经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术临床应用新进展

自从1988年经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)首次应用于临床以来,TIPS的相关知识被不断地更新与完善.大量随机对照试验显示TIPS在预防静脉曲张再出血及控制顽固性腹水方面明显优于内镜治疗及穿刺放腹水.在发达国家TIPS已经被广泛地应用于预防食管静脉曲张再出血及治疗顽固性腹水.然而,术后较高的分流道功能失常及肝性脑...     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗门静脉高压伴门静脉血栓的疗效与安全性

【摘要】 目的 探讨经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS）治疗门静脉高压伴门静脉血栓（portal vein thrombosis,PVT）的疗效及安全性。方法 纳入2017年12月至2022年10月中国人民解放军总医院收治的符合TIPS治疗指征的31例门静脉高压伴PVT患者。收集患者临床资料,包括术前实验室检查、术式选择、术中门静脉压力（portal vein pressure, PVP）、术后随访超声或增强CT检查及有无肝性脑病（hepatic encephalopathy,HE）等。采用配对t检验比较支架植入前后PVP差异,Kaplan-Meier曲线分析患者术后分流道通畅率、再出血率、HE发生率及生存率。Log-rank检验分析伴或不伴有门静脉海绵样变性（cavernous transformation of portal vein,CTPV）患者的随访结果差异。结果 TIPS成功率为93.55%（29/31）。手术成功的29例患者支架植入前后PVP由（30.15±4.61） mmHg降至（20.84±5.57） mmHg,差异有统计学意义（t=8.975,P＜0.05）。术后随访时间为22.90（4.50,61.80）个月。随访期间,24.14%（7/29）的患者出现分流道功能障碍,17.24%（5/29）的患者出现再出血,17.24%（5/29）的患者出现HE,17.24%（5/29）的患者死亡。10例PVT患者伴有CTPV,伴有CTPV患者的分流道功能障碍5例、再出血3例、HE 1例、死亡3例,不伴有CTPV患者的分流道功能障碍2例、再出血2例、HE 4例、死亡2例。伴有CTPV的PVT患者的分流道功能障碍及再出血发生率高于不伴CTPV的患者（均P＜0.05）,而两组间HE发生率及术后病死率差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论 TIPS可有效降低伴有PVT患者的PVP,PVT伴CTPV的患者TIPS后分流道功能障碍及再出血发生率高于不伴CTPV的患者。     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术治疗肝硬化顽固性腹水的研究现状

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术 (TIPS)最初主要用于控制或预防肝硬化门静脉高压性上消化道出血 ,然而 ,在临床上常可观察到TIPS在有效控制上消化道出血同时 ,对缓解肝硬化腹水也具有重要作用。顽固性腹水是失代偿期肝硬化的严重合并症 ,其临床预后极差 ,1、2年病死率分别超过 5 0     

AngioJet血栓抽吸联合经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗急性门静脉系统血栓形成效果分析

目的 评价AngioJet血栓抽吸联合经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗急性门静脉系统血栓形成(APVST)的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月在河南省人民医院接受AngioJet血栓抽吸联合TIPS治疗的15例APVST患者临床资料.观察住院及术后随访期间患者症状、DSA、CT、血液...     

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术的回顾与展望

在征服门脉高压所致的严重并发症的道路上 ,过去 10年的进步是历史性的。最引人注目的是非手术方法或微创性介入技术 ,尤其是经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术 (ＴＩＰＳ)的10年发展倍受关注。笔者试以所掌握的资料及个人经验对其作一简要的回顾与展望。ＴＩＰＳ的发展196 7年放射学家Ｈａｎａｆｅｅ介绍了经颈静脉及肝静脉达到肝内胆道的造影方法 ,以避免经肝包膜穿刺的出血 ,它对胆道造影本身的影响不大 ,但激发了介入放射学家去用类似的微创技术进入门脉 ,达到门体静脉分流的目的。Ｒｏｅｓｃｈ和Ｈａｎａｆｅｅ先用不同的实验模型建立经颈静…     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后肝性脑病研究进展

【摘要】 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）已在临床上大规模应用。TIPS治疗肝硬化门静脉高压所致并发症效果显著,但术后肝性脑病（HE）发生率高。该文就TIPS术后HE发生机制、分型和分级、危险因素及治疗作一综述。     

不断拓展经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的应用

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)引入临床已有10余年，据不完全统计，在我国也接近完成4000余例。单组大宗的临床研究报道主要来自欧美国家，在国内超过100例的临床报道道甚少。以1997年为界，最近6年TIPS技术的研究已从过去的注重技术成功率，如门静脉穿刺技术，内支架分流道与     

改良经颈静脉肝内门体分流术双支架植入治疗肝硬化门静脉高压临床效果

目的 探讨采用改良经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)和双支架植入治疗肝硬化门静脉高压的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2021年5月在解放军第九六〇医院接受治疗的92例肝硬化门静脉高压患者临床资料。对常规TIPS穿刺技术进行改良,采用覆膜支架和裸支架建立分流道,测量TIPS术前后门静脉主干压力。术后3、6、12、24、36个月进行规律随访,复查超声或CT,了解支架通畅情况。结果 92例患者完成TIPS术(常规TIPS 22例,改良TIPS 70例),技术成功率100%。术后血管造影显示支架内血流通畅,无手术相关严重并发症发生。门静脉主干压力由术前(44.1±6.8)cmH₂O降低为术后(23.0±3.4)cmH₂O,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。所有患者随访(21.4±7.9)个月(3～43个月),85例支架内血流通畅,4例分别于术后10、13、24、33个月出现分流道闭塞,再次植入1枚支架后血流恢复通畅,3例分别于术后4、18、30个月死于多脏器衰竭或消化道出血。术后1年、2年、3年累计支架通畅率分别为98.9%、...     

肝内门体分流术的应用解剖学研究

对３０具经福尔马林固定的成人肝脏的肝静脉和肝门静脉的主要分支进行了观察和测量。重点探讨了肝内门 分流术中建立肝静脉与门静脉之间永久性肝内分流通道时经常选用的血管段的部位、管径、穿刺点间物距离、各主要分支之间的空间位置关系以及定位方法。结果表明，肝右静脉或中脉近端１－２ｃｍ处与肝门静脉左支横部中点至角部的血管段之间是建立肝内分流通道的理想部位，为临床应用提供了详尽的解剖学资料。     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压140例分析

目的探讨经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）治疗肝硬化门脉高压的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析140例经TIPS治疗肝硬化门脉高压患者的临床资料,记录术前术后门静脉压力、门静脉和脾静脉直径、食道胃底静脉、腹水的变化,观察术后肝性脑病、复发出血、支架再狭窄等并发症。结果手术成功率及即刻止血率100%,门静脉压力术前（44.7±3.5）cmH2O,术后（23.6±3.8）cmH2O（P<0.01）,门静脉主干直径术前（1.64±0.035）cm,术后（1.27±0.047）cm（P<0.01）,脾静脉直径术前（1.26±0.027）cm,术后（0.95±0.023）cm（P<0.01）。肝性脑病发生率13.6%（19/140）,腹水好转率89%（65/73）,术后12个月复发再出血8.6%（12/140）,支架再狭窄15.7%（22/140）。结论 TIPS是治疗肝硬化门脉高压的有效方法,能有效降低门静脉压力,控制上消化道出血。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a patient with cavernomatous portal vein occlusion

A 23-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis secondary to primary sclerosing cholangitis was referred to us for the treatment of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices that had been refractory to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Her portal vein was occluded, associated with cavernous transformation. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed after a preprocedural three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography evaluation to determine feasibility. The portal vein system was recanalized and portal blood flow increased markedly after TIPS. Esophageal varices disappeared 3 weeks after TIPS. Re-bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy were absent for 3 years after the procedure. We conclude that with adequate preprocedural evaluation, TIPS can be performed safely even in patients with portal vein occlusion associated with cavernous transformation.     

经颈内静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术治疗BuddChiari综合征

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)的疗效。方法本组14例患者经影像学检查确诊为BCS,因进行性肝功能损害,或严重门脉高压并发症(顽固性腹水,食管胃底静脉曲张上消化道出血),或广泛肝静脉闭塞而行TIPS术治疗。其中混合型8例,肝静脉型5例,肝静脉广泛闭塞型1例。TIPS术中对于下腔静脉、肝静脉的不同情况,灵活选择肝静脉或下腔静脉穿刺点进行穿刺,7例从肝静脉开口处行门静脉穿刺,建立门-腔静脉分流道,4例从下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支,3例经皮穿刺开通肝右静脉后再经肝右静脉穿刺门静脉。术后对分流道支架开通情况进行长期随访。结果14例手术均获成功,门静脉压力由术前平均(4.9±1.4)kPa,降至术后(3.2±1.5)kPa,术后随访5～64个月,2例因支架狭窄分别于术后13、24个月再发上消化道出血,行分流道球囊扩张治疗,术后恢复良好。结论TIPS适用BCS合并有进行性肝功能损害或门静脉高压引起的上消化道出血、顽固性腹水的治疗。对于已行下腔静脉或肝静脉成形术后再发或加重的门静脉高压患者亦为适应证,但手术难度增加。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of medically refractory ascites

PURPOSE

This study was performed to assess the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation for treatment of medically refractory as-cites and to identify prognostic factors for clinical response, morbidity, and mortality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, 80 patients (male:female, 52:28; mean age, 56 years; mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD] score, 15.1) who underwent elective TIPS creation for refractory ascites between 1999–2012 were studied. A medical record review was performed to identify data on demographics, liver disease, procedures, and outcome. The influence of these parameters on 30-day, 90-day, and one-year mortality was assessed using binary logistic regression. Overall survival was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier statistics.

RESULTS

TIPS was successfully created using covered (n=70) or bare metal (n=10) stents. Hemodynamic success was achieved in all cases. The mean final portosystemic pressure gradient (PSG) was 6.8 mmHg. Thirty-day complications included mild encephalopathy in 35% of patients. Clinical improvement in ascites occurred in 78% of patients, with complete resolution or a ≥50% decrease in 66% of patients. No predictors of response or optimal PSG threshold were identified. The 30-day, 90-day, and one-year mortality rates were 14%, 23%, and 33%, respectively. Patient age (P = 0.026) was associated with 30-day mortality, while final PSG was associated with 90-day (P = 0.020) and one year (P = 0.032) mortality. No predictors of overall survival were identified.

CONCLUSION

TIPS creation effectively treats medically refractory ascites with nearly 80% efficacy. The incidence of mild encephalopathy is nontrivial. Older age and final PSG are associated with mortality, and these factors should be considered in patient selection and procedure performance.The development of medically refractory ascites is associated with a grave prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. One-year survival in this population is less than 50%, and there is an increased risk of complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and dilutional hyponatremia (1). Moreover, these patients typically have low Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores despite their high mortality rate, and thus hold low positions on national transplant listings (2, 3). Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation, an established treatment for complications of portal hypertension, has demonstrated utility in patients with refractory ascites (4). By diverting blood from the portal venous system to the systemic circulation, TIPS acts to lower hepatic sinusoidal pressure and increase effective circulatory flow, thereby reducing excess sodium retention and achieving ascites recurrence rates as low as 30% (5). Two recent studies revealed reduced mortality in patients undergoing TIPS placement, compared with those receiving serial large-volume paracentesis procedures, with one-year survival rates ranging from 63% to 80% (6, 7). Despite these objective benefits, adverse sequelae of TIPS, such as hepatic encephalopathy, may temper its utility, and predictive factors for clinical outcomes, such as ascites control, remain unclear (8). Mortality after TIPS creation has been associated with a variety of factors, including persistent refractory ascites, patient age, procedural urgency, various laboratory parameters, various liver disease scoring systems, and the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy (7, 9–11). However, an ideal prognostic tool remains to be found.While the benefits of TIPS creation for refractory ascites are well documented, the lingering inability to accurately predict adverse events and responses to treatment warrants further evaluation. Thus, this investigation was undertaken to review the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of elective TIPS creation in a large single-center cohort of patients with refractory ascites and conduct, thereby, a detailed analysis of prognostic factors associated with clinical response, morbidity, and mortality.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after previous recanalization of a chronically thrombosed portal vein via a transmesenteric approach

We report a cirrhotic patient with complete occlusion of the portal vein with marked cavernous transformation due to chronic thrombosis in whom a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was successfully created after direct minilaparotomy mesenteric vein catheterization, lysis and aspiration of the thrombus, and stenting in the portal vein. The methods used, we believe, provide a new technique for performing TIPS in chronically thrombosed portal veins in which previously no effective surgical therapeutic options were available. Received: 0/00/00/Accepted: 0/00/00     

Percutaneous CT-guided superior mesenteric vein access for portal vein recanalization-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Portal vein recanalization-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PVR-TIPS) is a valuable technique in the treatment cirrhosis and portal vein (PV) thrombosis. Only a few studies have reported cases of utilizing the transmesenteric approach in the procedure''s initial portal access. Here, we report the successful utilization of a CT-guided percutaneous puncture of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) for PVR-TIPS in a patient with splenic vein thrombosis. A 54-year-old male with a history of morbid obesity (BMI: 44.67), hepatitis C, NASH cirrhosis, esophageal varices, and complete PV thrombosis presented for PVR-TIPS. An initial percutaneous transplenic approach was attempted, but was aborted due to the discovery of a splenic vein thrombosis. Subsequently, the patient was brought back into the hybrid-angio CT suite, and the SMV was accessed percutaneously with a 21-gauge needle under 4D CT-guidance. A 5-Fr micropuncture sheath was then placed. Additional portal venogram confirmed PV thrombosis. Right internal jugular vein (IJV) access was then obtained, and the right hepatic vein was catheterized. A loop snare was advanced from the SMV access into the right PV. A Colapinto needle was later positioned in the right hepatic vein, and the right PV was accessed using the loop snare as a target. A wire was then advanced and captured by the snare, and brought down through the PV. The tract was dilated with a 10 mm balloon, and a Viatorr stent was deployed. Balloon embolectomy of the SMV, splenomesenteric vein, and TIPS were then performed with a CODA balloon with improvement in flow through the TIPS on final portal venogram. Portosystemic gradient was 11 mmHg initially and 10 mmHg post-TIPS. Follow-up TIPS venogram in 3 weeks showed a widely patent TIPS. CT-guided percutaneous SMV access may serve as valuable technique in PVR-TIPS when traditional modes of initial portal access for recanalization are unobtainable.