Regional lymph node metastasis from port site implants after laparoscopic surgery

Although overall incidence of laparoscopic port site implants is decreasing, it remains problematic in patients with occult intraabdominal malignancy. Port-site metastases may themselves become the source of new metastases. A 42-year-old man underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. One month later, he was diagnosed with a right colon cancer, for which a right colectomy was performed. Eleven months later, a CT scan showed nodules in the umbilicus (one of the original laparoscopic port sites) and behind the right rectus abdominis muscle, adjacent to the deep epigastric vessels. These sites were resected, and histopathology confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma. The right deep epigastric nodule was reported to be lymph node–positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma. It is probable that dissemination of cancer cells to this lymph node occurred from the port site implants. Presence of metastasis in the lymph nodes draining the abdominal wall should be examined in all patients with port site implants.     

Sigmoid colon cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastases

Mediastinal lymph node metastasis from colorectal cancer is rarely seen. We herein report on a 74-year-old man who was hospitalized with multiple brain metastases and mediastinal lymph node metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. A preoperative brain magnetic resonance image showed multiple brain tumors, and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan indicated a mediastinal tumor. CT-guided aspiration biopsy cytology of the mediastinal tumor showed metastatic adenocarcinoma from a digestive tract tumor. Barium enema and sigmoid colonoscopy showed that the cancer was located in the sigmoid colon. Laparoscopic assisted sigmoidectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. Pathological findings of the specimen showed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma that invaded to the subserosa, but no evidence of lymph node metastasis was found. The patient was discharged 3 weeks after the operation and died 3 months later.     

Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix presenting with fresh bleeding per rectum: A case report

IntroductionPrimary adenocarcinoma of appendix is a rarely diagnosed malignancy accounting for less than 6% of appendiceal neoplastic lesions and less than 0.5% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. It is mostly diagnosed as an incidental finding after appendicectomy.Case summaryAn 81 year old male patient presented with bleeding per rectum in a background of previous rectal polyp, hypertension, diabetes and hypothyroidism. CECT of whole abdomen findings revealed thickening at the appendix and base of the caecum. Colonoscopy showed a sessile polypoid growth at appendicular orifice, at the base of the caecum. Laparoscopy confirmed the clinical suspicion of appendicular carcinoma and laparoscopy assisted radical right hemicolectomy was performed. Final histopathology revealed well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the appendix with no lymph node involvement (pT3N0M0).DiscussionPatients with primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix present with features similar to acute appendicitis whereas anaemia or fresh bleeding per rectum is a rare presentation. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, the extent of which will depend upon the stage. Tumours staged as T1 may be managed by appendicectomy alone provided the base is free and there are no lymphadenopathies. T2 or above require right hemicolectomy as chances of lymph node metastasis are high. Nodal involvement warrants the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. Distant metastasis to the peritoneum or liver and lungs is very rare.ConclusionWhile investigating unexplained anaemia or bleeding per rectum, full colonoscopic examination up to the appendicular orifice is important and if required, should be combined with CT scan of abdomen, to clinch the rare but possible and potentially curable diagnosis of appendicular carcinoma.     

Prospective Analysis of Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography,Computed Tomography,and Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Staging of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and the Esophagogastric Junction

Background: Exact preoperative staging of esophageal cancer is essential for accurate prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment modalities.Methods: Forty-two patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or the esophagogastric junction suitable for radical esophageal resection were staged with positron emission tomography (PET), spiral computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS).Results: Diagnostic sensitivity for the primary tumor was 83% for PET and 67% for CT; for local peritumoral lymph node metastasis, it was 37% for PET and 89% for EUS; and for distant metastasis, it was 47% for PET and 33% for CT. Diagnostic specificity for local lymph node metastasis was 100% with PET and 54% with EUS, and for distant metastasis, it was 89% for PET and 96% for CT. Accuracy for locoregional lymph node metastasis was 63% for PET, 66% for CT, and 75% for EUS, and for distant metastasis, it was 74% with PET and 74% with CT. Of the 10 patients who were considered inoperable during surgery, PET identified 7 and CT 4. The false-negative diagnoses of stage IV disease in PET were peritoneal carcinomatosis in two patients, abdominal para-aortic cancer growth in one, metastatic lymph nodes by the celiac artery in four, and metastases in the pancreas in one. PET showed false-positive lymph nodes at the jugulum in three patients.Conclusions: The diagnostic value of PET in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction is limited because of low accuracy in staging of paratumoral and distant lymph nodes. PET does, however, seem to detect organ metastases better than CT.     

Late metastases of prostatic adenocarcinoma to urinary bladder after radical prostatectomy: a case report]

We report a case of metastasis of prostatic cancer to urinary bladder. A 67-year-old man was admitted with a complaint of macroscopic hematuria, who had undergone radical prostatectomy and surgical castration for prostatic cancer (pT3N0M0) 53 months before. Computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed an invasive tumor on the right wall of the urinary bladder and swelling of paraaortic and pelvic lymph node metastases. These lesions were diagnosed as bladder tumor with lymph node metastases, and then transurethral biopsy of bladder tumor was performed. Because macroscopic hematuria could not be controlled and severe progressive anemia was found after the biopsy, simple cystectomy and bilateral cutaneoureterostomy were performed on the next day. Histopathological analysis showed that the tumor was adenocarcinoma, which was thought to be a metastatic tumor from the prostatic cancer.     

Colon cancer metastasis to the thyroid gland: A case report

IntroductionThyroid metastases from colorectal cancer are uncommon and few cases are described in literature.Case presentationA 64-year-old female patient presented with an asymptomatic right cervical nodule with a rapid growth six years after sigmoidectomy for cancer and two years after resection of colorectal lung metastases. Increased CA 19.9 was identified and a thoracoabdominal CT scan revealed the onset of new metastatic bilateral pulmonary lesions. Neck ultrasonography showed a suspicious nodule in the right thyroid lobe, and Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the nodule lead to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer metastasis. A right thyroid lobectomy with right central lymph node dissection was performed. The patient underwent chemotherapy with response, but this was posteriorly suspended due to haematological side effects, and the disease spread.DiscussionThyroid metastases from colorectal cancer are rare, but, with the improvement of radiologic exams and the higher survival rate of these patients, more cases are being described. The majority of the cases present pulmonary and hepatic metastases and the prognosis is poor. The decision to operate and the type of operation depend on the extent of the metastatic disease and the patient’s overall condition.ConclusionA low threshold of suspicion is crucial to make a timely diagnosis of thyroid metastases from colorectal cancer. Treatment is controversial, but, without surgery, the need may arise for tracheostomy.     

Miles术直肠标本淋巴结分布及转移研究

目的 探讨超低位直肠癌淋巴结转移、微转移的规律及其对手术方式选择的价值.方法 运用大组织切片、组织芯片研究23例低位直肠癌Miles手术标本.结果 23例标本直肠系膜共检获淋巴结415枚,其中转移淋巴结169枚,微转移59枚;12例标本有淋巴结癌转移,4例为淋巴结微转移.29.0%(49/169)、17.2%(29/169)转移淋巴结分别位于直肠系膜的外带和前区;坐骨直肠窝检出转移或微转移淋巴结占总淋巴结的22%(8/36),坐骨直肠窝淋巴结转移或微转移者占13%(3/23).结论 低位直肠癌存在区域淋巴结转移,各区域受累率不一.括约肌累及、远侧直肠系膜和坐骨直肠窝内淋巴结转移和微转移率不高,Miles手术作为低位直肠癌标准术式的价值应重新评估.     

隐匿性乳腺癌12例临床分析

目的 探讨隐匿性乳腺癌(occult breast cancer,OBC)的诊断、治疗和愈后.方法 回顾分析首都医科大学附属大兴区人民医院与首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院1995年6月～2006年6月共12例OBC临床资料.结果 本组OBC共12例女性患者,平均年龄52.7岁,均单侧发病,绝经前4例,绝经后8例;左侧病变1O例,右侧病变2例,占同期诊治各型乳腺癌患者0.5%(12/2385);12例均以腋下肿块为首发症状;10例行腋下肿块切除活检证实淋巴结转移性腺癌,2例术前行细针穿刺检查为淋巴结转移性腺癌;12例中3例行淋巴结转移性腺癌的雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)测定,均为阳性;10例术前行乳腺X线钼靶照相检查,2例可见有细小钙化灶,不除外乳腺癌;11例行乳腺B超检查、10例行近红外线扫描,均未发现乳腺内病灶;10例术前胸片、腹部B超,5例胸腹部CT及全身骨扫描和2例胃镜检查未发现全身其他部位病变;10例行乳腺癌改良根治术,1例行乳腺癌根治术,1例患者行姑息手术;9例术后病理检查发现乳腺原发病灶,浸润性导管癌6例、导管内癌3例;术后均予以放射治疗和化疗;3例雌激素受体阳性患者化疗后接受口服三苯氧胺内分泌治疗;随访3～10年,11例均生存且未见复发或转移,1例死亡,其中5例已生存5年以上,5年生存率为41.66%(5/12).结论 OBC是临床较为少见的特殊类型乳腺癌之一;左侧乳腺多见,比一般原发癌浸润能力强,早期即出现腋窝淋巴结肿大或远处转移;对肿大淋巴结进行细针穿刺细胞学检查或切除行组织学检查有助于诊断;乳腺癌改良根治术为常用治疗方法.     

Is CIS of the ureter responsible for skipped lymph node metastasis? A case report

A case of skipped lesion of lymph node metastasis of left ureteral tumour with concurrent carcinoma in situ in the affected ureter is presented. Postoperatively, lymph node metastasis was de novo detected in the left retrocrural and renal hilar regions on CT scan, although only the obturator lymph node was histologically metastatic among the regional lymph nodes completely dissected. The possible explanations of this rare metastatic mode are discussed.     

Lymph node metastasis from colon carcinoma at 11 years after the initial operation managed by lymph node resection and chemoradiation: A case report and a review of the literature

INTRODUCTIONLymph node metastasis from colorectal cancer after a disease-free interval (DFI) of >5 years is extremely rare, and occurs in <0.6% cases.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 60-year-old man underwent low anterior resection for sigmoid colon cancer. The lesion was an adenocarcinoma with no lymph node metastasis of Stage II. At 9 years after the colectomy, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and was treated with radiation and hormonal therapies; at 11 years, he exhibited suddenly elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography-CT revealed a 2.0-cm para-aortic lymph nodes swelling invading the small intestine. These lymph nodes and the affected segment of the small intestine were resected, and histopathology of the resected specimen confirmed a metastatic tumor. The patient was administered radiation therapy after 22 cycles of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and leucovorin. He however presented with a residual lesion in the para-aortic lymph node, but currently, he has been symptom free for 4 years.DISCUSSIONA review of the literature indicates that the median survival of all previously reported patients is 12 months, and that colon cancer with a long DFI might be a slow growing. One of these patients and our patient both had received radiation and/or hormonal therapy for another cancer, which probably impaired their immune systems, thus resulting in metastatic tumors.CONCLUSIONWe report a case of lymph node metastasis after a DFI of >5 years and review relevant literature to assess the significance and possible reasons for delayed colorectal cancer metastases.     

Synchronous tumors consisted of bronchial carcinoid and adenocarcinoma of the lung

We report a case of synchronous tumors consisted of bronchial carcinoid and adenocarcinoma of the lung. A 58-year-old female was referred to our hospital after screening, because an abnormal shadow was noted in the right lung on her computed tomography (CT) of the chest. CT scans showed a peripheral pulmonary mass in the right middle lobe and a nodule around the right lower lobe bronchus. The nodular lesion like swollen lymph node was diagnosed as bronchial carcinoid originated in B6 by bronchoscopy. The pulmonary mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma by using core needle biopsy during operation. Right middle and lower bilobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed. Coincidence of a bronchial carcinoid and an adenocarcinoma of the same side of the lung is a rare occurrence.     

Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as a mass in the mandible

BACKGROUND: Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon is a frequently encountered medical situation. Metastasis to the mandible from adenocarcinoma of the colon is very unusual and rarely reported. We report the case of a 73-year-old man with metastatic adenocarcinoma to the mandible. METHODS: The patient was referred for evaluation of a mass of 2 months' duration in the right parotid gland. He gave a history of watery bowel movements of unknown duration. Physical examination revealed a 7- x 6-cm hard mass, which seemed to be fixed to the right mandible. A CT scan revealed a destructive process involving the ramus and condyle of the right mandible that invaded the pterygopalatine fossa, pterygoid muscles, and middle cranial fossa. CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 5-cm mass in the sigmoid colon with metastases to the liver. RESULTS: A biopsy of the mass in the mandible was performed, and metastatic adenocarcinoma of colonic origin was diagnosed. Colonoscopy and biopsy of the colonic mass substantiated that the sigmoid colon was the primary site of the cancer. Because the patient had disseminated disease, he declined treatment, and he died shortly thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, metastatic adenocarcinoma from the colon to the mandible and parotid area should be included in the differential diagnosis of masses in this area. After analysis of our case and a review of the literature, we conclude that metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the colon is quite rare and represents incurable disseminated disease.     

Are gastric metastases of renal cell carcinoma really rare? A case report and systematic review of the literature

IntroductionRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents above 3 % of all cancers. At diagnosis, above 25 % of patients with RCC present an advanced disease. Gastric metastasis of RCC is associated with poor outcome. We report the case of a patient treated for a gastric metastasis of RCC and we conducted a systematic review of the literature to report all published cases of RCC patients with gastric metastasis.Case presentationIn December 2010, a 61-year-old man was treated by open partial nephrectomy for a localized right clear cell RCC. In September 2018, a metachronous gastric metastasis was found on CT scan. The lesion was located on the lesser curvature of the stomach, measuring 4.5 cm long axis. No other secondary lesions were identified. A laparoscopic wedge resection, converted to laparotomy was performed. Two years later, in September 2020, a CT scan was performed, revealing a 17 mm adenopathy behind the hepatic hilum and a surgical management was performed, including a lymph node dissection of the hepatic hilum and the hepatic artery. Actually, he remains healthy.Clinical discussion and conclusionOur systematic review suggests that solitary gastric metastasis of RCC are scarce. In comparison of patients with multiple metastatic sites, the median survival of patients with solitary gastric metastasis is longer.     

能谱CT多参数成像预测胃癌淋巴结转移的应用价值

目的探讨能谱CT多参数成像预测胃癌淋巴结转移的应用价值。方法采用回顾性病例对照研究方法。收集2014年1月至2017年6月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的86例胃癌病人的临床病理资料;男53例,女33例;中位年龄为53岁,年龄范围为22~87岁。所有病人采用能谱CT行腹部常规平扫和能谱动静脉期增强扫描检查,在后处理工作站对平扫图像、动静脉期70 keV单能量图像、动静脉期碘基图像进行分析。观察指标:(1)胃癌淋巴结转移情况。(2)胃癌淋巴结转移影响因素分析。(3)特殊病例介绍。计数资料以绝对数表示。单因素分析采用χ²检验或秩和检验。多因素分析采用Logistic回归模型。结果(1)胃癌淋巴结转移情况:86例病人中,64例伴淋巴结转移,22例无淋巴结转移。(2)胃癌淋巴结转移影响因素分析。单因素分析结果显示:肿瘤生长方式、肿瘤长径、瘤周脂肪浸润、动脉期CT值、静脉期CT值、静脉期碘基值是影响胃癌淋巴结转移的相关因素(χ²=6.753,Z=-3.180,χ²=7.649,Z=-2.051、-2.971、-2.547,P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示:瘤周脂肪浸润,静脉期碘基值[>12且≤16(100μg/cm³)、>16(100μg/cm³)]是胃癌淋巴结转移的独立影响因素(优势比=13.154,3.761、7.583,95%可信区间为2.597~66.620,1.893~8.572、4.769~16.692,P<0.05)。(3)特殊病例介绍。病例1:男,46岁。术前能谱CT增强检查结果示胃窦占位性病变伴淋巴结肿大。能谱CT增强检查动脉期70 keV单能量和碘基图像,原发灶层面横断位图像显示胃窦部胃壁明显增厚,轻中度强化,浆膜面及周围脂肪间隙清晰,伴胃体小弯侧淋巴结肿大。能谱CT增强检查动脉期70 keV单能量和碘基图像,幽门下层面横断位图像显示幽门下淋巴结肿大。能谱CT增强检查静脉期70 keV单能量和碘基图像,原发灶层面横断位图像显示胃窦部病灶分层强化,黏膜面明显强化,病灶黏膜面高碘基值。CT检查诊断为胃窦部胃癌伴淋巴结转移,无浆膜面及瘤周脂肪浸润。术后组织病理学检查结果示胃窦部中分化腺癌,浸润至肌层,合并淋巴结转移。病例2:男,53岁。术前能谱CT增强检查结果示胃体小弯侧胃癌伴淋巴结肿大。能谱CT增强检查动脉期70 keV单能量和碘基图像,原发灶层面横断位图像显示胃体小弯侧胃壁不均匀增厚,中度强化,瘤周脂肪间隙模糊,浆膜面模糊,伴胃体小弯侧多发淋巴结肿大。能谱CT增强检查静脉期70 keV单能量横断位图像显示胃体小弯侧病灶,胃体小弯侧肿大淋巴结分界不清晰,瘤周脂肪间隙模糊。能谱CT增强检查动脉期70 keV单能量腹腔干层面横断位图像显示脾动脉旁淋巴结肿大,周边环形明显强化,中央坏死成分无强化。CT检查诊断为胃体小弯侧胃癌伴淋巴结转移,合并浆膜面侵犯及瘤周脂肪浸润。术后组织病理学检查结果示胃体小弯侧低分化腺癌,浸润至浆膜层,伴淋巴结转移。结论瘤周脂肪浸润、静脉期碘基值是胃癌淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。     

Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung rapidly developed multiple metastases after surgery

Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung is a type of carcinoma with spindle and/or giant cells with a poor diagnosis. A 73-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of the pulmonary tumor. Lung biopsy revealed that the tumor was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. No distant metastasis were observed by systemic examination. A right middle lobectomy with partial resection of the right upper lobe and lymph node dissection were performed, because the tumor (5.3 x 4.0 x 4.0 cm) was located in peripheral S' and invaded S3 via the interlobular space. Histological findings showed adenocarcinoma comprised of spindle cell components that reacted positively to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and no lymph node metastasis. Therefore, he was diagnosed with pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung, pT2N0M0, stage IB. But metastatic lesions newly appeared in the thoracic skin, the liver, the diaphragm, the bilateral adrenal glands, and the retroperitoneal space on the 30th postoperative day. He died of peritonitis and pleuritis on only 60 days after the operation.     

Lateral pelvic node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer with right internal iliac node metastasis but without regional node metastasis: A case report

Introduction and importanceTotal mesorectal excision (TME) with lateral pelvic node dissection was routinely done in low clinical T3 rectal tumors below the peritoneal reflection as stated in the Japanese guidelines for colorectal cancer. Our institution follows the same practice in selected patients. This is our first reported case wherein a patient with rectal cancer underwent total mesorectal excision with lateral lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant treatment with a positive lateral node on histopathology.Case presentationA 49 year old female rectal had rectal adenocarcinoma 4 cm FAV. Pelvic MRI revealed a low rectal tumor abutting the mesorectal fascia anteriorly, anal sphincters not involved, and confluent enlarged right iliac nodes. After neoadjuvant treatment, interval decrease in size of the rectal lesion and the right iliac nodes were noted. Patient underwent partial intersphincteric resection, lateral pelvic node dissection and protective loop ileostomy.Clinical discussionHistopathology revealed a rectal adenocarcinoma with one right internal iliac lymph node was positive for tumor involvement. Circumferential resection margin was 4.0 mm. Patient is currently on 4th cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy. Preoperative chemoradiation could not completely eradicate lateral pelvic node metastasis. Therefore, lateral pelvic node dissection should be considered if lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis is suspected even after neoadjuvant therapy.ConclusionUnlike TME, performance of a routine lateral lymphadenectomy in rectal cancer surgery varies by geographic location. Reports from Asian countries and our practice in our institution shows that it can be performed safely. This could improve the oncologic outcomes of patients especially if combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.     

Induction chemoradiotherapy in small adenocarcinoma of the lung with bulky mediatinal lymph node metastasis

A 56-year-old man, who visited our hospital due to chest pain, was pointed out a large tumor, 60 mm in diameter, on the left superior mediastinum on the chest computed tomography (CT) scan. He was diagnosed as having mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis of adenocarcinoma through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) biopsy. He received induction chemoradiotherapy: cisplatin and paclitaxel were administered once per week for 2 weeks, and radiotherapy was simultaneously performed. No serious adverse reactions were noted. The ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes dissection was performed. Intraoperative frozen section analysis showed a small nodule in the left upper lobe, 5 mm in diameter, was adenocarcinoma. He was finally diagnosed as having mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis from the small adenocarcinoma of the lung, and left upper lobectomy was performed. Histopathological examination of the mediastinal lymph nodes showed no evidence of viable maligmant cell. Induction chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and paclitaxel might be effective treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.     

Ex vivo intranodal administration of sirolimus

BackgroundImmune-mediated adverse effects of current systemic immunosuppression therapy compromise long-term survival of liver transplant recipients. Our recently observed results showed that intranodal delivery of sirolimus induced interleukin (IL)-10–driven CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. The present report investigated the feasibility of intra-nodal delivery of sirolimus ex vivo into a human liver common bile duct lymph node.MethodsWe used a discarded donor human liver to directly administer sirolimus into a distal common bile duct lymph node. Sirolimus was injected once using an ultrasound-guided method.ResultsThe porta hepatis and its lymph node along the distal common bile duct were exposed. A handheld ultrasound probe (L15-7io, Koninklijke Philips N.V.) with a layer of standoff Aquasonic 100 Ultrasound Transmission Gel (Parker Laboratories, Inc) was applied to the exposed lymph node. Using a 1.0-mL 25G hypodermic needle, 0.05 mL of sirolimus solution was injected directly into the exposed lymph node.ConclusionsUnder sonographic guidance, direct injection of sirolimus into a hepatic draining lymph node along the common bile duct is accomplished precisely and reliably. Direct administration of therapeutic agents into local lymph nodes is a viable approach for effective targeted immunotherapy.     

Biphasic pulmonary blastoma: report of a case.

A 73-year-old male presented with bloody sputa for a month. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a large mass about 7 cm in diameter in the right lower lobe. Bronchoscopic curette cytology revealed class V and a suspected adenocarcinoma, although a systemic evaluation demonstrated no metastatic lesion. The patient underwent a right lower lobectomy and mediastinal dissection. A biphasic pulmonary blastoma was histologically diagnosed by a characteristic finding that it was mainly constituted of immature tumor tissue that had both epithelial and mesenchymal components. No mediastinal lymph node metastasis was proven. Stage T2N0M0 disease was diagnosed, and the patient chose not to undergo postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy; he remains well without recurrence 36 months after the operation.