氯诺昔康对胃癌患者术后曲马多镇痛的影响

目的　评价氯诺昔康对胃癌患者术后自控静脉镇痛 (PCIA)曲马多用量的影响。方法36例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期胃癌根治术的患者 ,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组在麻醉前、关腹时分别静注氯诺昔康 8mg ;术后第 1天分两次各静注氯诺昔康 8mg。两组均以佳士比 930 0型电子镇痛泵行曲马多PCIA。镇痛配方为曲马多 1 0mg/kg ,用生理盐水稀释至 1 0 0ml,负荷剂量曲马多 1mg/kg、恩丹西酮 4mg。背景输注 0 5ml/h ,PCA每次 1ml,锁定时间 6min。镇痛期间定时行视觉模拟镇痛评分 (VAS)和舒适度评分 (BCS)。结果　两组具有相同的镇痛效果 ,VAS、BCS均无统计学差异(P >0 0 5 ) ;但观察组 4 8h内曲马多用药量为 (34 2 5± 3 4 1 )ml,明显少于对照组 (4 8 0 8± 3 1 2 )ml(P <0 0 1 )。结论　氯诺昔康明显减少PCIA期曲马多的用药量及其不良反应 ,可作为多模式镇痛药物的选择     

静脉与硬膜外泵注曲马多病人自控镇痛的比较

目的　比较术后静脉和经硬膜外应用曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCA)的临床效果和安全性。方法　 5 2例胸部和上腹部手术病人随机分为静脉注射曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCIA)组和经硬膜外曲马多病人自控镇痛 (PCEA)组 ,每组 2 6例。两组曲马多负荷量为 1mg/kg ,PCA药物配方均为曲马多 60 0mg +氟哌利多 5mg + 0 9%氯化钠至 10 0ml,持续给药注速 2ml/h ,单次PCA剂量 0 5ml,锁定时间 15分钟。术后定时进行镇痛、镇静评分 ,2 4小时曲马多用量 ,患者满意度及不良反应的观察比较。结果　PCIA组 2 4小时用药量、按键次数及术后视觉模似评分 (VAS)均明显低于PCEA组 (P<0 0 5 )。两组镇静评分低且无明显差异。患者对术后镇痛总体满意程度良好至优秀均在 84 6%以上 ,不良反应发生率两组间无显著性差异。结论　曲马多用于术后镇痛安全有效。但曲马多PCIA镇痛效果明显优于曲马多PCEA ,且用药量少。     

加巴喷丁对全麻隆胸术后镇痛的影响

目的:观察全麻隆胸术前口服加巴喷丁对患者手术后疼痛的影响.方法:选择在腋窝切口全麻下隆胸患者40例,随机分为2组,每组20例.实验组术前给予加巴喷丁300 mg口服,对照组口服等剂量安慰剂.以视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定术后疼痛程度,刚刚并记录不良作用的发生率.结果:与对照组相比,实验组术后4、16、24 h时VAS明显降低(P＜0.05),而24 h内两组不良反应发生率没有统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:术前应用加巴喷丁300mg联合全麻对隆胸术后疼痛具有良好的镇痛作用,不良反应发生率无明显增高.     

全子宫切除术后布托啡诺与曲马多静脉自控镇痛的比较

目的 比较布托啡诺与曲马多术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 112例经腹全子宫切除全麻患者随机均分为两组:布托啡诺组术后使用布托啡诺0.2 mg/kg PCIA;曲马多组使用曲马多10 nag/kg PCIA.进行术后48 h视觉模拟疼痛(VAS)评分、镇静和满意度评分,记录不良反应.结果 布托啡诺组术后VAS评分和PCA过度使用者明显少于曲马多组[(1.6±0.5)vs.(3.4±1.1)和(5 vs.11)](P＜0.05),镇静和满意度评分明显高于曲马多组(P＜0.01);布托啡诺组不良反应9例(16.1%),少于曲马多组的17例(30.4%)(P＜0.05).结论 布托啡诺0.2 mg/kg术后PCIA效果优于曲马多10 mg/kg,不良反应发生率较低.     

地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 择期行开胸手术患者120例,随机均分为三组,术后均行PCIA,镇痛药配方分别为地佐辛30 mg+芬太尼0.5 mg(A组),地佐辛30 mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组),芬太尼0.5mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组),均加入托烷司琼6mg,且用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,初始负荷剂量2 ml,背景剂量2ml/h,单次PCA剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.观察并记录患者术后2、4、8、24、48h的VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分,以及术后24 h内PCA按压次数和不良反应.结果 术后2、4h,A组VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分和术后24 h内PCA按压次数明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05).术后2h,A组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于B、C组,术后4、8、24 h高于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,而地佐辛复合芬太尼在术后最初数小时内镇痛效果欠佳,不良反应偏高.     

东莨菪碱-曲马多-芬太尼复合液用于剖宫产术后镇痛

目的观察静脉东莨菪碱配伍曲马多与芬太尼在剖宫产术后镇痛的临床效果及不良反应。方法ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级行剖宫产术病人60例,随机分为东莨菪碱组(S组)和氟哌利多组(D组),每组30例。S组,东莨菪碱0·3mg 曲马多500mg 芬太尼0·5mg;D组,氟哌利多2·5mg 曲马多500mg 芬太尼0·5mg。均以生理盐水配置100ml药袋,静脉给予负荷剂量4ml后连接镇痛泵进行病人自控镇痛(PCA)。术后24、48h行视觉模拟评分(VAS)和镇静评分,并对用药总量、PCA量及不良反应发生情况进行观察比较。结果两组VAS差异无显著意义。D组术后24h用药总量、PCA量和镇静评分均大于术后48h,D组术后24h镇静评分比S组高(P<0·05),不良反应发生率D组明显高于S组。结论东莨菪碱配伍曲马多及芬太尼应用于剖宫产术后镇痛安全有效,不良反应发生率明显低于氟哌利多。     

曲马多复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在患儿术后静脉镇痛中的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼联合曲马多用于患儿术后镇痛的安全性、有效性和最佳剂量.方法 选择气管插管全麻下择期手术患儿60例,行术后静脉镇痛,随机均分为三组:A组,曲马多10mg/kg+舒芬太尼1.6 μ g/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg;B组,曲马多10 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.0 μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg;C组,曲马多10 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.4 μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2mg/kg.术毕清醒拔管后开启镇痛泵,负荷量2 ml,持续量2 ml/h,PCA 1.5 ml,锁定时问15 min.术后镇痛效果不佳时,单次静推曲马多0.5～1.0 mg/kg作为补救措施.分别于术后2、4、8、12、24、48 h采用VAS评分法和Ramsay镇静评分法评估患儿术后疼痛程度和镇静程度;记录术后48 h舒芬太尼和曲马多总用量、PCA总按压次数和有效按压次数;同时观察术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况.结果 术后2、4、8、1 2、24、48hB、C组VAS评分均明显低于、Ramsay镇静评分明显高于A组(P＜0.05),C组Ramsay镇静评分明显高于B组(P＜0.05).C组PONV发生率明显高于A、B组(P＜0.05).与A组比较,B组和C组舒芬太尼总用量增加、曲马多总用量减少、PCA总按压次数减少、有效按压率增加(P＜0.05).结论 曲马多复合舒芬太尼用于患儿术后静脉镇痛安全、有效,最佳镇痛方案是曲马多0.2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2 mg/kg,镇痛及镇静效果满意,不良反应发生率低.     

术中负荷剂量曲马多对术后吗啡PCA效果的影响

目的　研究术中负荷剂量曲马多的使用对术后吗啡病人自控镇痛 (PCA)效果的影响。方法　 6 0例腹部手术患者 ,采用随机、双盲、对照试验的方法于手术结束前静脉给予生理盐水 (对照组 )、1mg/kg曲马多或 2mg/kg曲马多。术后使用吗啡静脉PCA进行镇痛。观察术后镇痛效果及不良反应。结果　曲马多组与对照组比较 ,术后清醒时间、拔管时间、术后呼吸次数和血氧饱和度均无显著差异。 2mg/kg曲马多组在给药后 1小时和 8小时VAS评分分别为 (1 33± 1 4 6 )分和 (1 5 4±1 6 5 )分 ,对照组分别为 (2 78± 1 87)分和 (2 6 1± 2 0 6 )分 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。结果还显示 ,术毕给予 2mg/kg曲马多可明显减少术后PCA的吗啡用量及补救吗啡用量。 结论　术中使用 2mg/kg负荷剂量的曲马多可有效改善术后吗啡PCA的镇痛效果 ,并可减少PCA吗啡和补救吗啡用量。同时 ,曲马多的使用对术毕的清醒时间和呼吸恢复没有明显影响     

氯胺酮复合曲马多病人自控静脉镇痛用于肝功能不全患者术后镇痛

目的　研究小剂量氯胺酮复合曲马多应用于肝功能不全患者术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的可行性和安全性。方法 4 0例肝炎后肝硬化合并脾功能亢进需行脾切除术的患者 ,ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级 ,随机等分为T组 (曲马多 15 0 0mg、恩丹西酮 8mg加生理盐水至 15 0ml)、TK组 (曲马多12 0 0mg、氯胺酮 30 0mg、恩丹西酮 8mg加生理盐水至 15 0ml)。两组持续输注速度 0 0 3ml·kg 1·h 1,首剂为 0 1ml/kg ,单次PCA给药剂量 2ml,锁定时间 15min。记录术后第 2、4、8、16、2 4、36、4 8、72h的VAS评分、PCIA用药量、PCA总按压次数 /有效按压次数 (D/D)、呼吸和循环的状况以及不良反应的发生情况。结果　两组患者一般情况相同 ,术后第 3天的肝功能与术前相比无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。两组患者呼吸通畅 ,SpO2 均在 96 %以上。在术后 36h内TK组的VAS评分、用药量、D/D明显低于T组 (P <0 0 1) ,36h以后无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;两组患者的并发症发生率无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　小剂量氯胺酮复合曲马多可以改善镇痛效果 ,明显减少曲马多的用量 ,可以安全有效地应用于肝功能不全的患者术后静脉镇痛     

细胞色素P450 2D6*10基因多态性对剖腹术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛的影响

目的评价细胞色素P450 2D6*10(CYP2D6*10)基因多态性对剖腹术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛的影响。方法择期剖腹术患者100例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,经肘正中静脉采血2 ml,采用PCR方法进行细胞色素P450 CYP2D6*10基因分型,分为野生型纯合子组(w/w组,n=28),杂合子组(m/w组,n=24)和突变型纯合子组(m/m组,n=42)。手术结束前30 min,静脉注射曲马多100mg、格拉司琼1 mg。清醒后VAS≤4分开始PCA,若VAS4分追加曲马多50 mg,30 min后VAS≤4分,继续单纯行PCA,若VAS4分则静脉注射芬太尼50μg,至VAS≤4分继续单纯行PCA,曲马多PCA背景输注速率12 mg/h,PCA剂量15 mg,锁定时间15 min,记录术后2、4、24、48和72 h曲马多累积用量及PCA次数,并行VAS评分。结果术后3 d w/w组、m/w组和m/m组曲马多用量分别为(130±26)mg,(147±44)mg,(157±34)mg,三组差异无统计学意义。与m/m组比较,术后2 h w/w组、m/w组患者VAS评分明显降低(P0.05)。术后4 h w/w组、m/w组患者自控次数明显减少(P0.05)。结论 CPY2D6*10基因多态性是影响剖腹术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛遗传因素之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.