射频消融治疗肝肿瘤的临床应用价值

【目的】研究建立超声引导射频消融复发率较高的肝肿瘤 (>3.5cm)的治疗方案 ,评价临床应用效果。【方法】根据治疗范围至少达肿瘤周边 0 .5～ 1.0cm的原则 ,采用 5cm消融灶设计不同大小肿瘤重叠消融的方案。按照数学模型计算建立的治疗方案包括覆盖肿瘤所需的最少消融灶数目、定位模式及实施程序。设立易于把握的实际布针方法。临床应用对象为根据计算方案治疗的原发性肝癌患者 83例及肝转移癌患者 5 8例 ,计 14 1例 16 2个肿瘤 ,大小为 3.6～ 7.7(4 .79± 0 .96 )cm。【结果】16 2个肿瘤共穿刺消融 712个球灶。治疗后 1个月CT检查显示肿瘤完全灭活率达 90 .1% (14 6 /16 2灶 ) ,随访 3～ 38个月 ,局部复发率为 2 1.0 % (34/16 2灶 ) ,其中肝转移癌高于原发癌 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;2 6例因肿瘤复发共进行了 39次再次治疗 ,其中 18例再治疗 1次 ,8例再次治疗 2～ 3次。严重并发症为 4 .9% (7/14 1例 ) ,仅 1例复发癌再治疗 1周后肠穿孔需外科手术治疗。【结论】本计算方案的制定为超声引导射频消融治疗 3.5cm以上肝肿瘤提供了依据 ,并可指导临床实际应用。治疗结果显示该方案可显著提高肝肿瘤消融灭活率 ,减少复发 ,具有较高的临床应用。     

超声引导射频消融对136例肝转移性肿瘤的应用价值

目的探讨超声引导射频消融治疗肝转移癌的疗效及临床应用价值.方法经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗肝转移癌136例347个病灶.原发灶来自消化道肿瘤99例,乳腺癌17例,肺癌12例,其他8例.病灶最大径1.4～7.7 cm.首次射频治疗前57例为单发病灶,≥3个病灶者42例.所有患者射频治疗后1个月均行增强CT检查判断病灶灭活状况,并随访患者生存期,随访时间为3～51个月.结果治疗后24 h或1个月增强CT检查,肿瘤灭活率为95.1%.经随访共有39个病灶(11.2%)在2～19个月局部复发增大.RFA治疗后局部灭活率及复发率与病灶大小有密切关系.55例(40.4%)在RFA后1～16个月内肝脏其他部位出现新生转移灶,初次RFA治疗时病灶越少肝内出现新生转移灶的比例越小,而与RFA治疗前病灶大小无关.本组病例平均生存期为(26.22±1.85)个月.1年生存率80.3%,2年生存率43.8%,3年生存率28.8%.RFA治疗后复发未再行治疗与复发后RFA治疗1～2次患者的生存期比较有统计学意义,而与复发后再次治疗3～4次者无明显差异.发生较严重并发症3例,经保守治疗后恢复.结论超声引导RFA治疗肝脏转移癌局部灭活率高,并发症较少,可有效延长生存期;对单发病灶疗效显著,对再发或复发病例可随肿瘤的复发转移多次治疗,显示了RFA治疗肝转移癌的良好应用前景.     

提高肝肿瘤射频消融疗效及并发症处理

目的探讨提高超声引导射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌(HCC)和肝转移癌(MLC)疗效及并发症诊断、预防及处理的方法.方法对不能或不宜手术治疗的HCC 167例,MLC 112例,共计279例,597个癌灶,共进行456人次超声引导下RFA治疗.肿瘤最大长径1.0～10.8 cm,平均4.1cm.275例在门诊进行,4例在术中进行治疗.对直径大于3.5 cm的癌灶根据数学球体覆盖原理计算治疗方案及制定布针方式,以达到大肝癌原位灭活.结果治疗后1 d～1个月CT检查,279例中可见559个癌灶被灭活,有效灭活率达93.6%(559/597个灶);经1～49个月追访,局部复发率为8.2%(49/597个灶);1年、2年及3年生存率HCC为76.3%,57.2%,51.6%;MLC为70.0%,39.7%,20.3%(P＜0.05);最长达4年1个月.发生严重并发症占2.6%(12/456例次),分别为肝被膜撕裂伤出血3例,胆汁瘘2例,肝脓肿、胆管狭窄、胆囊炎、膈肌损伤、肠穿孔、针道转移、皮肤烫伤各1例.该文探讨了并发症的处理方法.结论超声引导RFA作为一种肝癌的微创局部治疗方法,具有疗效好、创伤小、患者生活质量高、可随肿瘤复发反复进行治疗等优点,重视规范的治疗方案及对并发症的正确处理,可有效提高治疗水平.     

超声引导下射频消融联合多极无水乙醇注射治疗直径3～7 cm肝细胞癌

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮射频消融联合多极无水乙醇注射治疗3 cm以上肝细胞癌的有效性和安全性.方法 对65例肝细胞癌患者的67个结节进行治疗,肿瘤直径3.1～7.0 cm,术后观察疗效及并发症发生情况.结果 首次治疗后结节的完全消融率为94.0％(63/67),4个残留的结节经补充治疗后均得到完全消融.主要并发症有3例,包括肝脓肿1例、腹腔出血1例、腹腔大量积液1例,经保守治疗后均好转.无治疗相关的死亡发生.术后平均随访(20.0±7.6)个月(6.7～32.6个月),肿瘤局部进展10例,远处复发32例.共有57例患者存活,8例死亡.1年、2年累积生存率分别为93.1％及88.1％.结论 射频消融联合多极无水乙醇注射能够安全、有效地治疗直径3 cm以上,尤其是3～5 cm的肝细胞癌.     

胆囊旁肝肿瘤射频消融治疗附加方法及疗效

目的根据超声引导射频消融(RFA)治疗胆囊旁肝肿瘤的过程及特点，探讨总结治疗方法及疗效，并分析治疗中和治疗后并发症的对应措施。方法行超声引导射频治疗的338例肝肿瘤患者763个病灶中，43例计48个病灶经超声或CT确认与胆囊关系密切；其中原发性肝细胞癌32例，肝转移癌11例。48个病灶中17个与胆囊壁分界不清，9个对胆囊壁有压迹，二者共占54．2％(26个灶)；余22个灶(45．8％)邻近胆囊距离≤0．5cm。肿瘤大小平均2．7cm(1．0～7．4cm)。患者随访时间平均19．9个月。结果射频布针次数为1～11次，平均3次。治疗后24h或1个月CT检查肿瘤完全灭活41个病灶(85．4％)；利用Kaplan Meier统计学方法显示治疗后半年无复发率为83．7％，1年无复发率78．8％。治疗中出现的生命体征改变及并发症状如下：38例(82．6％)出现心前区疼痛、右肩部疼痛或右上腹痛；16例(37．2％)治疗中发生不同程度心率减慢，最低达27次／min，均采用立即注射阿托品并吸氧后改善；18例(39．1％)治疗中及治疗后发生胆囊壁增厚；2例(4．4％)治疗后并发亚急性胆囊炎，经保守治疗后症状缓解；无一例需外科于预治疗的严重并发症。结论对胆囊旁肝肿瘤射频消融治疗重视操作技巧及应用附加方法，多数可获得较高的灭活效果，并且较少发生严重并发症，为安全可行的治疗方法。     

射频消融对较大肝肿瘤治疗范围与布针方案计算的研究

目的 探讨超声引导射频消融（radio-frequency ablation,RFA）治疗肝肿瘤中治疗范围与射频针伞径、布径次数之间的关系，设计较准确的布针定点定位方法。方法 将肿瘤模式化为类球体，根据球体覆盖原理建立数学模型，应用正棱柱法及正多面体进行推导计算，获得治疗范围与射频针伞径、布针次数的关系式。根据RFA治疗原则消融范围须超越肿瘤周边0.5cm以上，按照覆盖类球体肿瘤的计算结果，采用伞径5.0cm的射频针，治疗4.1～4.3cm的肿瘤须用正四面体法至少布针4个点，治疗4.4～5.6cm的肿瘤用正棱柱法至少布针5～8个点，5.7～6.0cm的肿瘤用三层重叠法至少布针12个点，方能达到较彻底覆盖灭活肿瘤的效果。结果 应用上述治疗方案对32个3.5～6.6cm的病灶设计布针进行RFA治疗，肿瘤灭活率达84.4%。结论 肿瘤类球体治疗计算方案对RFA治疗中不能一次覆盖的较大肿瘤，可提供分区布针方案，有助于提高RFA对肝癌的灭活率，减少肿瘤残留复发。     

腹腔镜超声引导下冷循环射频治疗肝细胞癌的初步应用体会

目的 评估腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗肝细胞癌的可行性、安全性及临床疗效.方法 对9例合并肝硬化的肝细胞癌患者进行腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗.结果 9例患者共13个肿瘤均成功进行了腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗.肿瘤直径0.7～4.2 cm,平均(2.4±1.1)cm.腹腔镜超声发现2个术前影像学未显示的病灶.3例患者同时进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术、粘连松解术以及腹壁转移灶切除术.术中无患者死亡及严重并发症发生.术后1个月增强CT显示12个病灶完全坏死.1例患者术后6个月死于肝功能衰竭,8例患者存活.结论 腹腔镜射频消融是一种安全可行的肝细胞癌治疗方法,腹腔镜超声在此过程中可准确地发现术前影像学漏诊的病灶.     

射频消融联合奥曲肽治疗邻近大血管肝癌的临床研究

目的观察射频消融(RFA)联合奥曲肽治疗邻近大血管肝癌的疗效。方法收集河北省衡水市哈励逊国际和平医院肝胆外科2008年12月至2010年6月50例患者57个邻近大血管(距门静脉或肝静脉主干或其主要分支≤1.5cm)的肝癌病灶(条件:单个癌灶≤5.0cm,或多个癌灶≤3个、最大癌灶直径≤3.0cm,肝功能Child-PughA级或B级,无肝外转移,病灶部位不能手术切除或患者不愿意手术者),随机分为:治疗组25例,行RFA联合奥曲肽治疗;对照组25例,行常规单纯RFA治疗。从肿瘤消融范围、灭活率、局部复发率进行疗效对比,观察结果。结果治疗组1个月灭活率为96.43%(27/28),对照组为89.66%(26/29);治疗组6个月局部复发率为10.71%(3/28),对照组为37.93%(11/29)。两组1个月灭活率差异无统计学意义,6个月局部复发率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),考虑灭活率与样本量较小有关,治疗组疗效优于对照组。结论持续泵入奥曲肽下RFA治疗邻近大血管肝癌可有效减少热量损失,使肿瘤消融更彻底,明显降低了残癌率及局部复发率。     

CT引导下经皮多针组合射频消融治疗大肝癌的疗效观察

目的:探讨多针组合射频消融治疗在大肝癌(≥5 cm)治疗中的价值及临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析我科2008年8月至2009年10月肝癌患者共15例.其中初诊原发性肝癌8例,肝癌术后复发3例,转移性肝癌4例,共23个病灶,直径1.0～7.3 cm.其中≤5 cm者6个,5.0～6.0 cm者14个,6.0～7.0 cm者3个,平均(5.5±0.6)cm.≥5 cm的共17个病灶,均行一次多针组合射频消融.患者依次编号,建立动态随访制度,术后24 h内即刻复查CT或MRI检查,并于第l、3、6个月分别行CT或MRI双期增强扫描评价治疗疗效.结果:1个月后肿瘤影像学评价,17个病灶中,14个完全消融,呈完全坏死,坏死率迭82%,部分消融3个,周边可见残留病灶,全组15例目前全部存活.13例动态随访6个月未见复发,2例术后3个月出现肝内转移.结论:CT引导下多针组合射频消融是治疗大肝癌近期疗效确切,是一种安全、微创、有效的方法.     

经皮微波消融治疗肝内胆管细胞癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC) 经皮微波消融治疗的有效性.方法 对病理诊断为ICC的26例患者47个结节(最大径1.0～9.9 cm,平均2.9±1.8 cm)行超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗.消融治疗范围超过癌周1.0 cm.治疗后定期随访4～35个月,随访期间微波消融灶内或周边超声造影增强影像出现新发病变视为局部肿瘤进展.结果 超声引导下对26例ICC 45个结节行根治性微波消融治疗,消融后1个月超声造影或增强MRI显示40个消融灶内或边缘无增强表现,达到完全消融;5个消融灶内或边缘有增强表现,为局部肿瘤进展,消融治疗有效率为88.9%(40/45);另2个结节行姑息性微波消融治疗.随访期内6个结节消融后发生局部肿瘤进展,局部进展率为13.3%(6/45).全组26例患者经皮微波消融治疗后6、12和24个月累计生存率分别为80.8%(21/26)、61.5%(16/26)和53.8%(14/26).术后并发症发生率为19.2%(5/26),包括肝脓肿4例(抗感染和置管引流后均治愈),针道种植1例(外科手术切除治愈).结论 超声引导下经皮微波消融ICC安全有效,可作为不适合手术切除ICC患者的治疗选择.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.