护理专业学生职业相关法律法规认知态度调查

目的了解护生对职业相关法律、法规的认知情况，为在校护生法律教育提供参考。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷，对249名护理大专和185名护理本科护生进行职业相关法律知识认知态度的调查。结果护生了解职业相关法律知识的途径分别为学校（92．4％）、媒体（66．7％）、医院（32．7％）、其他（39．6％）；护生的认知态度总分为51.92±2．43；专科护生对护士管理办法、医疗事故处理条例、民法、医疗用毒性药品管理办法、刑法、刑事诉讼法的认知态度得分显著低于本科护生（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论护生对职业相关法律、法规认知态度积极，其中专科护生相对较差；应采取多种教育方式和途径提高护生认知水平，尤其应加强专科护生的教育力度。     

实习前本科护生相关法律知识调查分析

目的 了解实习前本科护生的法律知识现状,为学校和实习单位对护生进行法律知识教育提供依据.方法 应用自行设计的本科护生相关法律知识及需求调查表对100名实习前本科护生进行问卷调查.结果 实习前本科护生相关法律知识基本了解,但对临床问题认识不足,掌握不深刻,对临床工作中相关法律问题的回答正确率仅为42.9%;本科护生现有法律知识主要来源是新闻,其迫切希望从课堂获取法律知识.结论 实习前本科护生法律知识相对欠缺,急需采取多种方法和途径,提高护生相关法律知识水平,保证医疗护理安全.     

本科实习护生的患者安全态度和职业素养影响因素分析

目的探讨本科实习护生的患者安全态度和职业素养的影响因素,为学校和医院开展针对性的患者安全教育和职业素养培训提供依据。方法采用中文版实习护生患者安全态度和职业素养问卷、护生职业认同问卷、目标追求的入世、出世量表和自行设计的一般资料问卷对206名本科实习护生进行调查分析。结果本科实习护生的患者安全态度和职业素养总分为(117.32±14.38)分。多元线性回归分析表明学制、职业认同感和目标追求的入世心理对本科护生的患者安全态度和职业素养有显著影响(P0.05,P0.01),共解释其总变异的29.5%。结论本科实习护生的患者安全态度和职业素养有待进一步提升,护理教育者应结合相关因素制定干预措施以促进本科护生尤其是五年制及职业认同感较低者患者安全态度和职业素养的提升。     

不同层次护生整体护理能力测试成绩分析

目的 探讨各层次护生对患者实施整体护理能力的差距,分析其原因并提出相应的改进措施.方法 随机选取同一医院实习的专科、本科、专升本护生各22名,在实习后期进行整体护理综合考核,统一评分标准,总成绩按百分制计分.结果 在汇报病历及评估、口述护理诊断及护理措施、健康教育3个方面,本科组、专升本组考核成绩显著高于专科组(均P＜0.01);在护理技术操作方面,专科组和本科组显著高于专升本组(均P＜0.01);在专业理论知识方面,本科组显著高于专科组(P＜0.01);考核总分本科组显著高于专科组(P＜0.05).结论 专科护生护理评估技能、护理诊断及健康教育能力亟待加强,同时理论联系实践的应用能力有待提高;应重视专升本护生技术操作的正规训练.     

护理本科生艾滋病知识、态度与护理意愿调查分析

目的了解护理本科生艾滋病知识、态度、护理意愿及其相关性。方法采用问卷方法对 6 8名护理本科学生(护生 )进行现况调查。结果护生的艾滋病知识均分为 (13.7± 3.1)分 ,对职业感染、不可能传播HIV的途径等知识回答正确率低。态度均分为 0 .89分 ,86 .8%的护生的态度分为正分 ,表示同情和支持艾滋病病人 ,但对因静脉吸毒、性乱、同性恋染上艾滋病者持歧视态度。护理意愿均分为 (77.7± 2 5 .3)分 ,有 2 5 .0 %的护生表示不愿意为艾滋病病人提供护理。相关分析表明艾滋病知识、态度、护理意愿之间呈显著正相关关系。结论护生艾滋病知识掌握不够全面 ,对艾滋病病人护理意愿低 ;需加强对护生艾滋病知识的培训 ,改善对病人的态度 ,提高护生为艾滋病病人提供护理的意愿     

低年级本科护生职业态度与社会支持的相关性研究

目的了解低年级本科护生职业态度,探讨其职业态度与社会支持的关系。方法对101名低年级本科护生进行职业态度、社会支持问卷调查。结果低年级本科护生总体职业态度评分2.6~7.4(4.8±1.4)分,58.4%本科护生职业态度中立偏积极,41.6%本科护生中立偏消极;护生职业态度与社会支持总分、主观支持及支持利用度呈显著正相关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论多数低年级本科护生职业态度中立偏积极,护生职业态度与社会支持密切相关。需加强护生职业态度教育,为其提供各种心理及行为支持,培养护生的职业兴趣。     

实习前本科护生相关法律知识调查分析

目的了解实习前本科护生的法律知识现状，为学校和实习单位对护生进行法律知识教育提供依据。方法应用自行设计的本科护生相关法律知识及需求调查表对100名实习前本科护生进行问卷调查。结果实习前本科护生相关法律知识基本了解，但对临床问题认识不足，掌握不深刻，对临床工作中相关法律问题的回答正确率仅为42.9％；本科护生现有法律知识主要来源是新闻，其迫切希望从课堂获取法律知识。结论实习前本科护生法律知识相对欠缺，急需采取多种方法和途径，提高护生相关法律知识水平，保证医疗护理安全。     

临床实习前护生健康教育认知调查及对策

对29名护理专业专科护生临床实习前进行健康教育认知调查,分析存在的问题,开采取相应的对策。结果护生健康教育的态度与知识均有明显不足。提出学校应当通过开设《健康教育》课程等途径．使护生认识到健康教育的重要性,掌握健康教育相关理论知识和技能。     

实习护生受临床护理教师影响调查

目的 了解实习护生受临床护理教师的影响程度.为临床培养和选拔优秀教师提供依据.为科学管理临床教师提出建设性意见.方法 应用自设问卷对196名实习护生进行调查.结果 临床护理教师时护生的影响主要表现为实习效果、工作态度、专业思想、求知欲和心理压力;专科护生在专业思想、求知欲、心理压力3个方面受临床教师的影响高于本科护生(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 护理管理者应科学地培养和管理临床高素质师资队伍;临床教师应注重自身建设,以楷模形象影响护生.     

实习护生职业态度及相关因素调查分析

目的 调查实习护生的职业态度现状,找出相关影响因素.方法 采用护士职业态度量表和自行设计的影响因素问卷对2所护理学院244名实习护生进行调查.结果 护生职业态度评分2.10～7.27(4.96±1.14)分,66.4%护生中立偏积极,33.6%护生中立偏消极;排序前10位的条目为并不是任何人都适合做护理工作、护士长期"三班倒"有碍身体健康、世俗的偏见影响护士职业观念的形成等;自愿选择护理专业者职业态度评分显著高于家人的意愿及调剂专业者(均P＜0.05).逐步回归分析显示同学态度、其他专业同学的态度、就业压力、归属感、求知需要、自我实现需要是职业态度的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 护生对护理职业的态度一般,其态度受较多因素的影响,有关部门应从多方面入手,提高护生的护理职业观,同时缓解护生的就业压力,促其形成稳定积极的职业态度.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.