not clear and suspicious, as well as results of Fine needle aspiration cytology. Our findings are compared with previous published cases. Also, literature review regarding fibromatosis presentation and diagnosis has been discussed, as well as treatment options.ConclusionManagement of breast fibromatosis remains controversial because of the low incidence and further efforts needed to establish evidence-based treatment guidelines.     

A retained plastic protective cover mimicking malignancy: Case report

INTRODUCTIONCases of retained foreign bodies during surgery are more frequently seen in developing countries. Following surgical procedures, unintentionally retained foreign bodies can cause serious complications, in addition to medico-legal issues.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 60-year-old man presented with abdominal cramps. He had previously undergone a laparoscopic radical right nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma. Abdominal tomography revealed a mass surrounding the main vascular structures with malignant features in the location of previously performed nephrectomy. Further evaluation of the mass was undertaken by PET/CT. Increased FDG uptake on the PET/CT scan suggested disease recurrence. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed. The dissection specimen was opened to determine the nature of the mass. Retained plastic foreign bodies were found. There were no malignant cells in the histopathological examination of the surgical specimen.DISCUSSIONA granulomatous reaction which is mainly responsible for morbidity occurs around the foreign bodies due to the inflammatory response. These granulomas may cause confusion during patient follow-up, especially in those who have undergone major abdominal surgery due to cancer.CONCLUSIONFollowing surgical resection for malignancy, unintentionally retained foreign bodies can produce a moderate increase in FDG uptake mimicking disease recurrence.     

A rare etiology of a large tumoral mass of the breast - Case report primary leiomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma of the breast

Breast sarcomas are a rare group of malignant tumors accounting for less than 1% of all malignant neoplasms of the breast and fewer than 5% of all sarcomas.We report a case of an 87-year-old caucasian female who recurred to the emergency department with complaints of a painful mass of the left breast with purulent discharge. Observation revealed a volumous mass in the inferior quadrants of the breast, ill defined, with petrous consistency, areas of necrosis, and inflammatory signs. She was admitted to Surgery ward for further study and therapy of a probable inflammatory tumor of the breast. Magnetic resonance image was obtained, raising suspicion on papillary carcinoma and classified the breast as BIRADS5. Microbiological and cytological exams of the exudate were negative. An incisional biopsy of the tumoral mass was also obtained, and the patient discharged while waiting for surgery. Histological exam and immunohistochemical essay were compatible with leiomyosarcoma. Left mastectomy was performed and the patient was discharged with no morbidities on the 5th day after surgery. Histological exam of mastectomy piece showed a metaplastic carcinoma, with osteosarcomatous and focal leiomyosarcomatous differentiation. The lesion was classified as pT4N0M0 and subsequent radiotherapy was performed. Twenty months after surgery the patient was being followed-up on Oncology and Senology consultations and remained asymptomatic.Consensus on ideal management of this diseases is still on debate. Some authors defend the treatment of this entity in a similar way to sarcoma of the breast. More studies are needed to better understand this entity.     

Giant fibroadenoma of the breast in an adolescent: a case report

The authors report a case of giant fibroadenoma of the breast in a girl of 11 years old. Juvenile or giant fibroadenoma is a rare pathology usually presenting in adolescence, characterized by massive and rapid enlargement of an encapsulated mass. Nowadays there are some preoperative difficulties distinguishing it from cystosarcoma phyllodes which has a benign and malignant form. It is important to differentiate the two pathologies before operation as they have a different therapeutic approach and different follow up. The etiology is believed to be an end-organ hypersensitivity to normal levels of gonadal hormones and the age of presentation is between 10 to 18 years old. Treatment is usually surgical and ranges from simple excision to subcutaneous mastectomy with reconstruction.     

A large epidermoid cyst of breast mimicking carcinoma: A case report and review of literature

INTRODUCTIONTriple assessment of a suspicious breast lesion may not always provide a definite diagnosis. We report a case of epidermoid cyst of breast, which caused diagnostic dilemma in spite of a thorough triple assessment and entailed mastectomy.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 69-year-old woman presented with a large painful retroareolar left breast mass. Clinical examination, ultrasound and mammography were highly suspicious of malignancy. However, core biopsy suggested a benign lesion. Due to size of the lesion and diagnostic uncertainty, various options were discussed with the patient. She opted for a simple mastectomy. The histology confirmed a large epidermoid cyst.DISCUSSIONIt is rare for an epidermoid cyst to present as such an advanced lesion, mimicking carcinoma. Excision of such a large retroareolar ‘benign’ lesion, however, may sometime entail mastectomy. This is the first reported case of an epidermoid cyst of breast necessitating mastectomy.CONCLUSIONDiagnostic dilemma while dealing with a suspected breast cancer is not rare. Involvement of multidisciplinary team as well as patient is important in the decision-making. The report illustrates a rare presentation of a deep seated large epidermoid cyst of breast, which mimicked carcinoma, caused diagnostic confusion and entailed mastectomy. We strongly advocate the option of breast reconstruction in such cases.     

Giant bilateral ovarian cysts in an adolescent masked by obesity and mimicking ascites: a case report

Ovarian cysts are a common pathology after the 4th decade of life. We can find either smaller functional, non-neoplastic ones (belonging to the follicular and luteinic varieties) or larger tumoral cysts, which, however, are usually benign. These may be of the serous or mucinous type and can sometimes reach really large sizes. Reports of giant ovarian manifestations were more frequent a few decades ago. Prior to the advent of modern radiological, ultrasonographic, tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, diagnosis was often difficult. Nevertheless, even today, in some cases (as a result of pronounced obesity, for example, associated perhaps with diagnostic negligence), cases of giant ovarian cysts may still be encountered. We report the case of a (previously obese) 19-year-old female, admitted to our hospital for presumed ascites, identified and ultrasonographically misdiagnosed by her gynaecologist. The patient was, in fact, suffering from giant serous cystoadenomas in both ovaries.     

Testicular tuberculosis in an HIV positive patient mimicking malignancy: A case report

With the upsurge of tuberculosis infection compounded by the pandemic Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), isolated testicular tuberculosis though a rarity, should be a differential diagnosis especially in the atypical age group of patients presenting with testicular swelling and in areas with high prevalence rate for tuberculosis.We present a 22 years old male with a year history of progressively increasing painless left testicular swelling with no constitutional symptoms. Both the ultrasound imaging study and fine needle aspiration cytology were equivocal. Diagnosis was established at surgical pathology after a left transinguinal orchidectomy.In areas endemic for tuberculosis an infective aetiology should always be considered for a testicular mass.     

超声引导在麦默通微创旋切系统治疗乳腺良性肿块中的应用

目的探讨超声引导技术在麦默通（Mammotome）微创治疗乳腺良性肿块中的应用价值。方法197例患者,575枚乳房肿块,经超声检查诊断均为良性肿块,在超声引导下行麦默通微创旋切治疗。结果超声在麦默通微创旋切治疗过程中均能清晰显示病变,引导成功率100%。术后2枚结节病理报告为乳腺浸润性导管癌,超声诊断准确率99.65%（573/575）;6例出现切除部位血肿、5例出现皮下青紫,局部血肿发生率共计5.58%（11/197）。术后3个月超声随访显示5枚病灶少许残留。结论超声引导技术在麦默通旋切治疗乳腺肿块中有重要作用。     

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in the breast: Case report

Introduction and importanceDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) represents about 1% of soft tissue sarcomas with an estimated incidence of 0.8–5.0 cases per million per year. The involvement of DFSP in breast is very rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. DFSP was recurred in situ, not spread to distant site. The complete surgical excision with wide, pathologically negative margins of 3 cms is the optimal treatment for primary or recurrent tumor.Presentation of caseA 46-year-old woman presented with palpable lump in the in the right breast. On ultrasonography, a lesion appeared as hypoechoic, circumscribed mass of approximately 37 mm × 30 mm in diameter in the upper central part of the right breast. The mass of right breast was demonstrated DFPS by pathologic examination. Chest computerized tomography (CT) scan and 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) showed only primary lesion in subcutaneous layer and no enlarged lymph node. The patient underwent excision of the tumor widely. There was no evidence of DFSP local recurrence after five years of follow-up of the patient.DiscussionDFSP is a rare tumor arising from dermis and subcutaneous mesenchymal tissue. Whereas, characteristic imaging feature of DFSP in the breast are not well-defined. The primary treatment for DFSP is considered to be surgical excision.ConclusionDFSP in breast is extremely uncommon and can mimic a primary breast tumor. Surgical excision with adequate resection margins is recommended to ensure local control of the disease.     

超声引导下mammotome微创旋切乳腺良性肿块的技术探讨

目的 探讨超声引导下mammotome微创旋切治疗乳腺良性肿瘤的临床效果及手术经验.方法 对186例212处乳腺肿块行超声引导下mammotome微创旋切,并评价其诊疗效果.结果 186例患者超声均清楚显示病变.肿块完全切除率为72.0%(134/186),位于胸大肌表面者和位于乳晕附近者完全切除率分别为31.5%(6/19)和33.3%(4/12).0.5cm≤肿块直径≤2.5cm的患者134例,超声显示肿瘤完全切除率88.0%(118/134);2.5cm<直径≤3.0cm的患者38例,超声显示肿瘤完全切除率42.1%(16/38);直径>3.0cm的患者14例,超声显示肿瘤完全切除0例.52例肿块未能完全切除的患者改为开放手术切除.于术后四周进行B超随访,肿块经mammotome完全切除的134例患者均未见肿块残留.其中112例患者术后六个月B超检查随访14.2%(16/112)肿块复发,其中6例开放手术切除,10例再次mammotome微创旋切,六个月后随诊有1例复发改行开放手术.结论 超声引导下mammotome切除乳腺肿块,尤其是小的乳腺肿块,简便、安全、有效.     

Diagnostic challenges of benign breast phyllodes tumour: A rapid-growing tumour during pregnancy caused breast loss. A case report

IntroductionPhyllodes tumours are rare breast neoplasms. It is especially rare in pregnancy.Presentation of caseWe report a case of a 37-year-old woman with left breast benign phyllodes tumour, which started to grow very fast during pregnancy. The tumour was too big for breast-conserving surgery and it was necessary to remove the whole left breast. Patient underwent successful nipple-skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate silicone implant reconstruction.ConclusionBreast phyllodes are classified as benign, borderline, and malignant. Standard treatment of breast phyllodes is surgery. The choice of surgery type depends on the tumour factors and breast size.We highlight that, inadequate treatment of phyllodes tumour can result to recurrence, growth, or even metastatic spread, when tumour has malignant potential.     

Giant unilateral abdominoscrotal hydrocele in an adult: Case report

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele (ASH) is an apparently highly uncommon clinical entity especially in childhood. While hydrocele is among the commonest inguinal anomaly in adult, its extreme form ASH is infrequently reported form. ASH consists of two large sacs, both abdominal and scrotal, connecting with the inguinal canal. Surgical correction is mandatory. We present a 34-year-old man with giant ASH. He was treated with excision of hydrocele sac through an inguinal approach.     

A case report of small bowel obstruction from previously undiagnosed lobular breast carcinoma: First in Australian literature

IntroductionThis case report is the first in the Australian literature of a patient, without prior diagnosis, presenting with a bowel obstruction secondary to lobular breast cancer. This highlights a relatively rare cause of bowel obstruction, but also the importance of breast self-examination as a compliment to the current BreastScreen Australia program.Presentation of caseA 67-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with a 48-h history of sharp, constant epigastric pain, vomiting and constipation. The patient proceeded to emergency laparotomy for presumed large bowel obstruction, which revealed a stricture in the distal terminal ileum causing a distal small bowel obstruction. A right hemicolectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed the terminal ileum stricture to be metastatic lobular breast carcinoma. Clinical examination of the patient’s right breast revealed a lesion suggestive of the primary malignancy despite a normal ultrasound and mammogram in 2014. After failing to progress, a CT scan was performed which revealed progressive small and large bowel distension. A repeat laparotomy was performed revealing dilated large bowel without obstructing pathology and an intact anastomosis. A loop ileostomy was performed. Following a further febrile episode, the patient decided to withdraw care and the patient passed away three weeks into her admission from suspected intra-abdominal sepsis.DiscussionBreast cancer is becoming the third most common cancer amongst Australian women with a significant burden of disease and mortality.ConclusionDespite the rare presentation, this case reminds the medical community and general population of the importance of breast self-examination and the BreastScreen Australia program.     

超声弹性成像对乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结良恶性诊断的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析评价超声弹性成像在乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结良恶性鉴别诊断中的临床价值。方法检索PubMed、the Cochrane Library、万方数据库、中国知网(CNKI)、Embase数据库,收集采用超声弹性成像技术诊断乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结的临床研究。对符合纳入标准的文献进行质量评价和异质性检测。计算合并敏感度、特异度、诊断比值比,绘制合并受试者工作特征(SROC)曲线并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。结果共纳入10篇文献,其中英文3篇,中文7篇。合并敏感度、特异度、诊断比值比及其95%可信区间分别为0.84(0.80,0.87)、0.79(0.74,0.83)、18.71(13.11,26.70)。SROC曲线的AUC为0.88。结论超声弹性成像对乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结良恶性诊断效能高。     

Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting as a breast mass and enlarged axillary lymph node mimicking malignancy: a case report and review of the literature

Rosai-Dorfman disease (also called sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy) involves lymph nodes or lymph nodes with extranodal sites. We present a unique case of a patient presenting with a breast mass and axillary lymphadenopathy, mimicking malignancy clinically and radiographically. Core needle biopsies of the breast and axillary lymph node showed histologic features concerning the lymphoma. However, excisional biopsy specimen demonstrated characteristic features of Rosai-Dorfman disease. The disease recurred locally 6 months later in the same breast, 1 month later in the contralateral breast, and 11 month later in the subcutaneous tissue of left flank. A review of the literature of Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the breast is also presented.     

Unilateral breast mass in an infant: a rare presentation of spontaneously regressing myofibromatosis

Breast tumors are very rare in infants. We describe a 4-month-old female infant who presented with a firm and painless right breast mass. It was first noticed at the age of 1 month and then gradually increased in size. Further physical examination and imaging studies revealed other subcutaneous masses and lytic bone lesions. True-cut biopsy from the breast lesion was consistent with infantile myofibromatosis. Infantile myofibromatosis is a group of uncommon mesenchymal tumors that tend to occur in infancy and regress spontaneously, as demonstrated in our case. Surgical excision of such lesion might have led to permanent loss of breast tissue. The report discusses the clinical, radiological, and pathologic features, in addition to the previously described treatment options for this condition.     

乳晕小切口治疗乳腺良性肿瘤：附548例报告

目的探讨手术治疗乳腺良性肿瘤的最佳切口选择。方法回顾性分析7年间采用乳晕小切口治疗乳腺良性肿瘤548例的临床资料。结果全部患者通过手术切除了乳房肿瘤,对手术切口的选择均表示满意。结论乳晕小切口乳房肿块切除术不仅能切除良性肿瘤,而且无明显瘢痕,满足了相当部分患者对美学的要求。     

锥光束乳腺CT引导下穿刺活检诊断乳腺浸润性导管癌1例

正患者女,45岁,以"左乳腺肿物性质待查"入院。实验室检查无异常。专科检查:左乳腺外上象限触及约3.0cm×3.5cm肿物,表面欠光滑,质硬,边界欠清,活动度欠佳,无压痛。乳腺X线摄影:左乳腺外上象限见分叶状稍高密度影,边界不清,可见毛刺影。乳腺MRI:左乳腺外上象限见约2.1cm×1.6cm×3.8cm不规则信号,边界不清,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI压脂呈高及稍高混杂信号,DWI呈明显高信号,ADC低信号,动态后肿物明显不均匀强化,考虑左乳腺外上象限乳腺癌[乳腺影像报告和数据系统     

中国女性乳腺癌群体筛查与机会性筛查的比较研究

目的比较乳腺癌群体筛查和机会性筛查两种模式的人群特点、筛查阳性率、乳腺癌检出率、早期乳腺癌比例及筛查费用。方法本研究为前瞻性多中心队列研究,研究时间为2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日。分别入组群体筛查和机会性筛查受试者,填写调查问卷表,并进行每年1次乳腺体检及乳腺超声检查,共完成3轮筛查,采用χ²检验、Fisher确切概率法和Wilcoxon秩和检验比较两组人群的特点及筛查结果。结果共入组受试者20080人。群体筛查组完成3轮筛查的人数分别为9434人(100%)、8111人(85.98%)和3940人(41.76%);机会性筛查组分别为10646人(100%)、6209人(58.32%)和2988人(28.07%)。机会性筛查组中产后哺乳时间<3个月(1275/9796比1061/8860,χ²=4.597,P=0.032)、未生育(850/10646比574/9434,χ²=27.400,P<0.01)、有流产史(6384/10646比5062/9434,χ²=81.232,P<0.01)、绝经后(2776/10646比2217/9434,χ²=17.757,P<0.01)、口服避孕药>6个月(171/10646比77/9434,χ²=25.593,P<0.01)及一级亲属乳腺癌阳性家族史(464/10646比236/9434,χ²=51.257,P<0.01)比例高于群体筛查组。机会性筛查组筛查阳性率(514/10646比128/9434,χ²=194.736,P<0.01)、乳腺癌检出率(158/10646比13/9434,χ²=107.374,P<0.01)和活检阳性率(158/452比13/87,χ²=13.491,P<0.01)高于群体筛查组。群体筛查组早期乳腺癌(0期和Ⅰ期)比例高于机会性筛查组(10/12比66/141,χ²=5.902,P=0.015)。群体筛查组发现每1例乳腺癌的平均费用为215038元,是机会性筛查组15799元的13.6倍。机会性筛查组基层医院的活检阳性率低于大型医院(79/267比79/185,χ²=8.267,P=0.004),而群体筛查组两者无明显差异(6/37比7/50,χ²=0.082,P=0.774)。结论乳腺癌筛查可以早期发现乳腺癌。机会性筛查具有受试者乳腺癌高危因素比例高、筛查阳性率高、乳腺癌检出率高、活检阳性率高、筛查费用低的特点。但是,机会性筛查的早期乳腺癌比例低于群体筛查,基层医院开展机会性筛查时活检阳性率较低。两种筛查模式各有优势,需要有机结合,取长补短。