大鼠脊髓和后根节内5—HT1A,2A受体mRNA阳性神经元的分布

目的 观察大鼠脊髓及后根节内５－ＨＴ１Ａ,２Ａ受体ｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的分布。方法 原位杂交组织化学技术。结果 （１）５－ＨＴ１Ａ受体ｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元分布于脊髓灰质各层,主要见于一角浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）及Ⅲ、Ⅳ层,Ⅴ、Ⅶ层和Ｘ层也有散在分布。在角（Ⅸ层）内仅有小量阳性神经元;（５）５－ＨＴ２Ａ受体ｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的分布较局限,主要见于后角浅层及前角（Ⅸ层）神经元,在其他各层仅呈散在分布。在大鼠后根节内观察到：（１）１０．４％的后根节细胞呈５－ＨＴ１Ａ受体ｍＲＮＡ阳性,阳性细胞以中、小型节细胞为主;（２）１７．４％的后根节细胞呈５－ＨＴ２Ａ受体ｍＲＮＡ阳性,阳性细胞也以中、小型节细胞为主。结论 ５－ＨＴ１Ａ和５－ＨＴ２Ａ受体在脊髓和后根节内具有不同的分布特点,它们在介导５－羟色胺在脊髓水平的镇痛及在外周的致痛作用中     

大白鼠脊髓前角内含γ—氨基丁酸神经元的化学神经解剖学研究

用ＨＲＰ与免疫细胞化学结合法和免疫电镜方法观察了大白鼠脊髓Ｌ４～５节段内前角含γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）神经元的分布及其与躯体传出的关系。光镜下，在脊髓前角各层，包括位于前角的前外侧部的Ｒｅｘｅｄ ＩＸ层，均有ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应阳性神经元胞体和梢分布。ＧＡＢＡ阳性胞体为圆形或三角形，具有多个突起，可分大、中两型。电镜下，ＧＡＢＡ样免疫反应产物呈细小颗粒状沉淀，分布于核周质、树突和轴突内。在轴突末梢，免     

人胎海马结构小白蛋白免疫反应性神经元的分布

目的 观察人胎海马结构小白蛋白（PV）免疫反应性神经元的分布。方法 取孕龄为30周的人胎尸体,用ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示PV免疫反应性神经元。结果 海马结构的各区域内均有丰富的PV免疫反应性神经元分布,以锥体细胞怪最为密集。CA1、CA2、CA3始层PV免疫反应性神经元呈散在分布,胞体形态多样,细胞的突起伸向浅怪的始层和深层的分子层;分子层PV免疫反应性神经元较稀少。门区PV免疫反应性神经元分布密集,但细胞分层不明显,可见部分细胞的突起伸向齿状回;齿状回PV免疫反应性神经元集中分布于颗粒细胞层,其余各层在有少量散在PV免疫反应性神经元,细胞染色浅谈,无明显突起,下托复合体PV免疫反应性神经元主要分布于锥体细胞层,始层和分子层较稀少,细胞淡染,突起不明显。结论 海马结构的各区域均有丰富的PV免疫反应性神经元分布,主要分布于锥体细胞层和齿状回的颗粒层。各区域PV免疫反应性神经元发育成熟的时间可能并不同步,CA1－3和门区PV免疫反应性神经元发育成熟早于齿状回和下托复合体。     

日本猴脑内阿片μ-受体样免疫反应物质的分布:Ⅱ.颈、胸、腰、骶段脊髓及后根节(英)

通过应用识别大鼠阿片μ-受体（MOR）C末端30个氨基酸残基特异性位点的豚鼠抗体，本文对日本猴颈、胸、腰、骶段脊髓和背根节内MOR-样免疫反应物质的分布形式和特点进行了免疫组织化学研究。结果如下：强染色MOR－Li密集分布于脊髓吻尾全长的背角浅层，主要以Rexed第二层内侧部为主。在脊髓背角深层和中央导水管周围区域内也可见中到低等数量的MOR-Li标记。在脊髓背角浅层，MOR-Li广泛分布于Ⅰ、Ⅱ层内神经毯和神经元突起，但似乎只分布于第Ⅱ层神经元胞体。背角深层（Ⅳ－Ⅵ层）有些神经元的胞体和树突也有较强的MOR－Li染色。MOR－Li在背根入髓区和Lissauer's氏束中分布密集且染色强。在后根节，MOR－Li主要分布于中、小细胞，其中MOR－Li阳性小细胞约占65.71％（1018／1562），直径平均为29.50±0．11μm（17．31～34．88μm），中等细胞约占34．19％（534／1562），直径平均为39．04±0．14μm（24.01～49．86μm），而MOR－Li阳性的大细胞只占0．64％（10／1562），直径平均为59.00±2.35μm（51．09～71．39μm）。本结果揭示猴脊髓内阿片肽主要通过突触前和突触后两种方式发挥镇痛作用，除此之外，还可能通过作用于外周伤害性感受器部位的MOR发挥镇痛作用。     

大白鼠脊髓前角内含片氨基丁酸神经元的化学神经解剖学研究

用HRP与免疫细胞化学结合法和免疫电镜方法观察了大白鼠脊髓L_(4～5)节段内前角含γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)神经元的分布及其与躯体传出的关系。光镜下,在脊髓前角各层,包括位于前角的前外侧部的Rexed IX层,均有GABA免疫反应阳性神经元胞体和末梢分布。GABA阳性胞体为圆形或三角形,具有多个突起,可分大、中两型。电镜下,GABA样免疫反应产物呈细小颗粒状沉淀,分布于核周质、树突和轴突内。在轴突末梢,免疫反应产物定位于小透亮囊泡和线粒体外膜周围。GABA阳性树突接受GABA阳性或阴性轴突的传入性突触。HRP与免疫细胞化学结合法显示:在Rexed IX层存在HRP单标细胞、GABA单标细胞和HRP/GABA双标细胞。双标细胞占HRP标记细胞总数的79%。以上结果证明:在Rexed IX层的前角神经细胞内含有GABA,这些神经元参与躯体传出,并在突触水平接受来自GABA神经元的自身调节。     

大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内Fos及SP受体免疫反应神经元向丘脑腹后内侧核的投射

为了探讨三叉尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内向丘脑腹后内侧核（ＶＰＭ）直接投射的神经元与面口部伤害性刺激信息传递和ＳＰ能传入的关系，本研究用四甲基罗达明（ＴＭＲ）逆行追踪与Ｆｏｓ和ＳＰ受体免疫组织化学染色相结合的双标方法研究了Ｖｃ向ＶＰＭ投射的神经元。结果表明：（１）Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元主要分布在Ｖｃ浅层（Ⅰ、ⅠⅠ层）；（２）ＳＰ受体（ＳＰＲ）阳性神经元也主要分布在Ｖｃ浅层；（３）ＴＭＲ注射入一侧ＶＰＭ，逆标神经元仅见于对侧Ｖｃ和双侧延髓网状结构（ＭＲＦ）；（４）ＶｃⅠ层内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的２２．３％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，１１．７％为ＳＰＲ阳性；（５）Ｖｃ深层内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的１３．１％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，８．５％为ＳＰＲ阳性；（６）ＭＲＦ内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的４３．３％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，５．１％为ＳＰＲ阳性。上述结果提示：（１）Ｖｃ及ＭＲＦ内直接向ＶＰＭ投射的部分神经元感受面口部伤害性刺激信息；（２）ＶｃⅠ层内直接向丘脑投射的部分神经元可能接受外周ＳＰ能的初级传入。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内GFP阳性神经元的分布及与小白蛋白的共存

目的观察谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白（GAD67-GFP）基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核（Vc）浅层内，表达GFP的GABA能神经元的分布及其与小白蛋白（PV）的共存。方法分别运用原位分子杂交与免疫组织化学相结合；GFP与神经元标记物——神经元核蛋白（NeuN）或PV免疫荧光染色相结合的双重标记方法，在光学显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下进行观察。结果1．Vc浅层内90％以上的GFP阳性神经元同时表达GAD67 mRNA，而几乎所有表达GAD67 mRNA的阳性神经元都呈GFP阳性；2．GFP阳性神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层内，细胞较小，尤其在Ⅱ层内可见大量密集分布的GFP阳性细胞和突起。GFP阳性神经元分别占Ⅰ、Ⅱ层内NeuN阳性神经元总数的19．4％和24．3％；3．GFP／PV双标神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层，这些双标神经元大约占PV阳性神经元的62．4％，占GFP阳性神经元的12．8％。结论在Ｖc表达GFP的GABA能神经元主要密集分布于与外周伤害性信息传递关系密切的板层内，且大部分PV样阳性神经元属于GABA能神经元。     

阿片μ受体与SP、CGRP和SOM在大鼠三叉神经节和背根神经节内的共存研究

本研究应用免疫荧光及免疫荧光双重染色技术，观察了大鼠三叉神经节和背根神经节内阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性神经元的分布及其与SP、CGRP和SOM阳性神经元之间是否存在共存关系。结果显示：（1）三叉神经节和背根神经节内的阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性神经元多为中小到细胞，其免疫反应阳性产物不仅见于胞膜表面也出现于胞浆内。SP和SOM免疫反应阳性神经元亦为中小型细胞，但以小细胞为主，而CGRP免疫反应阳性神经元有一部分为大型神经元。（2）在三叉神经节内，有相当数量的阿片μ受体阳性神经元同时呈SP、CGRP或SOM免疫反应阳性。其中双重免疫反应神经元分别占阿片μ受体阳性细胞总数的34．6％、54．3％和23.9％，而在SP、CGRP和SOM各阳性细胞中分别有49．4％、50．9％和37.5％的神经元同时是阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性．（3）在背根神经节内，也有相当数量的神经元呈阿片μ受体与SP、CGRP和SOM双重免疫反应阳性，其中双标细胞数分别占阿片μ受体免疫反应阳性细胞总数的30．1％、48．4％和26.8％，各占SP、CGRP和SOM阳性细胞总数的51．5％、44．2％和35．9％。本文结果提示吗啡的镇痛作用中有部分可能是通过激活阿片μ受体来影响初级传入纤维中SP、CGRP和SOM的释放而实现的．     

大鼠海马内谷氨酸神经元与GABA神经元之间突触联系的免疫电镜双标研究

为了探讨神经递质在癫痫发病机理中的作用，用包埋前免疫电镜双标法研究了正常太鼠海马ＣＡ１区谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）神经元与ＧＡＢＡ神经元之间的突触联系，先用ＤＡＢ为呈色剂显示ＧＡ－ＢＡ免疫反应，然后以钼酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示Ｇｌｕ免疫反应，再进行免疫电镜包埋。观察发现，在海马ＣＡ１区锥体细胞层有许多Ｇｌｕ免疫反应性神经元；在锥体细胞层，多形层和辐状层可见一些ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应性神经元，胞体为锥体或多角形。在多形层     

大鼠腰骶髓和延髓星形胶质细胞及神经元对慢性结肠炎的反应

目的探讨大鼠腰骶髓和延髓星形胶质细胞及神经元对慢性结肠炎的反应,及反应性星形胶质细胞和反应性神经元之间的关系.方法成年雄性SD大鼠,实验组（n=17）给予三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）灌肠诱导结肠炎;对照组（n=16）给予生理盐水灌肠.免疫组织化学法显示大鼠腰骶髓和延髓内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）阳性星形胶质细胞和Fos阳性神经元.结果TNBS灌肠后,GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞主要分布在脊髓背角浅层（Ⅰ～Ⅱ层）、中间外侧核（Ⅴ层）、后连合核（Ⅹ层）和腹角外侧核（Ⅸ层）.Fos阳性神经元集中分布在背角深层（Ⅲ～Ⅳ,Ⅴ～Ⅵ层）.在延髓,两者均主要分布在由孤束核、中间网状带和腹外侧区组成的延髓内脏带（MVZ）.TNBS灌肠后3、7、14 d,脊髓中GFAP阳性细胞密度明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）.TNBS灌肠后3 d,延髓中GFAP阳性细胞密度明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）.TNBS灌肠后28 d,脊髓和延髓中GFAP阳性细胞密度下降,与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论结肠炎性刺激引起脊髓和延髓中星形胶质细胞激活.随着结肠炎的恢复,星形胶质细胞的反应性下降.在延髓内脏带,反应性星形胶质细胞与反应性神经元关系密切.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.