Rupture of Cystic Artery Pseudoaneurysm: a Rare Complication of Acute Cholecystitis

Pseudoaneurysm (PA) of the cystic artery is rare. Most of the reported cases are iatrogenic and develop secondary to liver biopsy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, ERCP, and liver transplant. Other reported causes include trauma, malignancy, arteriovenous malformations, and inflammation in the hepatobiliary and pancreatic system. Cystic artery psuedoaneurysm is usually asymptomatic but may also present as vague abdominal pain, intra-abdominal mass, and hemobilia. In the event of rupture, it may present as a catastrophic intra-peritoneal bleeding with hemorrhagic shock. Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT scan are useful tools for the diagnosis of this condition. However, selective visceral angiography is confirmatory and offers the opportunity for therapeutic embolization. We report a case which presented with upper right quadrant abdominal pain, vomiting, and hypotension. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed subhepatic hematoma and pericholecystic fluid collection along with acute calculus cholecystitis and sludge in the bile duct. Subsequent contrast-enhanced CT and CT angiography confirmed the presence of ruptured cystic artery psuedoaneurysm with subhepatic hematoma. The patient after resuscitation underwent selective visceral angiography and successful coil embolization of the cystic artery pseudoaneurysm. During the same admission, ERCP and biliary stenting were also performed followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This case reports a rare entity which was successfully treated using a multimodality strategy.     

Hemorrhagic cholecystitis as a likely cause of nontraumatic hemobilia in metachromatic leukodystrophy: report of a case

A 17-years-old man with the juvenile form of MLD developed massive hemobilia. CT and US scans showed blood and clots filling the gallbladder and the biliary ways, with no bleeding source seen at selective angiography. Explorative laparotomy evidenced bleeding from a papillomatous gallbladder mucosa, resolved with cholecystectomy. Histologic examination with specific colorations diagnosed hemorrhagic cholecystitis from metachromatic leukodystrophy of the gallbladder. This is, to our knowing, the third case reported in Literature, and thus hemorrhagic cholecystitis may be considered a life-threatening complication of MLD to be prevented with cholecystectomy as soon as signs of gallbladder pathology (papillomatosis/polyposis, jaundice, abdominal pain) are suspected.     

An impressive choledochal cyst and its surgical resection

IntroductionCholedochal cysts are rare congenital dilations of the biliary tree that can present with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, cholelithiasis and pancreatitis. Although most commonly identified in children, they can be found in the adult population. However, because of the non-specific symptoms, this diagnosis may be difficult to make in the adult. A physician therefore must keep this diagnosis within their differential, as it may arise in an unexpected patient population who may present with a convoluted work up.Case presentationIn this report, we present the case of a 50-year-old African American woman with recurrent cholelithiasis, cholangitis and eventually obstructive jaundice despite undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy six years prior. Her only work up at that point was a right upper quadrant ultrasound revealing gallbladder sludge, which led to her cholecystectomy. It was the persistence of her symptoms—abdominal pain, cholangitis and obstructive jaundice—previously attributed to chronic cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis that warranted further work up. After multiple physician visits, she was referred to our academic center after an ERCP was performed and she was found to have a dilation of her common bile duct consistent with a choledochal cyst. Furthermore, the ERCP identified multiple bile duct stones within the cyst. This was not identified on her original ultrasound or prior ERCPs. The patient underwent a complete cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy and did well post-operatively.DiscussionThis report illustrates how choledochal cysts can be an elusive diagnosis, but may present with repeated infections, recurrent biliary stones, and biliary obstruction despite a cholecystectomy. Had she an MRCP prior to her cholecystectomy, she would likely have avoided multiple surgeries, and years of persistent symptoms. Choledochal cysts are associated with an increased risk of biliary malignancy and therefore cyst excision is the standard of care.ConclusionAlthough rare, physicians need to keep this diagnosis in mind, and be aware of the clinical and imaging findings consistent with a choledochal cyst in order to facilitate appropriate work up, referral and treatment.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the Cystic Artery Secondary to Cholecystitis as a Cause of Hemobilia: Report of a Case

Spontaneous intracholecystic bleeding is very rare. We report herein a very rare case of a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery due to acute cholecystitis. A 58-year-old man presented at the emergency department complaining of colicky pain in the right upper quadrant. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an early-enhanced pooling of contrast material (suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery) inside the neck of the gallbladder. After the proximal control of the hepatic artery, the patient underwent a cholecystectomy and a ligation of the cystic artery. The resected specimen of the gallbladder showed evidence of a massive intracholecystic hematoma. Proximal to the impacted gallstone in the neck, a 2-cm diameter saccular-type pseudoaneurysm was identified. Although a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery is very rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of hemobilia. Once the pseudoaneurysm is confirmed, its embolization before a cholecystectomy (which can be attempted laparoscopically) may be useful to ensure the safety of the patient.     

Hemobilia as a result of right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture: An unusual complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

INTRODUCTION

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has many complications which may be seen due to anatomical variations, lack of experience of the surgeon or three dimensional visualization, or insufficient exposure of the surgical field; including vascular injuries. Here we present a case of pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery leading to hemobilia after rupturing into the biliary system.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 43-year-old male patient presented to our clinic 3 weeks post laparoscopic cholecystectomy with right upper quadrant pain, melena and hematemesis. After stabilizing the patient, Doppler ultrasonography, abdominal computer tomography and selective right hepatic artery angiography were performed and a pseudoaneurysm was established on the anterior posterior bifurcation of right hepatic artery. Right hepatic artery ligation and a T-tube placement after choledocotomy were performed. The patient recovered completely.

DISCUSSION

Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery may arise as a complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clip encroachments, mechanical or thermal injury during the procedure are likely to be precipitating factors. Today, transarterial embolization (TAE) is the gold standard for the management of hemobilia, and if it fails, the next step in management is surgical. Surgery is limited to extra-hepatic or gallbladder bleeding, and for TAE failure.

CONCLUSION

In cases of GI bleeding the awareness of the surgeon should be drawn to a clinical suspicion of hemobilia and an underlying hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm that can arise as a complication. CT angiography should be performed for early diagnosis and management in such patients.     

Successful laparoscopic management of duplicate gallbladder: A case report and review of literature

IntroductionGallbladder duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. Recognition of this anomaly and its various types is important since it can complicate a simple hepatobiliary surgical procedure.Presentation of caseWe report a case of a 42 year old female who presented a 6 year history of intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Her basic blood investigations including liver function tests were normal. Pre-operative imaging revealed a cystic lesion communicating with biliary tree representing duplicated gallbladder. She subsequently underwent successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The operative challenges were more than those anticipated at the usual laparoscopic gallbladder procedures. After six months follow up the patient remained asymptomatic.DiscussionPreoperative diagnosis plays a crucial role in planning surgery, and preventing possible biliary injuries or re-operation if accessory gallbladder has been overlooked during initial surgery. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is the imaging modality of choice for suspected duplicate gallbladder. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for duplicate gallbladder is a challenging operation and should be performed with meticulous dissection of the cysto-hepatic triangle.ConclusionGallbladder anomalies should be anticipated in the presence of a cystic lesion reported around the gallbladder. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains feasible for intervention and should be done by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography uncovering massive gallbladder mucocele in a patient with ambiguous clinical and laboratory findings: A case report

IntroductionRadiological imaging of the gallbladder is a fundamental aspect of assessing severity of acute cholecystitis in addition to guiding the optimal timing of surgical intervention. We present a case of acute severe cholecystitis with massive gallbladder mucocele initially presenting with equivocal and inconclusive clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound findings. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography allowed accurate evaluation of cholelithiasis and demonstrated a massive gallbladder mucocele.Case presentationA 39-year-old Caucasian female presented with mild right upper quadrant pain coupled with intermittent epigastric discomfort after meals. Diagnostic abdominal ultrasound could not reliably detect cystic or common bile duct stones due to patient obesity and meteorism. Computed tomography was contraindicated due to severe contrast allergy. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography allowed timely, accurate evaluation of cholelithiasis. This subsequently demonstrated a massive gallbladder mucocele requiring urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.ConclusionMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography should be considered as a complementary imaging modality to assess patients presenting with atypical biliary symptoms, particularly when ultrasound is equivocal or inconclusive, clinical and laboratory findings are non-specific, and computer tomography is contraindicated. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can also be considered in patients with acute cholecystitis not adherent to a specific severity grade.     

The deceitful diagnosis of gallbladder volvulus: A case report

Introduction and importanceThe gallbladder volvulus is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an axial torsion of the gallbladder along the cystic pedicle, causing gallbladder ischemia and necrosis. This paper aims to present and discuss a rare case of gallbladder volvulus. This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria 2020 [1].Case presentationWe report the case of a 90-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency room with sharp right upper abdominal quadrant pain of acute onset associated with vomiting, evolving for the last 12 h. She had no fever nor jaundice. Her body mass index (BMI) was 22. She had kyphosis, and scoliosis. Physical examination found tenderness with a palpable mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Laboratory test results showed leukocytosis at 11600 /mL and a high C-reactive protein rate at 40 mg/L revealed acute calculous cholecystitis features. However, emergency laparotomy was performed and discovered a gallbladder volvulus. A detorsion and cholecystectomy were performed with a good outcome.Clinical discussionThe preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder volvulus is difficult due to its misleading clinical presentation mimicking acute cholecystitis. The presence of the three highly suggestive triad clinical signs should encourage the radiologist to search for a gallbladder with a horizontal orientation and located outside its anatomical fossa connected to the liver by a conical structure corresponding to the twisted pedicle in ultrasonography. Unlike ordinary acute cholecystitis, which may sometimes tolerate an initial conservative medical treatment, gallbladder volvulus management is always an emergency cholecystectomy.ConclusionDespite the clinical similarities with the classical acute calculous cholecystitis, gallbladder volvulus is more likely to result in fatal outcome. Therefore, a high level of clinical suspicion is necessary to save lives.     

Lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis: A rare cause of acalculous cholecystitis in immunocompetent patients – A case report

IntroductionEosinophilic and lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis are uncommonly encountered causes of acalculous cholecystitis characterised by a clinical presentation of acute cholecystitis with eosinophilic infiltration of the gallbladder. Acalculous cholecystitis is a disease that is traditionally associated with patients who are critically unwell and immunosuppressed.Presentation of caseA fit and well 37-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 12 -h history of constant upper abdominal pain radiating through to his back. Abdominal examination revealed tenderness in the right upper quadrant with a positive Murphy’s sign. An abdominal ultrasound was performed, revealing a thickened gallbladder wall with probe tenderness, but no gallstones. He proceeded to an uneventful emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Histological examination of the gallbladder revealed mucosal and transmural inflammation comprising of lymphocytes and more than 50 % eosinophils. No gallstones were found. A diagnosis of lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis was made. The patient had improvement in his symptoms and was discharged home. He was well at follow-up.DiscussionThere is a small subset of immunocompetent patients who are not critically unwell who present with acalculous cholecystitis. There is significant hesitancy in offering a cholecystectomy to these patients without radiological evidence of gallstones or sludge preoperatively. Cholecystectomy should be offered to these patients if the clinical picture fits acute cholecystitis.ConclusionEosinophilic and lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis are important causes of acalculous cholecystitis that can occur in immunocompetent patients. The decision to offer the patient a cholecystectomy should be based on clinical presentation and examination, rather than the absence or presence of gallstones.     

Comparison of ultrasonography,computerized tomography,and radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis of acute and chronic cholecystitis

Seventy-five patients with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant who were subsequently confirmed operatively and histologically to have acute or chronic cholecystitis underwent radionuclide imaging of the biliary tree, ultrasonography, and/or computerized tomography before operation. Fiftyeight of the patients had acute cholecystitis and 17 had chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Analysis of our data indicates that ultrasonography is an accurate and better screening test than cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, but it is less accurate in the detection of acute cholecystitis. On the other hand, radionuclide imaging is highly sensitive and specific in the early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, but it is poor in the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis unless the cystic duct is obstructed. CT scanning is more expensive than ultrasonography but may be extremely helpful in problematic cases such as the diagnosis of the cause of biliary obstruction or in imaging of the pancreas.     

Biliary hyperkinesia,a new diagnosis or misunderstood pathophysiology of dyskinesia: A case report

IntroductionBiliary colic, characterized by intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain is a common complaint in the United States population. Patients whose pain is undiagnosed by ultrasound generally undergo hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan with cholecystokinin stimulation (HIDA-CCK) to assess function of the gallbladder and biliary tree. Traditionally, two outcomes are possible based on a measured ejection fraction of the gallbladder: either dyskinesia or normal function is diagnosed. Biliary dyskinesia, or hypokinesia of the gallbladder, is accepted as an ejection fraction less than 35%, while an accepted normal functioning gallbladder ejection fraction is greater than 35%.CaseWe report a case of a fifteen-year-old female who had functional gallbladder disease per Rome IV criteria due to intermittent biliary colic, with exception to the ejection fraction measurement which was elevated at 96.5%. She underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with complete symptom resolution.DiscussionAs demonstrated in the literature reviewed here, these subsets of patients, who present with normal to high ejection fractions, have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy with resolution of pain in several case studies.ConclusionMany unknown variables still exist due to lack of prospective studies, most notably the pathophysiology and definitive indications for surgical treatment. As such, we propose that surgical options should not be limited to those who display the traditional findings of biliary dyskinesia, but also patients who demonstrate typical symptoms with normal to elevated ejection fraction, following work up to rule out the extensive differential diagnoses for right upper quadrant abdominal pain.     

Microlithiasis, endoscopic ultrasound, and children: not just little gallstones in little adults

Purpose

Biliary microlithiasis is an uncommon but recognized cause of upper abdominal pain, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and pancreatitis in adults. Gallstones smaller than 3 mm may not be seen on transabdominal ultrasound and may only be seen on endoscopic ultrasound. This condition is poorly described in children. The aim of this study is to review the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to treat biliary microlithiasis in a pediatric case series.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case review of children with biliary microlithiasis who were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Results

Three children were diagnosed with biliary microlithiasis. Two patients had recurrent right upper quadrant pain and nausea. A third patient had midepigastric pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. All 3 had a normal gallbladder on transabdominal ultrasound. Additional imaging with hepatobiliary scan, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed no biliary source for symptoms. Endoscopic ultrasound was performed on all 3 children, demonstrating microlithiasis of the gallbladder. Each child had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiogram. No abnormalities were seen on intraoperative cholangiogram. All 3 children had alleviation of pain and improvement of symptoms in postoperative follow-up.

Conclusion

Children with biliary microlithiasis and associated clinical symptoms can be successfully treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopic ultrasound should be considered in the evaluation of the child with clinical biliary symptoms and a negative transabdominal ultrasound result.     

A case report of choledocholithiasis 33 years after cholecystectomy

IntroductionCholedocholithiasis after cholecystectomy is rare and often attributed to surgical clip migration and subsequent nidus formation.Presentation of caseThis case demonstrates choledocholithiasis following cholecystectomy with a latency period of 33 years.DiscussionThe patient presented with pain of the right upper quadrant (RUQ). Subsequent abdominal-pelvic CT imaging revealed dilation of the common bile duct. Further Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography was indicative of choledocholithiasis. Additional findings included a long cystic duct remnant and surgical clips in the RUQ.ConclusionThe patient underwent biliary sphincterotomy and sludge and stone fragments were swept from the biliary tree. To our knowledge, a latency of 33 years between cholecystectomy and choledocholithiasis has never been reported before, at least not in a patient without coexisting duodenal diverticulum, a condition associated with lithiasis of the common bile duct. Our case raises discussion of potential etiologies for such long latency, including surgical clip migration, remnant cystic duct lithiasis, and primary choledocholithiasis; and further details the incidence of such long latency periods following cholecystectomy     

Old man gallbladder syndrome: Gangrenous cholecystitis in the unsuspected patient population

IntroductionAcute cholecystitis is a common surgical condition, but not many are aware of the serious complication of gangrenous cholecystitis (GC). Presence of GC increases patients’ postoperative complications, morbidity and mortality. Predictive factors for GC include age >45, male gender, white blood cell count >13,000/mm3 and ultrasound findings of a negative Murphy’s sign.Case presentation(1) GW, 83 male with dull right upper quadrant pain and a negative Murphy’s sign with further imaging showing a thickened septated gallbladder suggestive of GC. Patient’s surgery was difficult and he received a cholecystostomy tube for drainage. (2) PH, 75 male with minimal right upper quadrant pain, equivocal ultrasound with a negative Murphy’s sign and computer tomography (CT) showing acute cholecystitis. Patient was taken to the operating room for cholecystectomy, with pathology consistent with gangrenous cholecystitis.DiscussionMultiple laboratory findings and imaging patterns have been found to be highly predictive of GC. Along with age and WBC, thickened gallbladder wall and lack of mucosal enhancement have been predictive of GC. On physical examination, lack of Murphy’s sign secondary to denervation from gangrenous changes also increases the index of suspicion for GC.ConclusionGC is a serious complication of acute cholecystitis with increased morbidity and mortality. There should be a high index of suspicion for GC if the above unique physical and laboratory findings are present.     

Massive Hemobilia: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

Background

Massive hemobilia is a rare but potentially life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In this retrospective analysis, we have evaluated the challenges involved in the diagnosis and management of massive hemobilia.

Methods

Between 2001 and 2011, a total of 20 consecutive patients (14 males) who were treated in our department for massive hemobilia were included in the study and their records were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Causes of hemobilia were blunt liver trauma (n = 9), hepatobiliary intervention (n = 4), post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (n = 3), hepatobiliary tumors (n = 3), and vascular malformation (n = 1). Melena, abdominal pain, hematemesis, and jaundice were the leading symptoms. All patients had undergone upper GI endoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, and computerized tomography of the abdomen. An angiogram and therapeutic embolization were done in 12 patients and was successful in nine but failed in three, requiring surgery. Surgical procedures performed were right hepatectomy (n = 4), extended right hepatectomy (n = 1), segmentectomy (n = 1), extended cholecystectomy (n = 1), repair of the pseudoaneurysm (n = 3), and right hepatic artery ligation (n = 1).

Conclusion

The successful diagnosis of hemobilia depends on a high index of suspicion for patients with upper GI bleeding and biliary symptoms. Although transarterial embolization is the therapeutic option of choice for massive hemobilia, surgery has a definitive role in patients with hemodynamic instability, after failed embolization, and in patients requiring laparotomy for other reasons.     

Emphysematous cholecystitis a surgical emergency condition

Introduction

Emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare form of acute cholecystitis (1%) that demands immediate surgical intervention due to its high mortality (15%) and morbidity rate. It is more frequent among male patients and in those who suffer from diabetes mellitus.

Case presentation

This report refers to a 56-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the hospital due to upper abdominal pain accompanied by episodes of vomit. His personal history record included diabetes mellitus that was managed with oral antidiabetic drugs, and a high-fat dinner before the onset of symptoms. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the abdomen and guarding in the right upper quadrant. His laboratory test results indicated leucocytosis (16.200/mm³), neutrophilia (93%) and glucose of 254 mg/dl; the remaining results were not pathological. Imaging examination of the abdomen with X-ray showed a gas-fluid level on the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and distended intestinal loops. Ultrasonography was performed, but as it was not diagnostic, the patient was submitted to computerized tomography of the abdomen. CT scanning revealed cholecystitis, air in the gallbladder and the bile duct, and a gas-fluid level within the gallbladder; such imaging findings are diagnostic of emphysematous cholecystitis. The patient was taken to the operating theatre, and an emergency open cholecystectomy was performed. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and he was discharged from hospital the 7th postoperative day. At annual follow-up, he was free of symptoms.

Conclusions

Emphysematous cholecystitis is an important surgical emergency condition that demands prompt diagnosis and immediate intervention because it is related to a high frequency of complications and mortality. CT scanning represents the diagnostic examination of excellence, and open cholecystectomy is considered the surgical treatment of choice.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery with hemobilia treated by arterial embolization and elective cholecystectomy

Pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery is a rare cause of hemobilia, with only 11 cases having been reported in the English literature. We report this unusual condition in a 62-year-old Japanese man whose chief complaint was repeated upper abdominal pain. A liver function test showed obstructive jaundice, and endoscopy revealed a small amount of blood coming from the papilla of Vater. We diagnosed him as having hemobilia, and immediate angiography was performed. The results demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm arising in the cystic artery. Selective embolization of the cystic artery then followed. Ten days later the patient underwent elective cholecystectomy and had a good postoperative course. Microscopically, the resected specimen revealed caliculous cholecystitis and an organized pseudoaneurysm perforating the lumen of the gallbladder. We supposed that this pseudoaneurysm was associated with the inflammatory reaction seen with the acute cholecystitis. This case emphasizes the need for a high level of awareness of hemobilia whenever bleeding is associated with signs of biliary disorders. Immediate angiography and embolization of the pseudoaneurysm followed by radical surgery may be the preferred strategy. We believe this is the first reported case of successful “two-step” treatment of such a pseudoaneurysm. Received: February 6, 2002 / Accepted: June 17, 2002 Offprint requests to: A. Maeda Shizuoka Cancer Center, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, 1007 Shimo-Nagakubo, Sunto-Nagaizumi, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan     

Acute Cytomegalovirus Cholecystitis Following Renal Transplantation

Solid organ transplant recipients are at risk of infection from cytomegalovirus (CMV). A wide range of disease is associated with CMV infection and we report two cases of CMV cholecystitis in patients following renal transplantation. Both patients presented with severe hemorrhagic cholecystitis, which required immediate resuscitation and emergency cholecystectomy. The diagnosis of CMV infection was confirmed in both cases using CMV-specific staining of the gallbladder. The diagnosis of CMV cholecystitis must be considered in all patients with upper abdominal pain after renal transplantation.     

Acute cholecystitis secondary to hemobilia after percutaneous liver biopsy.

A case of obstructive acute cholecystitis following percutaneous liver biopsy is presented. The patient complained of intense and continuous pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen 2 days after the liver biopsy. On abdominal examination, Murphy's sign was present. Hemogram revealed a fall in the hematocrit level from 44 to 38 because of hemobilia. Ultrasonography showed a dilated gallbladder with moderate thickness of the wall and a blood clot of 20 x 9 mm inside. The patient was subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The acute inflammation of the gallbladder was secondary to obstruction of the cystic duct by the blood clot. The postoperative period was uneventful.     

Double cystic duct,a review of literature with report of a new case

IntroductionAlthough cystic duct variation is quite common, duplication of cystic duct is an extreme rare variant. We report a case of double cystic duct with literature review. A 33-year old female presented with right upper quadrant pain of three day duration, associated with nausea and poor appetite. The patient reported previous three attacks of right upper quadrant pain within the last two years. On examination: Murphy's sign was positive and the right upper quadrant was tender. Abdominal ultrasound showed multiple gall stones. Oesophago-gastro- duodenoscopy was normal. Under general anesthesia, four port formal laparoscopy was done, double cystic duct was found. Histopathological examination showed features of chronic cholecystitis.Conclusiondouble cystic duct is a very rare variant of the cystic duct anomaly. Identification pre or intraoperatively is very important to prevent ductal injury.