Elbow dislocation with intra-articular fracture: the results of operative treatment without repair of the medial collateral ligament

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of a protocol for the treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow based on the concept that, if dislocation of the elbow with associated fractures can be made to resemble a simple elbow dislocation by repairing or reconstructing the fractured structures, repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) will not be necessary. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, a single surgeon operated on 34 patients with a posterior dislocation of the elbow associated with one or more intra-articular fractures. The mean age of these 19 men and 15 women was 48 years. Associated fractures included the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle in 3 patients; the olecranon in 1 patient; and the radial head in 30 patients (with concomitant fracture of the coronoid process-the so-called "terrible triad" of the elbow-in 22 patients, and concomitant fracture of the coronoid and olecranon in 1 patient). Operative treatment consisted of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or prosthetic replacement of all fractures and reattachment of the origin of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex to the lateral epicondyle. The MCL was not repaired. RESULTS: Two patients (1 with a terrible triad injury and 1 with fracture of the capitellum and trochlea) had postoperative instability related to noncompliance, had reconstructive procedures, and were considered failures. An average of 32 months after injury, the remaining 32 patients regained an average of 120 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 142 degrees forearm rotation. Twenty-five of 34 patients (74%) had good or excellent results according to the system of Broberg and Morrey. Patients with terrible triad injuries had an average of 117 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 137 degrees forearm rotation, and 17 of 22 patients (77%) had good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: MCL repair is unnecessary in the treatment of dislocation of the elbow with associated intra-articular fractures, provided that the articular fractures and the LCL are repaired or reconstructed.     

Posterolateral elbow dislocation with sub flexor displacement of radial head fragment

Elbow joints are the second most common joints to dislocate, second only to shoulder joints with most of the dislocations occurring in the posterolateral direction. The dislocations can be simple involving capsuloligamentous structures around the joint or complex involving associated bony injuries. The dislocations can be disabling for the patients with the sequelae involving decreased range of movement, valgus instability due to ruptured medial collateral ligament complex, ectopic calcification, degenerative changes and neurologic deficits. The terrible triad is a type of complex elbow dislocation involving fracture of radial head along with coronoid process fracture. This injury is highly unstable and most of the time requires surgical intervention. We present 2 cases of terrible triad injuries that needed surgical intervention. The radial head fractures in both the cases could be classified as Mason type 2 injuries and the coronoid fractures could be classified as type 1 fracture according to Regan and Morrey classification. The aim of this report is to highlight the medial and distal migration of the fractured fragment of the radial head to the anterior aspect of ulna underneath flexor digitorum profundus, at the junction of proximal third and distal two thirds of the shaft of ulna. On radiographs, this could be mistaken for fractured fragment of coronoid process of ulna, which could mislead the surgeon pre and intra operatively causing delay and confusion in the surgery.     

Surgical reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fracture in terrible triad injury of the elbow

The terrible triad injury of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, a radial head fracture and a coronoid process fracture. In this study, we explored the outcome of a modified protocol for terrible triad injury of the elbow in a consecutive series of 14 patients, with a focus on reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fractures. Fourteen patients with terrible triad injuries of the elbow were retrospectively reviewed at a mean follow-up of 23?months (range, 15–30?months) and were clinically and radiographically evaluated. For comminuted coronoid fractures, autografting with resected radial head fragment or ilium fragment with cartilage surface and transosseous suture with non-absorbable suture were performed. Internal fixation of the radial head was performed in six cases and arthroplasty in five. The collateral ligaments were repaired. Mean flexion at last follow-up was 125°, ranging from 100° to 135°. Mean extension loss was 13°, ranging from 0° to 38°. Mean pronation was 70° and mean supination was 66°. No patient experienced dislocation of the radial head prosthesis. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 87 (range, 75–100), with six excellent cases and eight good cases. According to our intraoperative examination, no patient demonstrated unacceptable residual instability in extension following restoration of all of the osseous and ligamentous lesions. In conclusion, our protocol can achieve stable reconstruction of the coronoid process, which promotes the functional outcome of surgical treatment on terrible triad injuries of the elbow.     

Treatment strategy of terrible triad of the elbow: Experience in Shanghai 6th People's Hospital

Background

Terrible triad of the elbow can be a challenging injury to treat, with a history of well-known complications. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of a modification of the standard surgical protocol for the repair of terrible triad of the elbow injuries.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed terrible triad of the elbow injuries treated at our hospital using a modified surgical technique. Our surgical procedure includes fixation or replacement of the radial head and repair of the ruptured lateral collateral ligament (LCL) through a lateral approach. Simultaneous fixation of the coronoid process and repair of the common flexor muscle and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury were performed through an anteromedial incision. Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was determined for each patient at the final clinic visit. The Broberg and Morrey classification was used for evaluating traumatic arthritis.

Results

There were 21 patients (21 elbows) included in the analysis, and the mean follow-up period was 32 months (range, 24–48 months). At the last follow-up the mean flexion–extension arc of the elbow was 126° and the mean forearm rotation was 139°. The mean MEPS was 95 points (range, 85–100 points), with 19 excellent results and two good results. Concentric stability was restored in all cases. Two patients had heterotopic ossification, one patient had radial head nonunion, one patient had a superficial infection, and one patient had ulnar nerve neuropathy.

Conclusion

Our surgical strategy for terrible triad of the elbow has the advantage of providing both bony and soft-tissue stability simultaneously, thereby allowing active early motion as well as functional recovery of the elbow.     

Anterior approach for operative fixation of coronoid fractures in complex elbow instability

The coronoid process has been shown to play a critical role in ulnohumeral stability. Coronoid process fractures can occur in isolation or as part of a complex injury pattern. The most common complex pattern, known as the "terrible triad," includes a radial head fracture and elbow dislocation along with the coronoid fracture. Failure to address these fractures and ligamentous injuries can result in recurrent instability and progression to painful arthrosis. Both medial and lateral approaches to the coronoid have been popularized in recent literature, but there is no universally accepted approach. Common fixation techniques include suture lasso, suture anchors, lag screws, and plating all of which have various drawbacks. We describe a direct anterior approach to address coronoid process fractures made in addition to a lateral approach to address radial head and lateral collateral ligament injuries. Coronoid fractures addressed through the anterior approach were stabilized with anterior to posterior screw fixation combined with buttress plating, which allowed anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation at short-term follow-up.     

外侧入路联合前内侧入路治疗肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术疗效

 目的 探讨采用外侧入路联合前内侧入路治疗肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年1月,采用外侧入路联合前内侧入路治疗23例肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者,其中21例获得完整随访资料,男17例,女4例;年龄17~63岁,平均38.4岁;坠落伤15例,运动损伤4例,交通伤2例;受伤至手术时间为2~8 d,平均4 d。尺骨冠突骨折O’Driscoll分型：A1型5例,A2型12例,B2型4例;桡骨头骨折Mason分型：Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型7例;软组织损伤仲飙等分型：Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型3例。先采用Kocher入路内固定或人工桡骨小头置换治疗桡骨小头骨折,暂时修补外侧副韧带复合体,而后通过前内侧入路固定冠突骨折并修补内侧副韧带损伤;术后采用铰链式外固定支具辅助固定。术后分别采用Mayo肘关节评分（Mayo elbow performence score, MEPS）和Broberg-Morrey分级评估患者肘关节功能及创伤性关节炎程度。结果 21例患者均获得随访,随访时间24~48个月,平均32个月。末次随访时,患者肘关节屈伸及前臂旋转平均活动度分别为126°（范围,115°~135°）和139°（范围,125°~145°）;MEPS评分为85~100分,平均95分,其中19例评定为优,2例为良,优良率为100%,无一例发生肘关节复发不稳定。术后1周,1例发生伤口浅表感染,经清创及静脉使用抗生素治疗后愈合;术后3个月,发生异位骨化症2例,桡骨头骨折骨不连1例,尺神经麻痹1例,均未行手术处理。结论 采用外侧入路联合前内侧入路治肘关节“恐怖三联征”具有一期同时重建骨结构和恢复软组织稳定性的优势,术后患者能早期进行功能锻炼,利于肘关节功能恢复。     

肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的 总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会.方法 回顾5例典型肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗结果.手术方法包括:经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点.经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤.最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性.于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估.结果 5例平均手术时间为76 min(60-150 min),平均随访时间8.8个月(3-13个月).外固定支架拆除时间6周(4-9周).至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为(127±25)°.按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分(80-95分),优2例,良3例.无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症.结论 通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者肘关节的功能及预后,对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗.     

Surgical management of elbow dislocation associated with non-reparable fractures of the radial head

BackgroundThe “terrible triad” of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, radial head and a coronoid process fracture. Because of a combined sagittal, frontal and transverse instability, these injuries are notoriously difficult to treat. We report our results with a technique for reconstruction of “terrible triad” injuries with either no facture or a type I fracture of the coronoid process in addition to a non-reparable radial head fracture. The hypothesis of this study was that standard surgical treatment of this lesion using a “deep to superficial” stabilisation by a single lateral approach and radial head replacement enables early and reliable functional results.PatientsFrom June 2004 to January 2007, 13 patients with an average age of 40 years at the date of trauma (range 18–77) underwent reconstruction of a “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with the same technique. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 15–48).ResultsEighty-four percent of the patients were very satisfied and satisfied. Average flexion was 131° (110–140). Average extension was ?11° (?30–0). Average pronation was 72° (40–80). Average supination was 70° (50–80). The grip strength averaged 75% of that of the non-injured side (50–105). All elbows were stable at review. Eight complications occurred.ConclusionOur results suggest that some terrible triad injuries can be successfully managed with deep to superficial stabilisation by lateral approach, consisting in three-dimensional stabilisation done by anterior capsular reinsertion with absorbable anchors, radial head replacement and lateral collateral ligament repair. This standard management provides enough stability to allow early active rehabilitation, preventing post-operative instability and stiffness. This procedure appears to be reliable and reproducible.     

Luxation postéro-médiale du coude associée à une fracture du condyle latéral et du processus coronoïde chez un adolescent : à propos d’un cas

We report the occurrence of a rare injury in a teenager not yet described in the literature: the association of posteromedial elbow dislocation, lateral condyle and coronoid process fractures. The treatment required fixation of lateral condyle and coronoid process thanks to lateral and medial approaches and capsular fixation. This lesion is unstable, such as the terrible triad described in adults. It requires external and anterior stabilization of the elbow. The management of such injuries of the elbow is complex. It must consider both bone and ligament instability, and risk of injury to growth plates.     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会。方法回顾5例典型肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗结果。手术方法包括：经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点。经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤。最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位．恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估。结果5例平均手术时间为76min（60．150min）。平均随访时间8．8个月（3～13个月）。外固定支架拆除时间6周（4—9周）。至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为（127±25）°。按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分（80～95分）,优2例,良3例。无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症。结论通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者肘关节的功能及预后．对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗。     

Rehabilitation considerations in the management of terrible triad injury to the elbow

An elbow dislocation associated with a radial head and coronoid fractures is termed a terrible triad. This injury almost always renders the elbow unstable requiring surgical intervention. The primary goal of surgery is to stabilize the elbow to permit early motion to prevent stiffness. Recent literature has improved our understanding of elbow anatomy and biomechanics as well as the pathoanatomy of this injury. This article reviews key concepts that will allow the surgeon and therapist to apply an systematic rehabilitation approach when managing such injuries.     

A rare combination of fractures around the elbow: Bony variant of terrible triad

Radial head and coronoid fractures without posterior dislocation of the elbow have not been recorded in the literature. There is no literature documenting the combined fractures of the radial head, capitellum and coronoid process together in the same elbow. This is a case report highlighting this combination of fractures in a 30 year old patient treated with open reduction and internal fixation of all three fractures. The patient was followed up for 28 months and had a good range of motion of the elbow without any instability. Thus such a triad with no ligamentous injuries could depict a bony variant of terrible triad and a mechanism for such an injury has also been explained.     

Surgical treatment of “terrible triad of the elbow”: technique and outcome

Objective: To describe the authors' surgical technique and to evaluate the final functional outcome of surgical treatment of the “terrible triad of the elbow”. Methods: Eight patients identified with “terrible triad” injury patterns, including posterior elbow dislocation, radial head fracture and coronoid fracture, were available for a minimum of 11 months follow‐up. Evaluation of functional outcome was based on Mayo elbow performance, Broberg‐Morrey scores, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Complications were also recorded. Results: Five elbows redislocated while in a splint after manipulative reduction. Three had residual subluxation after operative treatment. The final mean extent of forearm movement was as follows: 21° of extension deficit (range, 5° to 45°), 126° of flexion (range, 110° to 140°), 75° of supination (range, 45° to 90°), and 71° of pronation (range, 30° to 90°). The mean Mayo, Broberg‐Morrey, and DASH scores were 78.0 ± 13.4, 76.0 ± 14.0, and 28.0 ± 24.7, respectively. Conclusions: When an elbow joint is affected by the terrible triad, it is very unstable and prone to numerous complications. With operative treatment, the surgeon should attempt to perform internal fixation of the coronoid fracture, to regain normal radiocapitellar contact (either by preserving the radial head with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or by replacing it with a prosthesis), and to repair the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Thus early functional recovery and a successful final functional outcome can be achieved.     

单一外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的修复技巧及疗效分析

目的 探讨采用单一肘关节外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的手术扩大显露、修复技巧及临床疗效.方法 对2007年5月至2010年3月收治的6例肘部损伤"三联征"患者采用单一肘关节外侧入路,由深至浅依次修复下列结构:冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点.并用自创的方法对冠状突骨折进行扩大显露,直视下复位与牢靠固定,对肘关节外侧结构的撕裂进行有效修复.本组患者均未做肘关节内侧副韧带的探查与修复.随访时采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)对患者肘关节功能进行评价.结果 本组患者随访3～24个月,平均11个月.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,肘部屈伸活动度105°～135°,平均120.0°;前臂旋转活动度150°～170°,平均168.3°;MEPS评分93～95分,平均93.3分,均为优.所有患者均无伤口感染,伤口一期愈合.结论 单一肘关节外侧入路结合相应手术技巧的改进,解决了肘部损伤"三联征"中冠状突骨折复位与固定的疑难问题,对肘关节外侧结构的修复也更加简单、牢靠,是一种临床可行且疗效满意的手术方式.     

Techniques to tame the terrible triad: Unstable fracture dislocations of the elbow

The “terrible triad” of the elbow (elbow dislocation with a radial head and coronoid fracture) is difficult to treatbecause of the conflicting aims of ensuring elbow stability while maintaining early motion of the joint. Information guiding treatment is sparse in the literature. We believe concentric articulation at the ulno-humeral and radio-capitellar joints need to be restored to achieve a stable reduction. We advocate preservation of the radial head through surgical repair or replacement. The lateral collateral ligament complex (LCL) is repaired through the same incision. We also aim to restore the anterior buttress of the elbow joint by repair of the coronoid process or the anterior capsule attachments. Further surgery to address other soft tissue damage to the elbow may also be required. Treatment needs to be titrated to each case to achieve a stable reduction. An acceptable result will be achieved if sufficient stability is obtained such that early motion can be instituted, and complications avoided.     

陈旧性肘关节恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬的手术治疗

目的观察陈旧性恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者的手术疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年2月至2018年6月行手术治疗的7例陈旧性恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者临床资料及随访结果，其中男5例、女2例，平均年龄为（45.14±15.79）岁（18~61岁）。患者从受伤到手术翻修时间平均为（99.57±67.85）d（38~240 d）。伤肘右侧5例、左侧2例。损伤原因：摔伤4例，车祸伤2例，高处坠落伤1例。所有患者无神经损伤表现。桡骨头骨折Mason分型为：Ⅰ型1例，Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型2例，Ⅳ型1例；尺骨冠状突骨折分型为：Regan-morreyⅠ型4例，Ⅱ型2例，Ⅲ型1例；按O'Driscoll分型均为冠状突尖部骨折，第1亚型4例，第2亚型2例，第3亚型1例。肘关节处于半脱位状态5例，完全脱位状态2例。切口为内、外侧联合切口或后正中切口联合外侧切口，行关节松解、冠突及桡骨头重建、韧带修复。术后进行规范功能训练，进行早期主动功能锻炼。 结果所有患者术后均获得随访，随访平均（13.28±4.34）个月，10~23个月。所有患者切口均一期愈合。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分系统（Mayo elbow performance score，MEPS）、Broberg-Morrey评分系统进行肘关节功能评价。术后骨折均愈合，所有患者均无骨折畸形愈合、空心钉退出、空心钉断裂等并发症。末次随访时，MEPS评分：术前为（42.86±11.13）分（35~55分），术后为（85.29±2.75）分（80~89分，P=0.000018）。Broberg-Morrey评分：术前为（33.43±12.79）分（11~48分），术后为（85.57±2.23）分（83~89分，P=0.00004）。视觉模拟评分：术前为（6.43±0.98）分（5~8分），术后为（1.00±0.00）分（0~1分，P=0.000006）。伸直角度：术前为42.14°±10.35°（30° ~60°），术后为18.57°±8.02°（10° ~30°，P=0.0581）。屈曲角度：术前为75.71°±35.99°（20° ~110°），术后为120.00°±8.16°（110° ~130°，P=0.0272）。旋前角度：术前为24.29°±41.58°（0° ~90°），术后为80.00°±5.77°（70° ~90°，P=0.0126）。旋后角度：术前为32.86°±43.09°（0° ~90°），术后为84.29°±15.12°（50° ~90°，P=0.0154）。 结论临床上需重视肘关节恐怖三联征的早期诊断，以防漏诊和延误治疗。对于陈旧性肘关节恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者行手术治疗，并注重早期功能锻炼，能使患者尽早尽快恢复肘关节功能。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”中内侧副韧带及合并损伤的治疗策略

目的 探讨肘关节“恐怖三联征”中内侧副韧带及合并损伤的治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2010年2月至2012年4月治疗的21例肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者病历资料,男17例,女4例;年龄16～57岁,平均37.6岁;左侧12例,右侧9例.术前常规行MR检查并根据其结果制定内侧副韧带及合并损伤的治疗策略.对于MRI提示没有损伤或部分撕裂但内侧副韧带前束完整的患者,术中并不常规探查修补;对于MRI提示内侧副韧带前束起、止点撕脱或体部断裂者,则常规采用前内侧入路探查修补,对于起、止点撕脱者采用锚钉予以缝合,对于体部断裂者则采用“8”字缝合,合并屈肌-旋前圆肌复合体损伤者也同时予以缝合修补.术后予以可屈性支具固定,无一例患者采用外固定支架固定.结果 术后随访平均12.4个月(6～26个月)°所有患者术后末次随访时肘关节平均屈伸活动度为135.2°±10.2°,平均伸直受限6.7°±2.2°,平均屈曲142°±11.0°.Mayo肘关节功能评分平均为92分(85～100分),17例患者功能为优,4例为良.术后并发症包括一过性尺神经麻痹3例、异位骨化2例、迟发性尺神经炎1例,无肘关节残留不稳定、脱位、肘关节僵硬等并发症.结论 对于内侧副韧带前束起、止点撕脱或体部断裂者应常规采用内侧入路探查修补,有利于恢复肘关节即刻稳定性.     

The effect of suture fixation of type I coronoid fractures on the kinematics and stability of the elbow with and without medial collateral ligament repair

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of suture repair of type 1 coronoid fractures on elbow kinematics in ligamentously intact and medial collateral ligament (MCL)-deficient elbows. Cadaveric testing was performed in stable and MCL-deficient elbows with radial head arthroplasty and with the coronoid intact, with the coronoid fractured, and after suture repair. Ulna versus humerus angulation was measured during active motion. Varus and valgus motion pathways were measured during passive gravity-loaded flexion. With intact ligaments, there was a small increase in valgus angulation after a type 1 fracture that was not corrected with suture fixation. With MCL deficiency, there was no change in kinematics regardless of coronoid status. Type 1 coronoid fractures cause only small changes in elbow kinematics that are not corrected with suture repair. MCL repair, rather than type 1 coronoid fixation, should be considered if the elbow remains unstable after radial head repair or replacement and lateral ligament repair.     

肘部损伤"三联征"的手术治疗及入路选择

目的 探讨肘部损伤"三联征"(肘关节后脱位复合桡骨头骨折、尺骨冠状突骨折)的手术方法,分析各种手术入路的优缺点和适应证,以期优化肘部损伤"三联征"的治疗.方法 2003年6月至2008年8月共收治17例肘部损伤"三联征"患者,男11例,女6例;年龄22～48岁,平均34.5岁;受伤至手术时间3～7d,平均5.4 d.桡骨头骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型5例;尺骨冠状突骨折按照ReganMorrey分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型2例.采用外侧入路9例,外侧入路联合内侧入路2例,前侧入路6例.尺骨冠状突骨折行摘除1例,内固定16例;桡骨头骨折行内固定14例,单纯桡骨头切除1例,桡骨头置换2例.术后测量肘关节活动度,并对肘关节功能采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)进行评估.结果 所有患者获得12～48个月(平均21个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,无骨不连、骨不愈合及前臂缺血性肌挛缩发生.出现迟发性尺神经麻痹1例,异位骨化2例.末次随访肘关节平均活动度:屈伸128.3°±6.8°,旋转74.6°±4.2°.MEPS评分:优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.除1例桡骨头切除患者外,其余患者术后肘关节稳定性好,影响评分的主要因素为运动受限和日常生活功能部分丧失.结论 肘部损伤"三联征"为复杂类型的肘关节损伤,应根据骨折和损伤类型选择合适的手术入路.