高同型半胱氨酸血症与肺血栓栓塞症的关联及叶酸干预的价值

目的:探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteine,HHcy)是否增加国人肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的危险,及叶酸干预对PTE患者HHcy的价值。方法:对41例PTE患者应用高效液相色谱法测定血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平,设性别、年龄匹配的正常对照34例。HHcy者给予叶酸、维生素B12,10d后复测血浆Hcy。结果:PTE患者血浆Hcy水平明显高于正常对照组[(20.1±7.8)μmol/L和(13.84±4.7)μmol/L,t=4.79,P<0.05)],HHcy使PTE发生的相对危险增加2.44倍,应用叶酸、维生素B12后血浆Hcy水平显著下降。结论:HHcy是国人PTE的独立危险因素。叶酸、维生素B12能有效降低其血浆Hcy水平。     

冠心病患者同型半胱氨酸水平及叶酸、维生素B6和B12的干预效果

目的观察冠心病患者同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与血浆叶酸、维生素B12浓度之间的关系,以及高同型半胱氨酸血症联合补充叶酸、维生素B6和维生素B12对Hcy水平的影响。方法冠心病患者332例,正常对照组194例。采用高压液相色谱法测定空腹血浆Hcy水平,应用放免分析法测定基础血浆叶酸及维生素B12浓度。Hcy水平高于15μmol/L者为高同型半胱氨酸血症,随机分为治疗组（55例）和对照组（43例）,均为冠心病患者,治疗组予以每日补充叶酸5mg,维生素B620mg,每日3次,维生素B120.5mg,,每日1次,4周后复查血浆Hcy水平。结果冠心病患者血浆Hcy水平高于正常组,基础叶酸浓度明显低于正常组,直线相关分析结果显示冠心病组血浆Hcy水平与基础叶酸浓度呈明显负相关（r=-0.149,P<0.05）,治疗组4周后Hcy水平平均降低了37.7%,治疗前后Hcy水平有显著差异（P<0.01）,结论冠心病患者Hcy水平较正常对照组显著升高,联合补充叶酸、维生素B6和维生素B12可明显降低冠心病患者高同型半胱氨酸血症者的血浆Hcy水平。     

73例老年慢性心脑血管病患者血清同型半胱氨酸含量的测定

目的　探讨老年慢性心脑血管病患者血清同型半胱氨酸 (Homocysteine ,Hcy)水平与冠心病及缺血性脑血管病的关系。方法　 6 0岁以上的老年慢性心脑血管病患者 73例 ,其中冠心病 38例 ,缺血性脑血管病 35例。 33名健康老年人作为对照组。对所有研究对象进行临床病史询问及全面体检 ,空腹取血检测血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、Hcy、叶酸和维生素B12 。结果　冠心病患者的Hcy平均含量为 (17.6 6± 5 .88) μmol/L ,缺血性脑血管病患者为 (16 .89±9.2 1) μmol/L ,均较对照组的 (14.36± 5 .87) μmol/L高 ,血清Hcy与叶酸水平呈负相关。 结论　老年慢性冠心病、缺血性脑血管病患者的血清同型半胱氨酸含量较正常老年人高。     

同型半胱氨酸与脑梗死关系探讨

目的　探讨血清总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)水平与脑梗死关系。方法　测定 112例脑梗死患者及 4 2例健康对照者的血清总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)、维生素B12 (VitB12 )和叶酸 (FA)水平。结果　 ( 1)脑梗死组的血清tHcy平均水平 ( 17 10± 8 5 3) μmol/L显著高于对照组 ( 11 18± 3 0 2 ) μmol/L ;( 2 )血清tHcy水平与FA与VitB12 水平均呈负相关 ;( 3)高同型半胱氨酸血症 (Hcy >15 0 μmol/L) ,经校正性别、年龄、吸烟、血脂、血压、血糖等危险因素后 ,脑梗死的相对危险度 (OR)为 4 78,[95 %可信区间 (CI)为 1 70～ 13 4 6 ]。结论　 ( 1)血清tHcy水平升高可增加脑梗死的发病危险度 ;( 2 )FA、VitB12 是tHcy的非遗传影响因素。     

单纯收缩期高血压患者同型半胱氨酸代谢关键酶基因多态性相关因子研究

目的　研究同型半胱氨酸代谢关键酶亚甲基 4 氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR)及胱硫醚 β 合成酶 (CBS)基因多态性及其代谢相关因子在收缩期高血压 (ISH)发病中的作用 ,寻找ISH的易感基因及中间表型。方法　从天津高血压防治区选取ISH患者 5 5例 ,对照组 46例 ,应用分子生物学方法对其进行MTHFRC6 77,CBSG919,T833,C341位点基因多态性检测 ,并同时测定血中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸、维生素B6 、维生素B1 2 浓度 ,并对结果进行相关性分析。结果　ISH组中MTHFR及CBS基因构成与对照组不同存在统计学差异 (P <0 0 5 )。ISH组中MTHFRT等位基因为 6 9 1% ,其发生率高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;CBS阳性等位基因发生率为 15 2 % ,与对照组不同。ISH组Hcy水平 [( 17 70± 8 5 0 ) μmol L]高于对照组 [( 10 6 5± 3 10 ) μmol L](P <0 0 5 )。而叶酸、维生素B6 、维生素B1 2 浓度与对照组相比明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。ISH组中高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率高于对照组 ,具有统计学差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,ISH组及对照组三种基因型血浆Hcy水平的改变存在着相同的趋势 ,即突变型高于杂合型与野生型。但血压升高的水平与Hcy浓度之间并无同向性变化。Hcy水平的增高可以增加ISH的发病 ,叶酸在ISH的发病中具有负性作用。结论　Hcy代谢     

同型半胱氨酸对KKAy鼠心肌病变的影响

目的　观察高同型半胱氨酸血症对糖尿病小鼠心脏的影响 ,以及补充叶酸对心肌病变的作用。方法　 2 4只KKAy小鼠随机分三组 ,分别喂养高热量饮食 (KA组 )、高蛋氨酸饮食 (KB组 )以及高蛋氨酸加叶酸和维生素B12饮食 (KC组 )。测定各组血浆同型半胱氨酸、叶酸和维生素B12水平 ,并观察心肌病理改变。结果　饲养 16周后发现 ,高蛋氨酸饮食组血浆同型半胱氨酸明显增高 (2 9.33± 16 .85对 5 .33± 2 .0 3,P <0 .0 0 1) ,且心肌间质纤维化、钙化、小动脉管壁增厚和透明变性等病变加重 ,经叶酸和维生素B12治疗后血浆同型半胱氨酸降至正常 (4 .0 4± 1.81) ,且心肌病变减轻。结论　同型半胱氨酸可以加重糖尿病鼠的心肌病变 ,叶酸和维生素B12可以有效减缓这一病变进程。     

老年期痴呆患者血浆同型半胱氨酸的临床观察

目的　了解老年期痴呆患者同型半胱氨酸 (Homocysteine,HCY)水平并探讨二者之间的关系。方法　老年性痴呆 (AD) 33例 ,血管性痴呆 (VD) 4 3例 ,健康老年人 2 8例 (对照组 )。对所有研究对象 ,空腹取血检测血浆 HCY,同时检测血叶酸和维生素 B1 2 。结果　老年期痴呆患者的HCY平均水平为 1 3.1 2± 4.64μmol/ L (AD)和 1 5.33± 5.0 6μmol/ L(VD) ,对照组 (1 2 .45± 3.0 5μmol/ L ) ,F值分别为 3.972 ,1 0 .82 1和 6.62 5(P<0 .0 5)。血清 HCY与叶酸及维生素 B1 2 水平呈负相关 ,相关系数分别为 0 .2 92和 0 .2 7(P<0 .0 5)。结论　老年期痴呆者有高水平的血清 HCY和低水平的血叶酸。     

同型半胱氨酸对KKAy小鼠心肌病变的影响

目的　观察高同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)血症对糖尿病小鼠心肌的影响 ,以及补充叶酸对心肌病变的作用。方法　2 4只KKAy小鼠随机分成 3组 ,分别喂养高热量饮食 (KA组 )、高蛋氨酸饮食 (KB组 )以及高蛋氨酸加叶酸、维生素B1 2 饮食 (KC组 )。测定各组血浆Hcy、叶酸、维生素B1 2 水平 ,并观察心肌病理改变。结果　饲养 16周后 ,KB组血浆Hcy明显增高 [(2 9.33± 16 .85对 5 .33± 2 .0 3) μmol L ,P <0 .0 0 1],且心肌间质纤维化、钙化、小动脉管壁增厚、透明变性等病变加重 ,经叶酸、维生素B1 2 治疗的KC组血浆Hcy降至正常 (4 .0 4± 1.81) μmol L ,且心肌病变减轻。结论Hcy可以加重糖尿病小鼠的心肌病变 ,叶酸、维生素B1 2 可以有效减缓这一病变进程。     

脑梗死发病危险性与血同型半胱氨酸水平的相关性

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑梗死发病危险性的关系。方法200例脑梗死患者测定血浆同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12和欧洲脑卒中量表评分等指标,并与100例健康对照者相比较。结果脑梗死组的血浆同型半胱氨酸水平高于对照组(18.54±6.28μmol/L比10.35±3.64μmol/L,P<0.001);脑梗死组叶酸与维生素B12水平(分别为4.62±2.48μg/L、246.4±86.2ng/L)低于对照组(分别为8.36±1.58μg/L、348.3±58.4ng/L,P<0.001)。条件Logistic回归模型检验发现同型半胱氨酸为脑梗死的独立致病因素。脑梗死组血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与欧洲脑卒中量表评分呈负相关(r=-0.684,P<0.001),即脑梗死病情严重程度与血同型半胱氨酸水平呈正相关。脑梗死组血同型半胱氨酸水平与血叶酸和维生素B12水平呈负相关(r=-0.448,P<0.001;r=-0.264,P<0.01)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症增加了脑梗死的发病危险性,并可加重其病情严重程度。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的变化及其主要影响因素

目的:探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及其代谢相关因子(叶酸、维生素B12)和血脂与急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)之间的关系。方法:110例ACS患者(ACS组)及110例性别和年龄相匹配的非心脑疾病者(对照组),应用高效液相色谱荧光分析法测定血浆Hcy浓度,同时测定叶酸、维生素B12浓度及血脂水平,分析血浆Hcy与ACS有无相关性,并进一步分析Hcy与叶酸和维生素B12之间的关系。结果:①ACS组血浆Hcy浓度[(16.75±11.97)mmol/L]高于对照组[(13.15±5.65)mmol/L],(P<0.05)。②血浆Hcy浓度和血浆叶酸、维生素B12浓度呈明显的非线性负相关。③ACS组血脂与Hcy水平无明显相关。结论:高Hcy血症是ACS的一个新的危险因素,叶酸、维生素B12是影响ACS患者血浆Hcy水平的主要因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.