过氧化物酶体增殖受体γ辅激活因子-1多态性与2型糖尿病相关性研究

[目的]探讨廷边地区朝鲜族、汉族人群中过氧化物酶体增殖受体γ辅激活园子-1(PGC-1)多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性.[方法]采用聚合酶链反应一单链构泉多态性(PCR-SSCP),对104例正常人群和113例2型糖尿病患者的PGC-1基因Thr394Thr、Leu410Iso和Leu438Ser多态性基因型进行对照分析.[结果]朝鲜族和汉族正常人群pGC-1基因Thr394多态性的A等位基因频率分别为23.3%和20.7%,两民族间无统计学差异;糖耐量正常组的PGC-1基因Thr394Thr多态性的A等位基因频率为22.1%,2型耱尿病组的A等位基因频率为22.1%,两组间无差异;未检测出Leu410Iso和Leu438Ser多态性.[结论]PGC-1基因Thr39Thr多态性在延边朝鲜族和汉族人群之间无差异;PGC-1基因Thr394Thr与2型糖屎病无相关性.     

脂联素基因R221S、H241P多态性与2型糖尿病的关系

[目的]探讨中国延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群脂联素基因(apM1)第3外显子R221S、H241P和+1711C>T、+1795A>G、+1833C>A的单核苷酸多态性与2型耱尿病的关联性.[方法]选取377例无亲缘关系的延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人,其中195例糖耐量正常者(NGT)与182例2型糖尿病患者(T2DM),采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)方法对apM1的多态性进行分析并对变异条带进行基因测序.[结果]脂联素基因的R221S多态在汉族NGT组和朝鲜族T2DM组各发现1例;H241P多态仅在汉族的2型糖尿病组发现1例:未发现脂联素基因3ˊ-UTR区1+1711C>T、+1795A>G、*+1833C>A位点的多态性.[结论]脂联素基因R221S、H241P可能不是延边朝鲜族和汉族群体2型糖尿病的易感位点.脂联素基因3ˊ-UTR区+1711C>T、+1795A>G、+1833C>A位点不属于中国延边地区的汉族及朝鲜族群体的SNPs.     

广东省潮汕地区半定量食物频率调查表的制定

目的制定潮汕地区的半定量食物频率调查表,为饮食与疾病之间的医学研究提供工具。方法以潮州、汕头(包括南澳县)城乡地区为中心随机抽取若干家庭,并以家庭为单位,以3 d食物称重记录法进行膳食调查,建立潮汕地区城乡家庭膳食资料数据库;在以各种食物提供的营养素量为基础进行食物种类筛选的基础上,再以逐步进入法进行多元回归分析对初选食物项目进行再次筛选,并确定食物的频度、食用量。结果共有417个家庭完成调查(城市200个,农村217个),其3 d消耗的食物种类512种,其中城市443种,农村417种。初次筛选出的食物种类数城市194种,农村183种,城乡合计233种;再次筛选结果为城市157种,农村160种,城乡合计196种;最后125种食物被包括在半定量食物频率调查表中,每种食物对应有7个层次的摄入频率和6个层次的食用量。半定量食物频率调查表中的食物项目提供的营养素覆盖率平均超过90%。结论以417个城乡家庭膳食资料为基础建立潮汕地区食物“金标准”数据库并以该数据库资料为依据,按照系统方法和步骤制定潮汕地区食物半定量食物频率调查表是切实可行的。     

吉林省龙井市农村地区朝鲜族和汉族老年人膳食营养状况

目的了解吉林省龙井市农村地区朝鲜族和汉族老年人的膳食营养状况。方法选择209名60岁以上的当地朝鲜族和汉族老年人,使用食物频率法对调查对象在过去一年内的食物和调味品的摄入状况进行调查,并与中国居民膳食指南推荐量进行比较,并分析朝鲜族和汉族老年人的膳食营养状况的差异。结果该地区老年人的菌菇类食物及坚果的摄入频次较低且谷薯类食物、蔬菜、水果、肉类、蛋类、水产品、豆类及其制品、奶类及其制品的摄入量存在着不同程度的缺乏。朝鲜族和汉族老年人食盐摄入量均较高,汉族的谷薯类食物摄入量高于朝鲜族(P<0.05),汉族老年人的盐和酱油的消费量高于朝鲜族老年人(P<0.05),朝鲜族食用油、腌渍菜、味精/鸡精的摄入量高于汉族(P<0.05)。结论吉林省龙井市农村地区朝鲜族和汉族老年人在谷薯类食物、腌渍食品、调味品的摄入量存在差异,谷物和蔬菜可基本满足自身营养需求,水果、水产品、奶类及其制品的摄入缺乏状况比较严重。     

延边地区朝鲜族和汉族中学生不同肥胖类型的比较研究

[目的]探讨朝鲜族和汉族高血压、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病高发与中学生的不同肥胖类型分布的关系。[方法]采用整群抽样方法，调查延边地区朝、汉族初中、高中1697名学生的体格指标，比较延边地区朝鲜族和汉族学生不同肥胖类型的分布。[结果]男性组朝鲜族和汉族学生体块指数的均值分别为19.78、19.73，女性组分别为20.27、20.09，不同民族间差异均无显著性；男性组朝鲜族和汉族学生Ponderal指数的均值分别为12.03、11.83，女性组分别为13.10、12.73，男性组不同民族间差异无显著性，女性组朝鲜族学生明显高于汉族学生；男性组朝鲜族和汉族学生腰围／臀围均值分别为0.82、0.77，女性组分别为0.75、0.73，朝鲜族学生均高于汉族学生。[结论]对因由于体内脂肪过多及脂肪分布异常成为高血压、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病的高危人群的筛选中，应根据具体情况选用适当的肥胖指标。     

吉林延边朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布和基因频率调查

摘要:目的 检测并分析延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特征和基因频率。方法 有效调查延边地区人群1416人,朝鲜族724人(男288人;女436人),汉族691人(男338人;女353人),指端或耳垂采血,抗A抗B标准血清玻片凝集法检测受检者的ABO血型。结果 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布表现型频率结果均为B>O>A>AB,基因频率结果均为r>q>p,民族指数分别为0.6517和0.8600。结论 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特点为均具有较高的B型血频率,民族指数均小于1,具有相似的ABO血型分布特征及典型的北方人群结构特征。     

延边地区朝鲜族与汉族青少年心血管病危险因素的分布比较

[目的]比较朝鲜族与汉族青少年心血管病危险因素的分布.[方法]1997年9月,采用横断面研究方法,对延边地区朝鲜族、汉族中学生1122名的心血管病危险因素进行了调查.[结果]男性高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平,朝鲜族和汉族分别为1.00、1.07、mmol/L,空腹血糖分别为4.64、3.36mmol/L,重度肥胖率分别为9.4%、3.1%.女性甘油三酯水平,朝鲜族和汉族分别为0.82、0.75mmol/L,空腹血糖分别为4.86、3.36mmol/L,舒张压分别为72.9、70.5mmHg,肥胖率分别为18.3%、10.8%.朝鲜族肥胖组,甘油三酯、收缩压及舒张压均值皆高于正常体重组.汉族总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇、收缩压与舒张压均值肥胖组皆高于正常体重组.血糖对朝鲜族的血压的影响较大,而低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇对汉族血压的影响较大.[结论]朝鲜族和汉族青少年心血管病危险因素分布有差异,应对青少年提早进行心血管病危险因素的监测.     

重庆市居民食物摄入频率现况及影响因素评价

[目的]了解重庆市居民食物摄入频率现状和膳食结构模式,为今后开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据.[方法]选用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查重庆地区的资料,运用食物摄入频率法调查了1 520名15岁及以上居民,对每个调查对象过去1年的各类食物摄入频率和摄入量进行询问.采用评分方法评价重庆市居民的膳食质量.采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法筛选食物摄入频率的相关影响因素.[结果]重庆市居民的膳食结构不太合理,城乡间人群的膳食结构存在着一定的差异.城市居民畜禽肉类和油脂类摄入过量,鱼虾类摄入不足;农村居民油脂类摄入过量,水果、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶及奶制品和豆类及豆制品摄入不足.[结论]目前重庆市居民的膳食状况以水果、豆类及豆制品和奶及奶制品摄入不足为主要问题,应加强宣传教育提高营养知识水平,合理调整膳食结构,纠正不良的膳食习惯.     

朝鲜族与汉族人群高血压亚型分布特征比较

目的 了解吉林省延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群高血压亚型的分布特征.方法 以该地区30～70岁朝鲜族和汉族常住居民3011人作为研究对象,分析高血压亚型在本地区不同民族及年龄间的分布状况及特征.结果 朝鲜族和汉族高血压粗患病率分别为46.5%和34.0%,年龄调整后的标化患病率分别为37.2%和31.4%,且朝鲜族人群的高血压患病率显著高于汉族人群.在朝鲜族人群中,单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)、单纯舒张期高血压(IDH)和收缩期高血压合并舒张期高血压(SDH)的患病率分别为5.7%,14.3%和26.4%;汉族人群的患病率分别5.0%,11.4%和17.6%,均以SDH最多见.在高血压人群中,随着年龄的增长ISH和SDH的比例显著增高、IDH的比例显著降低.结论 延边地区不同民族人群高血压及亚型患病率明显不同,而且在高血压人群中的不同亚型所占的比例也不同.在高血压人群中,随着年龄的增长ISH和SDH的比例显著增高和IDH的比例显著降低,且以SDH最多见.     

PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与超重和肥胖的相关性

[目的]探讨PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与辽宁地区汉族人群超重和肥胖的相关性.[方法]应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP),对226例超重肥胖者和226例正常对照人群PPARγ2基因外显子的Pro12Ala多态性基因型进行对照分析.[结果]PPARγ2基因12Ala等位基因在超重肥胖组和对照组的频率分别为4.0%,2.0%(P=0.079),两者间无统计学差异.[结论]PPARγ2基因外显子的Pro12Ala多态性与超重和肥胖有弱相关性.     

Comparisons of food intake between breast cancer patients and controls in Korean women

The purpose of this study was to compare food intakes between Korean breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. We compared the intake of nutrients of 117 food items between Korean breast cancer patients (n=97) and age matched healthy controls (n=97). Nutrient intake was estimated using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The mean caloric intake of breast cancer patients and healthy controls was not significantly different. Breast cancer patients consumed significantly less fat and antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin A, retinol, β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E when compared to the control subjects. Among the food items, the intake of eggs (p<0.01), legumes (p<0.05), vegetables (p<0.05), seasonings (p<0.001), and oils and fats (p<0.01) in breast cancer patients was significantly lower than that in the controls. These results suggest that Korean breast cancer patients consumed less amount of soy and vegetables, which are rich source of antioxidant nutrients and phytosterols. Thus, dietary guidance to increase intake of these foods may be beneficial in the prevention of breast cancer.     

One portion size of foods frequently consumed by Korean adults

This study aimed to define a one portion size of food items frequently consumed for convenient use by Koreans in food selection, diet planning, and nutritional evaluation. We analyzed using the original data on 5,436 persons (60.87%) aged 20 ~ 64 years among 8,930 persons to whom NHANES 2005 and selected food items consumed by the intake frequency of 30 or higher among the 500 most frequently consumed food items. A total of 374 varieties of food items of regular use were selected. And the portion size of food items was set on the basis of the median (50th percentile) of the portion size for a single intake by a single person was analyzed. In cereals, the portion size of well polished rice was 80 g. In meats, the portion size of Korean beef cattle was 25 g. Among vegetable items, the portion size of Baechukimchi was 40 g. The portion size of the food items of regular use set in this study will be conveniently and effectively used by general consumers in selecting food items for a nutritionally balanced diet. In addition, these will be used as the basic data in setting the serving size in meal planning.     

Comparison of major dish item and food group consumption between normal and obese Korean children: application to development of a brief food frequency questionnaire for obesity-related eating behaviors

This study sought to compare intake levels of major dish items and food groups between normal and obese Korean children in order to understand obesity-related eating behaviors. The study was also conducted to apply the information on the differences in major dish items and food groups found in this study to development of a brief food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for children''s obesity-related eating behaviors. Finally, the developed FFQ was evaluated for reliability. A total of 290, 24-hour dietary recall data from 9-11 year-old normal or obese participants in the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were reviewed to identify dish items and food groups showing outstanding differences between the normal and obese groups. Based on the level of intake amount between the two groups, a total of 7 items, including ddeokbokggi, spaghetti, ham roast, pork cutlet, dairy products & ices, kimchi, and fruits, were selected to be included in the FFQ. The former 5 items were seen to be consumed more in the obese group, while the latter 2 items were so in the normal group. The questionnaire was formatted into a frequency response section of a seven-category option and reference period of the last 7 days. Test-retest reliability of the developed FFQ was examined by administering it to 153, 9-11 year-old children at a public elementary school in Seoul twice at a month interval. The level of reliability was found to be reasonably high. In conclusion, this study suggests that high consumption of several high-calorie dish items and low consumption of kimchi and fruits may be important eating behaviors in relation to obesity risk among 9-11 year-old children who need nutrition educators'' attention. The current study also implies that a simple FFQ can be utilized to reliably assess 9-11 year-old children''s diets.     

High-Fat Foods and FODMAPs Containing Gluten Foods Primarily Contribute to Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Korean Adults

Dietary control plays an important role in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, few studies have examined the relationship between dietary intake and symptoms of IBS in Koreans. The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the diet in food consumption and nutrient intake in Korean adults aged 20 to 40 with IBS. The data collected were completed by 857 subjects using a community-based web survey. The questionnaire covered functional bowel disorders based on Rome III, the semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), and the food items causing symptoms. In total, 186 of 857 subjects (21.7%) were diagnosed with IBS. The non-IBS group had a fat intake of 76.9 ± 47.9 g/day, while the IBS group had a fat intake of 86.6 ± 55.1 g/day (p = 0.014). The non-IBS group had a total fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) intake of 12.6 ± 9.7 g/day, whereas the IBS group had a total FODMAP intake of 13.9 ± 9.9 g/day (p = 0.030). Foods that contributed to the onset of symptoms in the IBS group were instant noodles (70.8%), Chinese noodles with vegetables and seafood (68.7%), pizza (67.2%), and black bean sauce noodles (66.3%) which are mostly classified as high fat and high gluten foods. The dietary intake of IBS patients differs from that of non-IBS subjects. Increased intake of gluten-containing or high-fat foods due to the westernized diet caused more IBS symptoms than high FODMAPs and dairy products in Korean adults in their 20 s to 40 s.     

Establishment of an isoflavone database for usual Korean foods and evaluation of isoflavone intake among Korean children

Asian populations including Koreans are assumed to have a higher isoflavone intake due to the higher consumption of soybean. However, it is difficult to estimate isoflavone intake because there is no isoflavone database in Korea. In this study, an isoflavone database was established with systematic review. Literature with analytical values of Korean soybeans and its products were collected and evaluated to establish an isoflavone database. A total of 142 food items containing isoflavones were selected among 2,932 food items in the Korean Nutrient Database. Among these, only 25 food items were evaluated with analytical values and the remaining 98 items were replaced with adaptations or calculations from similar items. Dietary intake of isoflavones was assessed for 426 boys and 365 girls aged 8 to 11 years with 3-day food records. The daily mean isoflavone intake was 8.3 mg among boys and 7.2 mg among girls. More than 70% of subjects had a daily isoflavone intake below 10 mg. The most contributory food item to the isoflavone intake among adolescents was tofu in quantity and soybean sauce in frequency. This database could be used to estimate isoflavone intakes from dietary data among various populations and to evaluate the relationships between isoflavone intake and chronic disease.     

北京市大兴区2007—2009年部分蔬菜水果中农药残留状况

目的对北京市大兴区市售部分食品农药残留的品种和残留量进行监测和分析,了解食品中农药的污染状况。方法 2007—2009年在区内随机抽取蔬菜、水果与茶叶等食品115份,检测有机磷、有机氯等农药残留量18项,拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量8项,氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量7项,将检测结果与国家相关标准对照。结果食品中农药残留量的检出率和超标率分别为29.6%和9.6%。叶类蔬菜、水果菇与茶叶类、瓜果豆类蔬菜检出率分别为45.5%、32.0%、2.9%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）;在农药中乐果和联苯菊酯检出率最高,分别为5.2%和6.1%;对硫磷和三氯杀螨醇超标率最高,为3.5%（4/115）。结论大兴区市售蔬菜、水果与茶叶存在农药污染现象,在蔬菜中有违规使用对硫磷和三氯杀螨醇现象,拟除虫菊酯类农药在韭菜、油菜和水果中残留较高。应加强果蔬类在种植及销售环节的监测与安全管理,降低农药残留对人群的危害。     

Measuring willingness to try new foods: a self-report questionnaire for French-speaking children

The study was designed to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire on food neophobia in French children. We evaluated food neophobia in a specific cultural context, examining an age group that has hardly been studied (5- to 8-year-olds). The questionnaire items were based on methods known for changing neophobic behavior (imitation, information, flavor principle and external stimulation) in order to diversify food presentation situations. In addition, we used colored pictures of food for seven items. Thirteen items that referred to acceptance of unfamiliar food were selected out of 25 items tested in an earlier stage. Six hundred and three children filled out the food neophobia questionnaire and a food task used to check its predictive validity was given to 503 of them. A factor analysis emphasized the one-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Results showed satisfactory internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The children's choices and their willingness to try new types of food were significantly correlated with the questionnaire scores. Food neophobia conceived as a personality trait was discussed.     

A short education session increases the accuracy of estimated food records in young Korean women during a controlled-feeding study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESDespite the widespread use of dietary assessment tools, the validity of food records has not been evaluated in Koreans. We assessed the accuracy of estimated food records and the effect of a short education session in young Korean women.SUBJECTS/METHODSThirty women (aged 18–23 yrs) each completed 3 food records during a controlled-feeding study. One educational session was provided on day 2 of the study. Food records were analyzed for the accuracy of food items and portion size estimation according to food group (grains; meat, fish, eggs, and beans; vegetables; fruit; dairy; and oils and sugars) and type of dish (rice, kimchi, soup, side dishes, spreads, beverages, and snacks). Reported food items were categorized as exact, close, or far matches, exclusions, or intrusions. Portion sizes were evaluated as accurate, similar, or inaccurate estimates, or missing. The means of days 2 and 3 were used to assess post-education results. Paired t-tests were performed to assess the effects of the education session.RESULTSThe mean percentages of exact matches, close matches, far matches, and exclusions on day 1 were 80.9%, 10.9%, 2.0%, and 6.2%, respectively, and mean intrusions observed were 0.1. The education session slightly increased the accuracy of recorded food items. The percentages of accurate, similar, and inaccurate estimates, and missing portion sizes were 11.7%, 19.8%, 12.2%, and 56.3%, respectively, at baseline. The percentage of missing portion size estimates decreased to 14.0% after the education session, resulting in an increase in the percentages of all other estimates. An increase was observed in the accuracy of reported portion sizes of vegetables, rice, and kimchi.CONCLUSIONSIn young Korean women, estimated food records are highly accurate for food items but not for portion size estimates without prior education. A short education session can improve the accuracy of portion size estimation.Trial RegistrationClinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0003307     

1991-2009年中国九省区膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(十) 7～17岁儿童青少年膳食锌的摄入状况及变化趋势

目的了解1991-2009年中国九省区儿童青少年膳食锌的摄入状况、食物来源以及变化趋势。方法利用"中国健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年7轮调查中的7～17岁儿童青少年为对象,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾询问法收集膳食资料。结果中国九省区儿童青少年平均每日锌摄入量从1991年的10.4mg下降到2009年的9.1mg。1991年和2009年中国九省区儿童青少年膳食锌摄入量低于平均需要量(EAR)的比例分别为66.6%和79.6%。膳食锌主要来源于谷类食物、动物性食物、坚果和蔬菜水果。结论我国儿童青少年人群中普遍存在锌摄入不足的问题,需要进行适当干预以增加膳食锌摄入量。[营养学报,2013,35(2):131-133]