微囊藻毒素对大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的 利用体外培养的大鼠睾丸支持细胞研究微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)对细胞中凋亡相关蛋白表达水平的影响.方法 大鼠睾丸细胞分别染毒0(对照)、0.5、1、10、20 μg/ml MC-LR溶液后培养24和48 h,采用MTT法检测细胞活性.调整细胞密度为4×106～5×106/ml,分别染毒含0(对照)、1、10 μ...     

Effect of Caspase-3 on Apoptosis of Sertoli Cells Induced by Microcystin-LR among Rats

目的 研究微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)染毒对大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡形态以及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活力的改变.方法 自健康18～20日龄SPF级SD雄性大鼠体内分离、培养睾丸支持细胞.用含MC-LR终浓度分别为0(对照)、1、10μg/ml的培养液培养48h.采用Hoechst荧光染色法检测睾丸支持细胞的凋亡情况;采用caspase-3底物切除法检测caspase-3的活力.结果 随着MC-LR染毒剂量的增高,大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡率升高.与对照组比较,仅10μg/ml MC-LR染毒的睾丸支持细胞caspase-3活力升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而1μg/ml MC-LR染毒睾丸支持细胞caspase-3活力略有降低,但差异无统计学意义.结论 MC-LR能诱导睾丸支持细胞发生凋亡,caspase-3在MC-LR诱导睾丸支持细胞凋亡中起重要调控作用.     

Caspase-3在微囊藻毒素-LR诱导大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡中的作用

目的研究微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)染毒对大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡形态以及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活力的改变。方法自健康18～20日龄SPF级SD雄性大鼠体内分离、培养睾丸支持细胞。用含MC-LR终浓度分别为0(对照)、1、10μg/ml的培养液培养48 h。采用Hoechst荧光染色法检测睾丸支持细胞的凋亡情况;采用caspase-3底物切除法检测caspase-3的活力。结果随着MC-LR染毒剂量的增高,大鼠睾丸支持细胞凋亡率升高。与对照组比较,仅10μg/ml MC-LR染毒的睾丸支持细胞caspase-3活力升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而1μg/ml MC-LR染毒睾丸支持细胞caspase-3活力略有降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论 MC-LR能诱导睾丸支持细胞发生凋亡,caspase-3在MC-LR诱导睾丸支持细胞凋亡中起重要调控作用。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对体外培养大鼠睾丸支持细胞中活性氧及丙二醛含量的影响

目的研究微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)对大鼠睾丸支持细胞中活性氧(ROS)水平和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。方法分离并培养10只健康18～20日龄清洁级雄性SD大鼠睾丸支持细胞。调整细胞密度为1×104～2×104个/ml,在终浓度分别为0(溶剂对照)、0.15、1.5、15μg/L的MC-LR培养液中染毒24h,采用MMT法测定细胞活性。调整细胞密度为2×105～4×105个/ml,在终浓度分别为0(溶剂对照)、0.15、1.5、15μg/L的MC-LR培养液中染毒6、12、24h,检测睾丸支持细胞中ROS和MDA含量。结果与溶剂对照组相比,染毒24h后各MC-LR染毒组细胞活性均有所增加,但差异均无统计学意义。与溶剂对照组比较,染毒6、24h时15μg/LMC-LR染毒组睾丸支持细胞ROS含量较高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。且随着MC-LR染毒剂量的增加和染毒时间的延长,睾丸支持细胞ROS含量呈上升趋势。不同染毒时间各染毒组睾丸支持细胞中MDA含量与溶剂组相比,差异无统计学意义。结论睾丸支持细胞暴露于本实验剂量MC-LR时可引起细胞中ROS含量升高,但不引起睾丸支持细胞MDA含量的改变。     

福建水华微囊藻毒素对小鼠免疫细胞影响的体外实验研究

[目的]探讨福建省水华微囊藻毒素对机体免疫细胞的损害.[方法]无菌取小鼠脾细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞,MC-LR染毒剂量均为0、1、5、10 μg/ml,观察MC-LR对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞增殖的影响和MC-LR染毒24、48和72 h对小鼠巨噬细胞增殖的影响.[结果]1、5、10 μg/ml剂量组T淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)下降;5、10 μg/ml剂量组B淋巴细胞刺激指数下降.染毒48 h,各剂量组腹腔巨噬细胞增殖受到不同程度抑制,其中5、10 μg/ml剂量组抑制增殖明显;染毒72 h,1、5、10 μg/ml剂量组抑制增殖明显,呈现一定的剂量效应关系.[结论]福建省水华微囊藻毒素可以明显抑制小鼠脾T、B淋巴细胞的增殖,损伤特异性免疫功能;还可明显抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的增殖,损伤非特异性免疫功能.     

铅暴露对神经元和脉络丛上皮细胞的损伤机制研究

目的研究铅暴露对神经元和脉络丛上皮细胞的损伤作用及分子机制。方法大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞和脉络丛上皮Z310细胞体外培养。采用噻唑蓝法(MTT),通过暴露于0~50μmol/L醋酸铅24 h和48 h筛选适合剂量。两种细胞分别以醋酸铅10μmol/L处理,于48 h时间点用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡水平,于24 h和48 h时间点用Western blot法检测bcl-2、bax及caspase-3蛋白水平。结果醋酸铅浓度为10μmol/L及以上时,PC12和Z310细胞活力均受到显著抑制,故选择10μmol/L为铅暴露剂量。与正常对照组相比,铅暴露后PC12细胞凋亡(TUNEL阳性)细胞数显著增多(P0.05),Z310细胞凋亡细胞数无显著变化(P0.05)。与正常对照组相比,醋酸铅10μmol/L处理PC12细胞24 h和48 h后,PC12细胞bax/bcl-2比值显著上升,cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达水平也显著增高(P0.05),而Z310细胞bax/bcl-2比值及cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平均无显著改变(P0.05)。结论铅暴露诱导不同类型大脑细胞损伤的方式和途径存在差异,通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡参与了铅损伤PC12细胞的机制,但可能并不是铅诱导Z310细胞损伤的主要方式。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对人支气管上皮细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的研究微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystins-LR,MC-LR)对人支气管上皮细胞(16HBE)凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。方法将16HBE细胞分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照)、1、10、20、30、40μg/ml的MC-LR溶液24h后,采用MTT法检测细胞活性。将16HBE细胞分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照)、2.5、5、10μg/ml的MC-LR溶液培养24、48 h后,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,采用Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白细胞色素C(Cyt-c)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2蛋白(Bcl-2)、前凋亡蛋白(Bax)的相对表达量。结果与对照组相比,各浓度MC-LR染毒组16HBE细胞的存活率较低,凋亡率较高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);随着MC-LR染毒浓度的升高,16HBE细胞的存活率呈逐渐下降的趋势,凋亡率呈上升趋势;随着MC-LR染毒时间的延长,16HBE细胞的凋亡率均呈上升趋势。当暴露时间一定时,与对照组相比,各浓度MC-LR染毒组16HBE细胞Bax和Cyt-c蛋白的表达水平均升高,Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平均下降(除外2.5μg/ml MC-LR染毒24 h组),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且随着MC-LR染毒浓度的升高和染毒时间的延长,16HBE细胞Bax和Cyt-c蛋白的表达水平均呈上升趋势,Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平均呈下降趋势。结论 MC-LR能诱导16HBE细胞发生凋亡,并引起Cyt-c和Bax蛋白表达水平升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对传代细胞的毒性

目的 从多种传代细胞株中，筛选对微囊藻毒素-LR敏感的细胞株，探讨建立经济、简便研究该毒素传代细胞模型的可能性。方法 不同宿主来源的8种细胞株(KB细胞，NIH／3T3细胞，H-4-Ⅱ-E细胞，Hela细胞，Vero细胞，HepG2细胞，Caco-2细胞，HL-60细胞)与不同浓度的微囊藻毒素-LR作用，细胞培养24，48，72。96h后观察其形态学变化，利用体外细胞法(MTT)测定其细胞毒性终点(判断细胞活性)及乳酸脱氢酶试验测定细胞膜受损情况。结果8种细胞株中，KB细胞和H-4-Ⅱ-E细胞在培养96h，毒素浓度大于18．8μg／ml时，呈现明显剂量-反应关系。KB细胞与毒素接触8h后就有显著的形态学改变，其实验结果的重现性和稳定性非常好；乳酸脱氢酶试验显示微囊藻毒素-LR可导致KB细胞膜损伤。结论 微囊藻毒素-LR对KB细胞和H-4-Ⅱ-E细胞有明显的细胞毒性作用。从形态学变化、试验结果的重现性、稳定性和敏感性考虑，KB细胞可用作研究该毒素的传代细胞模型。     

微囊藻毒素-LR致小鼠肝、肾和睾丸细胞DNA-蛋白质交联的研究

目的探讨微囊藻毒素-LR所致小鼠肝、肾、睾丸细胞DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)作用。方法以昆明种雄性小鼠为实验对象,腹腔注射染毒,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法检测小鼠肝、肾、睾丸细胞中交联DNA和游离DNA的量,计算其DPC系数,DPC系数=交联DNA/(交联DNA+游离DNA),判断DNA与蛋白质的交联程度。结果在小鼠肝细胞中,微囊藻毒素-LR各染毒组DPC数量均有显著增加,其DPC系数与对照组相比差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。在小鼠肾细胞中,微囊藻毒素-LR染毒剂量为3μg/kgbw和6μg/kgbw时,DPC数量显著增加,其DPC系数与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05);染毒剂量为12μg/kgbw时,DPC数量未增加,其DPC系数与对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。在小鼠睾丸细胞中,染毒剂量为3μg/kgbw时,DPC数量未增加,其DPC系数与对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。染毒剂量为6μg/kgbw和12μg/kgbw时,DPC数量显著增加,其DPC系数与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论在一定的染毒剂量下,微囊藻毒素-LR可以引起小鼠肝、肾、睾丸细胞DNA-蛋白质交联。     

丁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡机制的实验研究

目的:探讨膳食纤维在结肠中的酵解产物丁酸(butyrate)诱导人结肠癌细胞凋亡的作用机制.方法:人传代结肠癌细胞株SW1116经不同浓度(0、2、3、4、7和10 mmol/L)丁酸处理后,在不同时段(6、24、48和72 h)分别收集细胞,用RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测肿瘤细胞bcl-2和bax基因及其蛋白表达的变化,并用流式细胞仪和荧光定量法分别测定其p53蛋白浓度和caspase-3活性的变化.结果:实验过程中,肿瘤细胞的bcl-2 mRNA及其蛋白均无表达,但随着培养液中丁酸浓度的不断增加和培养时间的延长,其bax mRNA及其蛋白的表达则逐渐增强,同时伴有p53蛋白浓度和caspase-3活性的增加.结论:丁酸以p53依赖方式通过上调肿瘤细胞bax mRNA及其蛋白的表达而诱导SW1116细胞凋亡.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.