616例小儿热性惊厥首次发作的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的了解热性惊厥患儿首次发作的临床特点及危险因素,指导临床医师对有危险因素的患儿采取相应干预措施,降低热性惊厥的发生。方法选取我院2016年8月至2018年8月收治的616例首次热性惊厥患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析患儿的临床特征及首次发作危险因素,并随机抽取同期发热但无惊厥发作(既往也无惊厥病史)的601例患儿为对照组。结果616例热性惊厥患儿,男344例,女272例,汉族584例,蒙古族32例。1岁以下126例(20.5%),~3岁405例(65.8%),3岁以上85例(13.7%)。发作病因中以急性上呼吸道感染[53.6%(330/616)]、疱疹性咽峡炎[25.9%(160/616)]及幼儿急疹[10.5%(65/616)]居前3位。惊厥发作时体温在38.0℃及以上者570例(92.5%),16例(2.6%)患儿惊厥发作后出现发热。534例(86.7%)患儿在发热24 h内出现惊厥发作。608例(98.7%)患儿表现为全面强直阵挛性发作。惊厥持续时间<5 min 548例(89.0%)、~14 min 48例(7.8%)、~29 min 16例(2.6%)及≥30 min 4例(0.4%)。572例(92.9%)患儿在单次热程中仅1次惊厥发作。临床类型中单纯性热性惊厥占88.3%(544/616),复杂性热性惊厥占11.0%(68/616),惊厥持续状态占0.7%(4/616)。危险因素分析显示首次惊厥时年龄、低钠、低铁、低锌、剖宫产、异常出生史、抽搐前1周疫苗接种史及热性惊厥家族史在热性惊厥组和对照组中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现首次发热惊厥年龄、低铁、剖宫产、低钠及热性惊厥家族史是热性惊厥首次发作的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论热性惊厥首次发作多见于3岁以内婴幼儿,以单纯性热性惊厥为主,惊厥发作时体温高,易发生于发热后24 h内,病毒感染是最常见病因。引起热性惊厥首次发作的危险因素依次为首次发作年龄、低铁、剖宫产、低钠及热性惊厥家族史,针对危险因素采取相应的干预措施可降低热性惊厥的发生。     

氢质子磁共振波谱检测小儿热性惊厥及癫癎临床价值研究

目的 探讨氢质子磁共振波谱(proton maglletic resonance spectrpscopy,1H-MRS)检测在热性惊厥(febrile seizure,FS)及癫瘖(epilepsy,EP)中的临床应用价值及意义.方法 2006-2007年收治惊厥患儿共41例,其中FS组25例.其中单纯性热性惊厥(simple febrile seizure,SFS)组15例及复杂性热性惊厥(complex febrile sei-zure.CFS)组10例;EP组16例,按有无合并热性惊厥史分为伴有热性惊厥组7例和不伴热性惊厥组9例.对热性惊厥和癫癎患儿进行常规头颅磁共振(MRI)及颞叶海马区1H-MRS检查,并选择6例神经系统正常儿童作对照组.1H-MRS检测指标:N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)、谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺复合物(Glx)和乳酸(Lac)的信号强度,计算NAb/(Cho Cr)和Lac/Cr的比值,并进行比较.结果 头颅MRI检查结果:FS组及对照组均正常,EP组除1例髓鞘发育不良外余均正常.1H-MRS检查结果显示:NAA(Cho Cr)比值SFS组为0.71±0.05.CFS组为0.65±0.04,EP组为0.62±0.04(其中伴有热性惊厥史EP组为0.60±0.03,不伴有热性惊厥史的EP组为0.64±0.04),对照组为0.73±0.05.NAA/(Cho Cr)比值在CFS组与EP组之间无明显差异(P>0.05),但两组均低于对照组(P<0.01);CFS组明显低于SFS组及对照组(P<0.01),但后两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);伴有热性谅厥史的EP组低于不伴有热性惊厥史的EP组(P<0.05). Lac/Cr比值SFS组(0.32±0.21)和CFS组(0.63±0.30)不仅高于对照组(0.05±0.04)(P<0.05),也明显高于EP组(0.11±0.09)(P<0.05);CFS组Lac/Cr高于SFS组,P<0.01;EP组Lac/Cr与对照组比较无明显差异.结论 (1)NAA/(Cho Cr)比值是反映脑损伤的客观指标,该指标在CFS及EP患儿脑组织中下降,提示存在神经元丢失或功能失常.(2)Lac/Cr比值是反映脑急性缺氧的指标,该指标在SFS及CFS患儿脑组织中升高,提示惊厥过程中存在脑局部缺血,即使是短暂单次的惊厥发作亦存在脑损伤.(3)1H-MRS作为一项无创的检查,能更敏感地发现FS及EP惠儿的早期脑损伤.有助于弥补MRI的不足及其他有创检查的损伤,为FS及EP患儿治疗、评估预后提供客观依据.     

神经系统及精神疾病

942697热性惊厥患儿复发的多因素分析/刘智胜…//中国实用几科杂志一1994.9(3)一181~182 276例热性惊厥(FC)中,筛选出123例因第l次发作而住院的患儿进行了随访。随访率为86.2%,首次单纯性热惊厥(sFc)者75例,其中有3例后来转为复杂性热惊厥(C Fc);首次发作为cFc者31例。首次Fc患儿年龄较小2个月.最大年龄6岁2个月,77.4%在3岁以内,其中l~2岁占34.0%。在复发的33例中,2岁以内复发者23例,2岁以后复发者10例,其中1~2岁复发占38.9%。就Fc复发的危险因素.根据106例Fc患儿的首次发病年龄、发热至惊厥时间、惊厥发作形式、发作持续时间、同一次热…     

热性惊厥与缺铁性贫血相关性探讨

我们于2001～2002年共收治热性惊厥患儿88例,男5例,女34例;年龄5月～5岁,其中5月～2岁70例,～5岁1例,平均1.8岁;单纯型68例,复杂型20例。原发病:上呼吸道感染38例,支气管炎18例,支气管肺炎10例,肠道感染18例,幼儿急疹4例。既往有热性惊厥史14例,有癫疒间家族史2例,有热性惊厥家     

轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥248例临床及预后分析

目的：探讨轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥的临床特点及预后。方法对248例符合轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥诊断的患儿进行临床分析,并随访12个月以上。结果发病年龄3月龄~3岁;1次病程中惊厥发作2次以上者124例,惊厥发作5 min以上者64例;头颅CT/MRI检查、脑电图检查,均未见异常;血糖、血电解质均正常,脑脊液常规、生物化学检查正常,脑脊液细菌涂片和培养均为阴性;随访中有14例(5．6%)出现复发,12例(4．8%)出现热性惊厥,8例(3．2%)转化为癫疒间。结论轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥多数病例预后良好,少数病例有向热性惊厥及癫疒间转化的可能,在轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥后出现热性惊厥的患儿转化为癫疒间的可能性较大,且轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥在惊厥频繁发作时对中枢神经元会造成损伤,若再次有惊厥发作应及时就诊,以免延误诊治。     

神经系统及精神疾病

063775热性惊厥复发危险因素探讨/张喜芳…∥中国实用神经疾病杂志.-2006,9(4).-97~98通过对102例热性惊厥患儿的临床资料进行分析,研究其复发的危险因素。结果:复发48例,占47.06%,复发危险因素与惊厥家庭史、初发病年龄<1岁、惊厥时体温<38.5℃、复杂型热性惊厥有关(P<0.05)。     

小儿惊厥121例临床分析

目的 分析小儿惊厥的临床特点,以利治疗和预后.方法 对121例惊厥患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 热性惊厥78例(64.5%),癫(间)15例(12.4%),低钙性惊厥3例(2.5%),颅内出血3例(2.5%),颅内感染22例(18.2%).发病年龄以1～3岁比例最高,为47例,占38.8%;其次是1个月～1岁42例,占34.7%;3～6岁22例,占18.2%;6～10岁10例,占8.3%.全年均有发病.结论 热性惊厥为小儿惊厥的主要原因,颅内感染次之,以1～3岁婴幼儿易发生惊厥.     

热性惊厥复发危险因素与预后分析

目的研究热性惊厥患儿的复发危险因素及预后情况.方法结合98例热性惊厥患儿的临床及脑电图资料,研究其复发、转为癫和出现智力障碍及行为异常的情况.结果复发共52例(53.0%),复发危险因素与惊厥家族史、初次发作体温＜38.5℃、初次发作年龄＜1岁及复杂型热性惊厥有关(P＜0.01);热性惊厥转为癫共20例(20.4%),转为癫的危险因素与复杂型热性惊厥、初次发作年龄＜1岁、热性惊厥反复发作有关(P＜0.01);发生智力障碍及行为异常2例(2.0%),说明热性惊厥患儿绝大部分预后较好,智力低下及行为障碍发生率低.结论对有复发危险因素及转为癫危险因素的患儿,应密切随访,采取适当的干预措施.     

热性惊厥影响患儿行为的研究

目的 研究热性惊厥(FS)对患儿行为的影响及其特点.方法 采用Achenbach儿童行为量表对2006年10月至2007年9月在广州市儿童医院就诊的138例FS患儿进行行为评定,与128名正常儿童进行对照研究,并将复杂型热性惊厥(CFS)与单纯型热性惊厥(sFS)进行对照研究.结果 2～3岁、>3～5岁FS患儿行为问题发生率高于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05);2～3岁、>3～5岁CFS患儿行为问题发生率高于SFS(P<0.01,P<0.05);2～3岁、>3～5岁FS患儿睡眠问题、躯体诉述、攻击等行为因子分数及总分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);2～3岁、>3～5岁CFS患儿睡眠问题、躯体诉述、攻击等行为因子分数及总分高于SFS(P<0.01,P<0.05);CFS首次发病年龄与行为总分呈负相关,反复发作次数与行为总分呈正相关,惊厥持续时间≥15min者行为问题发生率高于<15min者(P<0.05).结论 FS可影响患儿行为,主要表现在睡眠问题、躯体诉述、攻击行为方面;CFS对患儿行为的影响较SFS严重.     

热性惊厥患儿外周血白细胞计数的变化及其意义

目的 探讨热性惊厥后白细胞计数(white blood cell,WBC)的变化及其意义.方法 回顾性分析我院2010年4月至201 1年10月收治的热性惊厥104例及同期住院发热无惊厥95例患儿的资料,同步监测WBC及C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)的变化情况并进行统计学分析.结果 (1)惊厥组中29例CRP增高者,WBC值为(14.0±4.8)×109/L,与非惊厥组中50例CRP增高者的WBC值[(10.9±4.3)×109/L]相比,差异有统计学意义;惊厥组中75例CRP正常者,WBC值为(12.6 ±4.8)×109/L,与非惊厥组中45例CRP正常者的WBC值[(7.4±3.3)×109/L]相比,差异有统计学意义.(2)惊厥组中75例CRP正常者,其中WBC增高46例,占61.3％,而非惊厥组中45例CRP正常者,WBC增高9例,仅占20％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在同样感染因素影响的前提下,惊厥患儿WBC多高于非惊厥患儿.惊厥患儿外周血WBC与CRP可能不平行.     

Clinical characteristics of febrile convulsions during primary HHV-6 infection.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify clinical characteristics of children with febrile convulsions during primary human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The clinical characteristics of first febrile convulsion were compared between those with and without primary HHV-6 infection in 105 children. HHV-6 infection was verified by culture or acute/convalescent anti-HHV-6 antibody titres. RESULTS: Primary infection with HHV-6 was seen in 21 of 105 patients with febrile convulsions (3 upper respiratory infection, 1 lower respiratory infection, and 17 exanthem subitum). 13 of 23 patients < 1 year, 19 of 79 patients with first febrile convulsion, and 2 of 15 with second convulsion were infected with HHV-6. The median age of patients with first febrile convulsion and HHV-6 was significantly lower than those without infection. The frequency of clustering seizures, long lasting seizures, partial seizures, and postictal paralysis was significantly higher among those with primary HHV-6 infection than among those without. The frequency of atypical seizures in 19 patients with first febrile convulsion associated with primary infection was significantly higher than in 60 patients without primary infection. The frequency in infants younger than 1 year of age was also significantly higher than that in 10 age matched infants without primary infection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that primary infection with HHV-6 is frequently associated with febrile convulsions in infants and young children and that it often results in the development of a more severe form of convulsions, such as partial seizures, prolonged seizures, and repeated seizures, and might be a risk factor for subsequent development of epilepsy.     

Clinical characteristics of febrile convulsions during primary HHV-6 infection

OBJECTIVE—To clarify clinical characteristics of children with febrile convulsions during primary human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection.SUBJECTS AND METHODS—The clinical characteristics of first febrile convulsion were compared between those with and without primary HHV-6 infection in 105 children. HHV-6 infection was verified by culture or acute/convalescent anti-HHV-6 antibody titres.RESULTS—Primary infection with HHV-6 was seen in 21 of 105 patients with febrile convulsions (3 upper respiratory infection, 1 lower respiratory infection, and 17 exanthem subitum). 13 of 23 patients < 1 year, 19 of 79 patients with first febrile convulsion, and 2 of 15 with second convulsion were infected with HHV-6. The median age of patients with first febrile convulsion and HHV-6 was significantly lower than those without infection. The frequency of clustering seizures, long lasting seizures, partial seizures, and postictal paralysis was significantly higher among those with primary HHV-6 infection than among those without. The frequency of atypical seizures in 19 patients with first febrile convulsion associated with primary infection was significantly higher than in 60 patients without primary infection. The frequency in infants younger than 1 year of age was also significantly higher than that in 10 age matched infants without primary infection.CONCLUSIONS—These findings suggest that primary infection with HHV-6 is frequently associated with febrile convulsions in infants and young children and that it often results in the development of a more severe form of convulsions, such as partial seizures, prolonged seizures, and repeated seizures, and might be a risk factor for subsequent development of epilepsy.     

Convulsions in childhood shigellosis. Clinical and laboratory features in 153 children

We studied 153 children who experienced convulsions associated with shigellosis. The male-female ratio was 1.2:1.0. Thirty-six children had a previous history of febrile convulsions, and 31 children had a family history of convulsive disorder. Most of the children were 0.5 to 3 years of age, although 49 (32%) were older than 3 years of age and 20 (13.1%) were older than 5 years of age. All children were febrile; in 75% of the children, the temperature was over 39 degrees C. The majority of the children had generalized, self-limited convulsions, which lasted less than ten minutes. In 30 children the seizures were categorized as complex; ten of them had recurrent episodes, although none had any residual neurologic deficit. The total leukocyte count was usually within normal limits, but the differential count characteristically showed a marked increase in the number of band forms. Hypocalcemia (blood calcium level, less than 9.01 mg/dL [less than 2.25 mmol/L]) was observed in four patients; hyponatremia (blood sodium level, 130 mEq/L [130 mmol/L]), in 11 patients; and hypernatremia (blood sodium level, 157 mEq/L [157 mmol/L]), in one patient. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies were performed in ten children, and lumbar punctures were performed in 34 children; both procedures usually yielded normal results. Shigella sonnei was isolated from 69% of the children; Shigella flexneri from 25%; Shigella boydii from 5%; and Shigella dysenteriae from 1%. Due to the benign and self-limited nature of most of the convulsions, neither diagnostic procedures, nor drug therapy, are usually necessary. These measures should, however, be considered in complicated cases characterized by focal or prolonged seizures.     

Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in febrile convulsions.

The mean, age adjusted, serum IgA values of 47 children with febrile convulsions were almost identical to those of controls. Five children had serum IgA values less than 0.1 g/l by nephelometry, suggesting that in some cases at least there may be an association between a low serum IgA concentration and febrile convulsions.     

Effective short-term diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions

The efficacy of short-term diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions was evaluated in a prospective, controlled study. A total of 289 consecutive children admitted with their first febrile seizure were randomized into two groups. One group received short-term prophylaxis for 18 months with rectally administered diazepam in solution whenever the temperature was greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C. The control group received no prophylaxis, but diazepam rectally in the event of new seizures. The short-term prophylaxis, a mean of five doses of diazepam per child per year, afforded effective seizure control; the 18-month recurrence rate was reduced from 39% to 12% (P less than 0.001), the total number of recurrences from 77 to 23 (P less than 0.001), the long-lasting recurrences from 5.0% to 0.7% (P less than 0.05). The risk of subsequent epilepsy within the first 2 years was the same, regardless of receiving prophylaxis (3%) or not (3%); it was low after simple febrile convulsions (no cases of epilepsy in 230 children) but considerable after complex febrile seizures (20%) or seizures associated with severe interictal EEG abnormalities (50%).     

Febrile Convulsions in Children, Their Frequency and Prognosis

In a series of 405 children with febrile convulsions, admitted to hospital between 1938 and 1953, 82 per cent had the first attack of febrile convulsions within the first 3 years of life, in most cases about the age of 18 months. Fifty-five per cent were boys.
In 63 per cent of the cases the fever had been caused by acute affections in the upper respiratory tract. — In 12.3 per cent the children were readmitted with febrile convulsions.— Forty per cent of all children under 7 years admitted during a 5-year period were febrile. Every ninth of these had febrile convulsions.
It was possible to follow up 77 per cent of the 405 children. — Sixty‐eight per cent of the children followed up had been in completely good health since their discharge. — Epilepsy had been confirmed in 3.8 per cent. — In 20 per cent of the cases there have been convulsions later on without epilepsy being diagnosed. About half the number of these children have, however, been characterized as nervous. — There have been no convulsions in about 9 per cent of the cases, but various mental difficulties have been present.
In conclusion 7 criteria are mentioned which are of importance in the differential diagnosis between febrile convulsions and epilepsy.     

Cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations in febrile convulsions.

Zinc modulates the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low cerebrospinal fluid GABA values have been reported in association with several seizure disorders, including febrile convulsions. It is also known that fever and/or infections may cause a reduction in serum zinc concentrations. In this study the hypothesis that febrile convulsions are related to low cerebrospinal fluid zinc was tested. Cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations were measured in 66 febrile children: 32 with febrile convulsions, 18 with fever but without convulsions, and 16 with aseptic (viral) meningitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the cerebrospinal fluid zinc between the three groups of children, and the mean concentration was 26.2 micrograms/l. No significant relationship was found between either age, gender, maximal temperature, type of infection, or time of performance of the lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentration. These results do not support the hypothesis that febrile convulsions are related to reduced cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations.     

Cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations in febrile convulsions

Zinc modulates the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low cerebrospinal fluid GABA values have been reported in association with several seizure disorders, including febrile convulsions. It is also known that fever and/or infections may cause a reduction in serum zinc concentrations. In this study the hypothesis that febrile convulsions are related to low cerebrospinal fluid zinc was tested. Cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations were measured in 66 febrile children: 32 with febrile convulsions, 18 with fever but without convulsions, and 16 with aseptic (viral) meningitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the cerebrospinal fluid zinc between the three groups of children, and the mean concentration was 26.2 micrograms/l. No significant relationship was found between either age, gender, maximal temperature, type of infection, or time of performance of the lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentration. These results do not support the hypothesis that febrile convulsions are related to reduced cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations.     

左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠、苯巴比妥预防大鼠反复热性惊厥疗效观察

目的：比较左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠、苯巴比妥对大鼠反复热性惊厥的预防作用的差异,指导临床选药。方法：60只Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组,分别每日灌服左乙拉西坦（200 mg/kg）、丙戊酸钠（250 mg/kg）、苯巴比妥（30 mg/kg）及生理盐水（8 mL/kg）。连续灌服5 d后,用热水浴（45℃）诱导热性惊厥,观察其热性惊厥潜伏期、惊厥持续时间、惊厥严重程度改变情况。结果：大鼠用药后,3个药物干预组惊厥潜伏期延长、惊厥持续时间缩短,惊厥严重程度也明显减轻,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或0.01）,其中苯巴比妥组惊厥持续时间最短,惊厥严重程度最轻;左乙拉西坦组与丙戊酸钠组差异无统计学意义。结论：左乙拉西坦与丙戊酸钠、苯巴比妥比较均能有效预防大鼠反复热性惊厥,其中苯巴比妥疗效较好,左乙拉西坦与丙戊酸钠疗效无差异。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（7）：573-575］     

Management of the febrile child: a survey of pediatric and emergency medicine residency directors.

We conducted a survey to determine whether there is uniformity in the training of residents regarding the management of febrile children. One hundred forty-three (62%) of 231 pediatric and 39 (53%) of the 73 emergency medicine residency directors responded. There was no uniformity in the definition of a fever. Ninety-nine percent of the pediatric and 82% of the emergency medicine residency directors teach that all febrile infants less than 4 weeks of age should be hospitalized (P less than 0.0001). Forty-six percent of residency directors teach that a lumbar puncture should be performed for all children less than 12 months of age with their first febrile convulsion. Thirty percent of pediatric and 62% of emergency medicine residency directors teach that a blood culture should be obtained from a child with fever without source who is younger than 24 months of age (P less than 0.0005). Nonspecific tests are taught to be used to determine which febrile child should have a blood culture as follows: white blood cell count, 50%; differential, 20%; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 13%; and C-reactive protein, 2%. There was little uniformity of teaching regarding the approach to the febrile child and there were significant differences in training by specialty.