双侧子宫动脉预留导管栓塞在凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入中的应用

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉预留导管产后行子宫动脉栓塞术在凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入剖宫产术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析16例接受剖宫产联合双侧子宫动脉预置导管栓塞治疗的凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入产妇的资料。记录术中出血量、输血量、子宫切除情况、透视时间、辐射剂量、并发症及新生儿情况。结果剖宫产联合双侧子宫动脉栓塞术的技术成功率为93.75%(15/16)。术中平均出血量(1 575.00±1 040.83)ml,平均输血量为(3.44±2.34)U悬浮少白细胞红细胞。胎儿娩出前平均透视时间(0.89±0.24)min,平均辐射剂量(7.17±2.12)mGy。1例新生儿出生后重度窒息,其余15名新生儿出生后5min Apgar评分为(9.38±0.89)分。1例产妇因术后因再次活动性出血并发弥漫性血管内凝血而行全子宫切除术。2例产妇术后感臀部疼痛。结论双侧子宫动脉预留导管产后行子宫动脉栓塞术可用于凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入的治疗,有利于减少剖宫产术中出血及输血量,降低子宫切除的风险,且辐射剂量较低、术后并发症较少。     

Neuraxial anesthesia and postoperative opioid administration for cesarean delivery in patients with placenta accreta spectrum disorder: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThere is no consensus on optimal anesthetic and analgesic management of patients presenting for cesarean delivery with suspected placenta accreta spectrum disorder. Neuraxial anesthesia is preferred for uncomplicated procedures, but general anesthesia may be indicated for those at risk of hemorrhage and hysterectomy. We compared the effect of anesthesia techniques on postoperative maternal opioid administration and neonatal respiratory distress.MethodsA single-center retrospective study from 2016 to 2019 using electronic records to identify singleton pregnancies with a high index of suspicion of placenta accreta spectrum disorder. Patients were categorized by the anesthetic technique they received: general, neuraxial, or neuraxial with conversion to general anesthesia following delivery. Postoperative maternal opioid administration (oral morphine in mg equivalents) and risk of neonatal respiratory distress were compared using linear mixed models.ResultsThirty-nine records were analyzed. Mean-adjusted oral morphine mg equivalents were 192 for patients receiving general anesthesia vs. 90 for neuraxial anesthesia only (P=0.009) and 104 for neuraxial with conversion to general anesthesia (P=0.052). Neonates delivered under general anesthesia had a 3.5 times relative risk (95% CI 1.3 to 9.8, P=0.017) of respiratory distress compared with those exposed to neuraxial anesthesia alone.ConclusionPatients receiving general anesthesia alone were administered more opioids than those undergoing neuraxial anesthesia or neuraxial with conversion to general anesthesia. This finding was maintained when accounting for whether or not the patient underwent hysterectomy. Deciding on anesthetic management requires consideration of patient comorbidities, severity of placenta accreta spectrum pathology, and surgical requirements.     

Massive obstetric haemorrhage on post caesarean subtotal hysterectomy due to late detection of occult placenta percreta: A case report

IntroductionPlacenta accreta syndrome is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, a multidiscipline approach is essential to overcome this life-threatening disorder for the mother and fetus.Presentation of caseA 32-year-old women gravida 3 parity 2, 34 weeks gestation come due to recurrent antepartum haemorrhage. She had twice prior caesarean section. Ultrasound assessment suggests total placenta previa and elevating suspicion to placenta accreta. However, intraoperatively its sign is unavailable. Although we have done subtotal hysterectomy, massive bleeding still occurring. Therefore, we present management of unexpected placenta percreta.DiscussionManagement of unexpected placenta percreta involves prenatal diagnosis, haemoglobin optimization, surgical management anticipating haemorrhage, dedicated maternal ICU, blood bank providing massive transfusion and blood component.ConclusionClose monitoring is important in catastrophe management of Placenta Accreta Syndrome.     

多层螺旋CT尿路成像诊断外伤性泌尿系脏器破裂

目的观察多层螺旋CT尿路成像(MSCTU)诊断外伤导致泌尿系脏器破裂的价值。方法对43例外伤导致肾、输尿管、膀胱破裂患者行MSCTU检查。结果 43例中,35例肾脏破裂,可见对比剂外溢至肾包膜下或进入腹膜腔内;2例输尿管损伤,MSCTU显示输尿管旁对比剂外溢;6例膀胱破裂显示为盆腔内积液,腹盆腔内见对比剂外溢。结论 MSCTU可清楚显示尿外渗情况,从而准确判定泌尿系损伤、破裂,评价损伤程度,为临床选择治疗方式提供依据。     

Palma Procedure for Acute Intraabdominal Major Venous Injury

We report a patient with multiple vascular injuries, including a ruptured anterior wall of inferior vena cava at the point of bifurcation, a ruptured anterior and posterior wall of left external iliac vein, ruptured urinary bladder and ligated left common iliac artery immediately proximal to the origin of internal iliac artery. These injuries were caused iatrogenically at the time of hysterectomy due to treat massive vaginal bleeding due to placenta previa and accreta. Due to the complexity of the injuries, a staged management was used in the treatment of this patient. First stage consisted of bleeding control and patient stabilization. Second stage of management consisted of definitive arterial and venous reconstruction by endovascular and vascular surgery intervention, which included a left femoral vein thrombectomy and a Palma procedure to restore venous drainage of the left extremity.     

腹主动脉球囊阻断应用于植入型凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产中的效果

目的 探讨腹主动脉球囊阻断在植入型凶险型前置胎盘产妇剖宫产术中的临床应用效果。方法 回顾性分析18例接受腹主动脉球囊阻断联合剖宫产手术的植入型凶险型前置胎盘产妇的临床资料。记录术中出血量、输血量、球囊阻断有效率、总阻断时间、子宫切除情况及并发症等。结果 18例产妇均成功行腹主动脉球囊阻断辅助剖宫产术,技术成功率为100%（18/18）。剖宫产术中平均出血量为（1 276.11±761.59）ml,平均输入悬浮少白红细胞（2.86±1.51）U,无一例因出血而死亡。球囊阻断有效率100%（18/18）,球囊有效阻断时间（24.06±26.19）min。4例（4/18,22.22%）产妇在胎儿娩出后行子宫切除术,均由于胎盘植入严重,甚至广泛侵犯宫颈、膀胱、肠道。剖宫产前后产妇均未出现与球囊阻断、介入栓塞相关的严重并发症。结论 对于凶险型前置胎盘产妇,腹主动脉球囊可以有效阻断血流,减少剖宫产术中出血量、输血量,降低子宫切除率及手术风险。     

Prophylactic abdominal aorta balloon occlusion during caesarean section: a retrospective case series

BackgroundThe management of patients with morbidly adherent placenta has been described using vascular balloon catheters placed in the iliac arteries, but rarely in the aorta. This case series presents our experience with prophylactic lower abdominal aorta balloon occlusion in 45 women.MethodsThe records of patients in our centre who underwent caesarean section between May 2013 and June 2014 were retrospectively analysed for the use of prophylactic lower abdominal aorta balloon occlusion.ResultsForty-five cases were identified. All patients had a morbidly adherent placenta, including placenta accreta (n=22), placenta increta (n=20) and placenta percreta (n=3). A subtotal hysterectomy was performed in four cases. Eleven of the 45 patients received red blood cell transfusion of a mean of 1.7 units. Mean preoperative and postoperative haemoglobin concentrations were 10.1 g/dL and 9.4 g/dL, respectively. Mean estimated blood loss was 835 mL [range 200–6000 mL]. The incidence of complications was 4.4% (2/45), including one case of lower extremity arterial thrombosis and one case of ischaemic injury to the femoral nerve. Follow up at one year was completed in 22 patients at which time all babies were well.ConclusionsProphylactic lower abdominal aorta balloon occlusion has the potential to reduce intraoperative blood loss, transfusion and hysterectomy rate in patients with morbidly adherent placenta undergoing caesarean section. Careful patient selection is critical as the technique may be associated with potentially serious complications.     

Continuous spinal anesthesia for Cesarean hysterectomy and massive hemorrhage in a parturient with placenta increta

Purpose

We present anesthetic management using a continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) technique in a patient with placenta increta who underwent elective Cesarean hysterectomy with massive postpartum hemorrhage.

Clinical features

A 34-yr-old parturient (G3P2) was scheduled for Cesarean delivery and possible hysterectomy at 35⁺³ weeks due to suspected placenta accreta. Her body mass index was 21?kg·m^?2 and she had a reassuring airway. Inadvertent dural puncture occurred during combined spinal-epidural (CSE) placement, and a decision was made to thread the epidural catheter and utilize a CSA technique. Following delivery of a healthy infant, morbid adherence of the placenta to the myometrium was confirmed, and a supracervical hysterectomy was performed. Eight litres of blood loss occurred postpartum requiring resuscitation with crystalloid 3,800?mL, colloid 1,500?mL, red blood cells 16 units, fresh frozen plasma 16 units, platelets 4 units, and cryoprecipitate 1 unit. The patient developed pulmonary edema requiring conversion to general anesthesia. The patient??s cardiovascular status was stable throughout surgery, and her lungs were mechanically ventilated for 18 hr postoperatively in the intensive care unit. The intrathecal catheter was removed 24 hr after placement. She developed no adverse neurological sequelae and reported no postdural puncture headache. The pathology report confirmed placenta increta.

Conclusion

A CSA technique may be a viable option in the event of inadvertent dural puncture during planned CSE or epidural placement in patients with a reassuring airway undergoing Cesarean delivery. Although a catheter-based neuraxial technique is appropriate for Cesarean hysterectomy for abnormal placentation, conversion to general anesthesia may be required in the event of massive perioperative hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation.     

子宫动脉栓塞术用于胎盘植入性疾病

胎盘植入性疾病(PAS)属于产科危急重症,可致围产期难治性大出血、失血性休克、弥漫性血管内凝血,剖宫产手术出血量、输血量、子宫切除率及死亡率均较高。子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)用于治疗PAS可有效栓塞子宫动脉主干及其分支,减少手术出血量及输血量,降低子宫切除率。本文对UAE用于PAS进展进行综述。     

凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中腹主动脉远端球囊阻断的临床疗效

目的分析剖宫产术中腹主动脉远端球囊阻断对于治疗凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析72例凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入产妇的资料。其中53例(阻断组)于剖宫产术前预留腹主动脉球囊导管,术中暂时阻断腹主动脉血流;19例(未阻断组)未留置腹主动脉球囊导管,直接行剖宫产手术。比较2组术中、术后情况及新生儿情况。结果球囊阻断组术中出血量、术中输血量、子宫切除率均低于未阻断组(P均0.05),2组间术后转入重症监护室(ICU)的比例及ICU住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),手术时间、术后感染发生率及术后住院总时间差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。2组间新生儿体质量及出生后5min、10min的Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中行腹主动脉远端球囊阻断安全可行,可有效减少术中出血及输血量,降低子宫切除率。     

Intravesical Ligation as a New Technique to Manage a Refluxing Native Ureter Without Simultaneous Nephrectomy in Renal Transplantation

BackgroundThis article aims to describe an original technique to correct refluxing native ureters observed during a prerenal transplantation study. The correction is performed by intravesical ligation of the native refluxing ureters at the same time as renal transplantation without simultaneous nephrectomy.MethodsBetween January 2004 and December 2010 we performed intravesical ligation of a refluxing ureter simultaneous with a transplantation procedure without a concomittant native nephrectomy in 12 of 345 subjects (3.47%). The 8 bilateral and 4 unilateral ligations were performed on 11 cadaveric and 1 living-related nonidentical donor transplantations. The implantation of the kidney donor ureter was performed anatomically in the bladder trigone through a transvesical ureteroneocystostomy with a transmural, submucosal antireflux tunnel.ResultsEarly and late postoperative recovery was satisfactory in all patients. There was no documented kidney area pain, proven urinary tract infection, morbidity or mortality attributed to the procedure.ConclusionsIntravesical ligation is a practical technique to manage vesicoureteral reflux into the native ureters simultaneously with the ureteral implantation of the kidney donor in a single surgical renal transplant procedure without native kidney nephrectomy.     

胎盘植入性疾病分子机制和病理诊断研究进展

胎盘植入性疾病(placenta accreta spectrum disorders,PAS)是胎盘绒毛不同程度侵入子宫肌层的一组疾病.PAS是产科的高危并发症之一,在临床上可导致严重产后出血、休克、子宫切除,甚至产妇死亡.病理诊断是PAS诊断的"金标准",但目前仍存在争议.本文主要就PAS的分子机制和病理诊断两个方...     

Preoperative radiographic staging for ureteral injuries is not warranted in patients undergoing celiotomy for trauma

Preoperative radiographic staging of the urinary tract has been shown to be inaccurate with regard to the ureter. The purpose of this study was to assess the need for radiographic staging of the injured patient for the diagnosis of ureteral injury before operative exploration. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who sustained injury of the ureter as the result of external trauma over an 8 Y2-year period at an urban and suburban Level I trauma center. All patients were injured through penetrating mechanisms and underwent laparotomy. Only three patients had preoperative radiographic staging of the urinary tract. No ureteral injuries were missed. We conclude that surgical exploration of the ureter is sufficiently accurate to obviate the need for preoperative radiographic staging of the ureters in patients who have sustained penetrating injury and warrant laparotomy.     

子宫切除术致输尿管或膀胱损伤的手术治疗

目的:探讨子宫切除术所致的输尿管、膀胱损伤的手术处理方法及时机。方法:对4例膀胱阴道瘘及4例输尿管阴道瘘于损伤后2～3周经腹入路一次修复。早期1例输尿管阴道瘘于4个月后修复。3例输尿管离断伤(其中2例为双侧),2例于损伤后第2天直接吻合,1例行输尿管皮肤造口。1例输尿管、膀胱并发直肠损伤患者,Ⅰ期尿、粪转流,Ⅱ期行修补、复通术。8例输尿管梗阻、肾积水患者,于伤后3～32个月行输尿管膀胱肌瓣吻合5例,行输尿管膀胱再植术3例。结果:除输尿管离断伤中直接吻合失败1例,余均获成功。结论:子宫切除术所致输尿管、膀胱损伤的修复手术可提前于损伤后2～3周内施行。输尿管离断伤,应先行输尿管皮肤造口,入路应选择经腹。术式主要根据输管损伤部位距膀胱的长度而定。     

不透视腹主动脉低位阻断在凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产中的应用

目的探索无X线引导定位球囊置入腹主动脉低位阻断术在凶险性前置胎盘(PPP)剖宫产术中的应用价值。方法对术前诊断为PPP、不愿X射线照射的14例孕妇及1例术中发生大出血的孕妇,利用解剖标志和手法定位将球囊置入腹主动脉行低位阻断术。结果15例腹主动脉低位阻断术均成功,14例术前置入球囊者,术中出血量为200~900ml,平均(670±247)ml,术后仅1例因术前贫血伴出血者接受输血,7例行子宫动脉栓塞术;均未切除子宫;另1例术中大出血后紧急抢救置入球囊者顺利完成次全子宫切除术。全部病例均无并发症发生。结论无X线引导定位实施球囊置入行腹主动脉低位阻断对手术的顺利实施有一定价值。     

Ureteric duplication is not a contraindication for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy and intracorporeal Studer pouch formation

Objectives:

Ureteric duplication is a rarely seen malformation of the urinary tract more commonly seen in females.

Materials and Methods:

We report 2 cases of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy (RALRCP) with bilateral extended pelvic lymph node dissection and intracorporeal Studer pouch formation in patients with duplicated right ureters.

Results:

Two male patients (53 and 68 years old) underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor that revealed high-grade muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma, with no metastases. We performed RALRCP and intracorporeal Studer pouch formation. A duplicated right ureter was observed during the procedures in both patients. Left ureter distal segment was spatulated 2cm long and anastomosed using running 4/0 Vicryl to the right ureter at its bifurcation where it forms a single lumen without spatulation. All 3 ureters were catheterized individually. A Wallace type uretero-ileal anastomosis was performed between the ureters and the proximal part of the Studer pouch chimney. Although ureteric frozen section analysis suggested ureteric carcinoma in situ in patient 1, postoperative pathologic evaluation was normal. Frozen section and final postoperative pathologic evaluations were normal in patient 2.

Conclusions:

Duplicated ureters might be underdiagnosed on CT. The presence of a duplicated ureter is not a contraindication to RALRCP and intracorporeal Studer pouch formation. The da Vinci-S surgical robot is very safe for performing this complicated procedure. Frozen section analysis of ureters during radical cystectomy for bladder cancer might not reliably diagnose the pathologic condition and might overestimate the disease in the ureters.     

Subtotal hysterectomy in emergency obstetrics

Emergency obstetric subtotal hysterectomy was performed in 11 women over a 20-year period in the University Central Hospital of Tampere. The incidence of these operations was 1 in 7,623 deliveries. During this period the incidence of uterine rupture was 1 in 13,976 deliveries. The other indications included placenta accreta, atonic postpartum haemorrhage and haemorrhage during caesarean section. There were no maternal deaths or major complications. The authors recommend safe subtotal hysterectomy operation of choice in these emergency cases.     

ECTOPIC URETER OPENING INTO THE SEMINAL VESICLE IN AN INFANT: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE JAPANESE LITERATURE

A case is presented of an ectopic ureter opening into the seminal vesicle associated with hypodysplastic kidney In an infant. We reviewed 135 cases (139 ureteral units) of male ectopic ureter from the Japanese literature and, of the 139 ectopic ureters, 109 were single-system ectopic ureters, and 26 ureters were associated with the ureteral duplication. Sixty-three and 73 ureters opened into the urinary tract and seminal tract. respectively. In patients 15 years or older, 65 cases of ectopic ureter opened into the seminal tract and 33 cases opened into the urinary tract, whereas in children under 15 years, the ectopic orifice was located more often in the urinary tract (26 cases) than in the seminal tract (8 cases). Presenting symptoms differed according to the location of the ectopic orifice. Ectopic ureters opening into the urinary tract most often presented with urinary tract infection and abdominal or lumbar pain. On the other hand, voiding and ejaculatory symptoms as well as perineal or genital pain were characteristic in ectopic ureters opening into the seminal tract. Of the 83 associated renal segments that were surgically removed, dysplasia. hypoplasia and aplasia were found in 24. 14 cases, respectively. It was noteworthy that 48 of the 53 single ectopic ureters opening into the seminal vesicle were associated with ipsilateral renal dysgenesis.     

Placenta accreta spectrum disorder: updates on anesthetic and surgical management strategies

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a leading contributor to major obstetric hemorrhage and severe maternal morbidity in the developed world. In the United States, PAS has become the most common cause of peripartum hysterectomy. Over the last 40 years, clinicians have also witnessed a dramatic increase in the incidence of PAS. In the 1950s, the incidence of PAS was reported to be 0.03 per 1000 pregnancies. Recent epidemiological studies estimate that the PAS incidence is between 0.79 and 3.11 in 1000 pregnancies. As a consequence, obstetric anesthesiologists are increasingly likely to be called upon to manage women with suspected PAS for delivery. Given the increasing incidence and the morbidity burden associated with PAS, anesthesiologists play a vital role in optimizing maternal outcomes for women with PAS. This review will provide up-to-date information on nomenclature, pathophysiology, risk factors, antenatal detection, systemic preparations (includes timing of delivery, location of surgery, pre-operative evaluation and patient positioning), surgical and anesthetic approach, intra-operative management, invasive radiology and postoperative plans.     

Outcomes of prospectively-collected consecutive cases of antenatal-suspected placenta accreta

BackgroundAccurate diagnosis of placenta accreta is tentative before surgery. This study developed a predictive score for antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta through mathematical modeling using clinical signs.MethodsAntenatal cases of suspected placenta accreta were collected prospectively in a single-site tertiary delivery center. Women with clinical signs of placenta accreta (placenta previa, number of previous cesarean deliveries and/or ultrasound suspicion of placenta accreta) were included. The diagnosis of accreta was confirmed surgically. The primary endpoint was the proportion of surgically-diagnosed placenta accreta among all suspected cases. Logistic regression modeling was performed to assess preoperative risk factors for placenta accreta. The risk score was tested on a receiver operator characteristic curve to identify subjects with placenta accreta and the optimum cut-point was chosen.ResultsOver nine years, 92 suspected accreta cases were identified from 46 623 deliveries (0.2%). The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 52/92 cases (56%) and there were no maternal deaths. Blood transfusion requirements were greater in patients with placenta accreta versus patients without placenta accreta (median 7 [range 0–25, interquartile range 3–10] versus 0 [0–6, 0–2] units of blood, P <0.0001). Area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.846, with contribution from three variables (placenta previa, number of previous cesarean deliveries and ultrasound suspicion), each with a P value <0.05. From the ROC curve a cut-point with 100% sensitivity and specificity 25% (95% CI 12.69%–41.20%) was achieved, compared with 86.6% sensitivity (95% CI 74.21%–94.41%) and 60.0% specificity (95% CI 43.33%–75.14%) using ultrasound alone.ConclusionsCombining diagnostic features associated with placenta accreta through mathematical modeling has better positive predictive value than ultrasound alone.