侧颅底应用解剖学研究

目的 通过对侧颅底解剖学结构的观察与测量,为临床侧颅底手术的定位、导航提供解剖学依据。方法 10%甲醛浸泡的成人尸头10个(20侧),观测颈静脉球区域神经血管、颈内动脉毗邻的解剖关系。结果 颈静脉球,其形态可分为隆起型和低平型,舌咽神经多位于颈静脉球前内侧者,迷走神经和副神经多位于颈静脉球内侧者,颈内动脉岩骨段距离鼓膜张肌的长度平均为2.2mm,距离下颌神经和脑膜中动脉的平均长度分别为6.9mm和6.8mm。结论 侧颅底血管和神经分布密集,术者了解侧颅底血管和神经的解剖关系,有利于手术中安全扩大手术视野,避免术中损伤血管、神经。     

经迷路下径路切除岩尖病变显微解剖学

目的探讨经迷路下入路切除岩尖病变之手术入路,为手术入路提供解剖学标志和依据。方法①应用30例干颞骨标本依次测量颈内动脉膝部到面神经管垂直段的距离、面神经管到岩尖的距离以及颈内动脉到岩锥后面的距离。并在干颞骨标本上磨出该手术路径;②应用10具(20侧)经10%甲醛固定成人尸头湿标本,在手术显微镜下模拟迷路下入路切除岩尖气房,分别测量后半规管最低点到颈静脉球最高点骨板之间距离,面神经管垂直段和乙状窦骨板之间距离。结果①干颞骨标本测量:面神经管垂直段到颈内动脉膝部距离为(13.26±1.66)mm,面神经管垂直段到岩尖的距离为(34.48±1.07)mm,颈内动脉膝部到岩部后面的距离为(9.68±1.53)mm;②湿标本模拟手术测量:面神经管垂直段中点到乙状窦前壁距离为(6.42±2.65)mm,后半规管骨管到颈静脉球距离为(5.76±3.38)mm。能够完成迷路下手术入路的13侧。结论经迷路下入路手术切除岩尖病变能够保护内耳道、耳蜗、迷路不受损伤,保存听力,是一个具有临床应用意义的手术途径。     

颅中窝径路人工耳蜗植入手术解剖学

目的 从解剖学角度探讨颅中窝径路人工耳蜗植入的可行性及安全性.方法 对19侧成人尸头行局部解剖学研究,辨认岩浅大神经和面神经管裂孔并将其作为解剖标志,暴露骨性耳蜗基底转距离颅中窝底最近的部位,即耳蜗基底转表浅部.测量①耳蜗基底转表浅部与颅中窝底板间距离;②耳蜗基底转表浅部到面神经膝状神经节内缘距离;③耳蜗基底转表浅部到岩浅大神经距离;④耳蜗基底转表浅部到面神经迷路段距离.结果 由颅中窝底板到达耳蜗基底转表浅部,其间未遇到任何重要结构.耳蜗基底转表浅部在颅中窝底板下的平均深度为3.03(3.03±0.97) mm;耳蜗基底转表浅部到面神经膝状神经节内缘平均距离1.68 (1.68±0.33) mm;耳蜗基底转表浅部到岩浅大神经平均距离1.72 (1.72±0.39) mm;耳蜗基底转表浅部到面神经迷路段平均距离1.77 (1.77±0.50) mm.结论 颅中窝径路人工耳蜗植入时进行耳蜗造孔是可行的,有手术操作空间,对于特殊病例该径路可供替代选择.     

内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术应用解剖研究初探

目的通过尸头解剖来探索经眶外下壁入路内镜手术所能达到的解剖通道、解剖标志及解剖方法等。方法对5具尸头（10侧）进行内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术的细分解剖,通过逐步解剖来界定该入路所能达到解剖通道、颅内外重要解剖标志、解剖边界等。结果本研究界定了内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术所能达到的5个通道,它们分别是三叉神经通道、破裂孔通道、海绵窦通道、岩锥及后颅窝通道、中颅窝通道,它们的边界、解剖标志、解剖通道、解剖步骤及方法都得以明确的界定。结论内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术可以到达旁中线颅底、中颅窝,甚至是部分侧颅底及后颅窝,而且对于上颌神经、下颌神经颅内外段的暴露能提供很好的视野。当然,这还需要进一步的解剖研究及临床实践加以完善及检验。     

侧颅底手术中面神经保护与修复

侧颅底区域是指眶下裂与岩枕裂延线相交的三角形解剖区域,由于该区域内含颈内动脉、颈静脉球、后组脑神经、面神经和前庭耳蜗神经等重要解剖结构,故该区域的手术对从事耳神经及侧颅底外科的医师一直极具挑战。面神经出脑桥后可分为6段,即小脑脑桥角段、内听道段、迷路段、     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝和颞下窝应用解剖学研究

目的探索经鼻内镜翼腭窝、颞下窝恒定的解剖标志,为手术处理该区域病变奠定基础。方法对11例尸头行鼻内镜侧颅底解剖学研究。经鼻内镜经中鼻道、蝶腭孔、上颌窦后壁入路,暴露翼腭窝及颞下窝的重要血管、神经及骨性解剖标志,并测量各解剖标志间的距离。结果经鼻内镜可恒定暴露蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、蝶腭神经节、眶下神经、卵圆孔、棘孔等重要侧颅底标志。鼻小柱基底到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、破裂孔的距离分别为（69±3）、（73±3）、（75±3）、（90±5）、（96±4）、（88±3）mm。结论经鼻内镜可显露翼腭窝及颞下窝重要解剖结构,且各解剖结构可通过相互之间的距离及位置在鼻内镜二维平面上互相定位,以更直观、安全的处理该区域的病变。     

面神经

20030966面神经迷路段的手术人路和显微解剖关系研究/梅凌云…//中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志一2003,8(4)一230一233 目的:探讨以面神经迷路段一手术入路为依据的面神经迷路段和毗邻结构的显微解剖以及各手术入路的比较解剖。方法:对6例(12侧)福尔马林固定的成人头颅标本依顺序模拟经乳突一上鼓室入路、经迷路入路、经颅中窝入路的手术操作,对各入路涉及的解剖学标志及暴露范围进行观测。结果:经乳突一上鼓室入路可以显示面神经的乳突段、鼓室段、迷路段远侧端的0.94mm士0.o6mm和膝状神经节;经迷路入路可以显示颖骨内段面神经全程;经颅中窝入路…     

面神经

20020842经岩骨人路面神经的显微解剖学研究/黄军…//中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志一2001,7(4)一214~216 目的:为经岩骨入路保护面神经提供显微解剖学资料。方法:手术显微镜下对10具(20侧)福尔马林固定的成人头颈部标本模拟经岩骨入路的手术操作,观测管段面神经的解剖及其与重要结构的关系。结果:管段神经分3段:迷路段长(3.2士0.9) mm,上下方一向管径(1.1士0.2)mrn;鼓室段长(11.7士1.5)mn飞.水平方向管径(1 .4士。.1)mm,两段成角71.00土11.70;垂直段长(13.9士1.8)mm.前后方向管径(1.6士0.2)mm,与水平段成角106.60士7.70。管段面神经的解剖标志:…     

耳内镜手术相关面神经解剖

目的为安全实施耳内镜手术,避免面神经损伤提供解剖依据。方法对12例2 4侧成人尸头样本进行解剖,暴露面神经全程,对面神经进行相关解剖测量,从外耳道、鼓窦、迷路（乙状窦）后径路用耳内镜对面神经进行观察。结果所有标本均能通过上述径路在耳内镜下完整观察面神经全程,且清晰显露面神经隐窝以及咽鼓管鼓口周围结构。面神经垂直段恰位于骨迷路中轴线位置,面神经水平段介于外半规管和镫骨头之间;面神经鼓室段和上半规管顶、外半规管上缘距离分别为（8.59±1.75）mm和（3.83±1.11）mm,面神经乳突段距后半规管下缘距离为（3.13±1.53）mm;面神经乳突段和外耳道前、后壁距离分别为（10.50±1.91）mm和（3.8 5±0.9 9）mm;鼓索神经出外耳道后壁处和面神经鼓室段之间垂直距离为（2.2 1±0.7 6）mm,鼓索神经和面神经乳突段间夹角为2 7.3 0°±5.9 7°,内耳门外侧距乳突骨质表面水平距离为（33.82±2.80）mm,内耳门上缘距岩骨上缘距离为（4.96±1.40）mm。结论耳内镜可以清晰显示显微镜难以暴露的手术区域,能清晰分辨并避免损伤面神经,在耳显微外科有广阔的应用前景。     

中耳手术中的面神经定位

目的结合颞骨解剖和面神经手术，明确适用于手术的面神经解剖标志。方法44具颞骨标本面神经解剖，106例周围性面神经麻痹的面神经减压手术。根据面神经周围的固定解剖标志，确定面神经位置。结果①面神经垂直段标志：水平半规管后中1／3交界处垂直线提示面神经后缘；砧骨短角上缘弧度延长线为面神经垂直段前缘；面神经与水平半规管基本在同一深度；②面神经水平段标志：位于砧骨短突之下；在水平半规管隆突前缘向前上呈30。行走；在匙突后方，面神经与匙突平行形成中上鼓室内侧面交界缘；经过匙突面神经向前上行走到膝状神经节；③膝状神经节定位：从镫骨头到匙突等距离延长线为膝状神经节位置；④鼓索神经定位：鼓索从左侧鼓沟的3点或右侧鼓沟的9点出骨管，沿鼓沟向前行走于砧骨长突外侧和锤骨颈内侧；鼓索神经从面神经发出处距离茎乳孔5—8mm；鼓索位于鼓膜紧张部与松弛部交界处。所有手术所见面神经走向符合解剖所见。结论中耳乳突的固定标志是面神经定位的参照物，其中水平半规管的位置最恒定，根据参照物确定面神经位置提高了手术的安全性。     

Anatomical landmarks for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery

Resection of midline skull base lesions involve approaches needing extensive neurovascular manipulation. Transnasal endoscopic approach (TEA) is minimally invasive and ideal for certain selected lesions of the anterior skull base. A thorough knowledge of endonasal endoscopic anatomy is essential to be well versed with its surgical applications and this is possible only by dedicated cadaveric dissections. The goal in this study was to understand endoscopic anatomy of the orbital apex, petrous apex and the pterygopalatine fossa. Six cadaveric heads (3 injected and 3 non injected) and 12 sides, were dissected using a TEA outlining systematically, the steps of surgical dissection and the landmarks encountered. Dissection done by the “2 nostril, 4 hands” technique, allows better transnasal instrumentation with two surgeons working in unison with each other. The main surgical landmarks for the orbital apex are the carotid artery protuberance in the lateral sphenoid wall, optic nerve canal, lateral optico-carotid recess, optic strut and the V2 nerve. Orbital apex includes structures passing through the superior and inferior orbital fissure and the optic nerve canal. Vidian nerve canal and the V2 are important landmarks for the petrous apex. Identification of the sphenopalatine artery, V2 and foramen rotundum are important during dissection of the pterygopalatine fossa. In conclusion, the major potential advantage of TEA to the skull base is that it provides a direct anatomical route to the lesion without traversing any major neurovascular structures, as against the open transcranial approaches which involve more neurovascular manipulation and brain retraction. Obviously, these approaches require close cooperation and collaboration between otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons.     

翼管在内镜经鼻颅底手术中的标志作用

目的通过影像学和解剖学方法进行研究以明确翼管在鼻内镜经鼻颅底手术中的价值并为临床提供参考。方法选23具尸头行冠状位及轴位高分辨CT扫描,观察翼管及其与周围结构的关系,并测量相关距离。选其中3具经过动脉灌注的尸头,分别采用经上颌窦、经鼻至翼腭窝-海绵窦入路进行鼻内镜下的解剖学研究。结果高分辨CT能够清晰显示翼管形态、走行及其与周围结构的关系。所有翼管均位于颈内动脉管水平段或其以下层面。鼻内镜解剖与相应的影像学提示相同,翼管内容恒定地指向颈内动脉前膝;翼管和圆孔之间的距离标定了一个手术门户。结论翼管是内镜经鼻颅底手术的一个重要解剖标志,作为骨性管道,高分辨CT可以清晰显示翼管。     

A multipurpose landmark for skull-base surgery: Henle's spine

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Henle's spine could be used as a reliable and multipurpose landmark for the other important structures of the skull base. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-two specimens from 46 cadaveric adult dry skulls were studied. Two imaginary lines and a triangle were defined: a spinopterygoidal line extending from Henle's spine to the root of the medial pterygoid plate, a bispinal line extending from one Henle's spine to the contralateral one, and a parapetrosal triangle lying between the spinopterygoidal line, the bispinal line and the sagittal midline. The parapetrosal triangle encompasses nearly all the main structures of the skull base, including the petrosal internal carotid artery. RESULTS: Along the spinopterygoidal line the distance from Henle's spine to the spine of the sphenoid was found to be about 3 cm, to the foramen spinosum 3.5 cm, to the posterior and anterior margins of the foramen ovale 4 and 4.5 cm, to the root of the lateral pterygoid plate 5 cm, to the root of the medial pterygoid plate 5.5 cm, and to the vomer 6.5-7 cm. Along the bispinal line, the distance from Henle's spine to the stylomastoid foramen was found to be about 1.5 cm, to the lateral and medial margins of the jugular foramen 2.5 and 3.5 cm, to the external orifice of the hypoglossal canal 4 cm, and to the foramen magnum 5 cm. CONCLUSION: Henle's spine with its superficial and central position can be used to localize important anatomical structures during skull-base surgery.     

The superior petrosal triangle as a constant anatomical landmark for subtemporal middle fossa orientation

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS; Anatomical landmarks including the arcuate eminence and the superficial petrosal nerve serve as orienting landmarks for middle fossa dissection. However, because of considerable variation among patients, these landmarks are not always readily identifiable. We expand on a previously described method for identifying the head of the malleus as a constant anatomical landmark to optimize exposure when employing a middle fossa approach. METHODS; We completed an anatomical study using 10 preserved human cadaveric temporal bones to define the anatomical relationship among the root of the zygoma, the posterior-lateral lip of the foramen spinosum, and the bony tegmen over the head of the malleus. Subsequently, 5 fresh whole human cadaveric heads (10 temporal bones) were dissected using a surgically oriented anterior petrosectomy-middle fossa approach to evaluate the consistency of localizing the head of the malleus. RESULTS; We defined the superior petrosal triangle as a stable anatomical relationship. Our cadaveric data demonstrated that the distance from the root of the zygoma to the head of the malleus was 18.7 mm (SD = 1.7 mm) and the distance from the foramen spinosum to the head of the malleus was 19.2 mm (SD = 1.0 mm). The intersection of an arc transcribed 19 mm from the root of the zygoma and an arc transcribed 19 mm from the foramen spinosum localized the head of the malleus within 2.5 mm (SD = 2.4 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The landmarks defined by the superior petrosal triangle represent a means to localize the bony tegmen over the head of the malleus. Identification of the head of the malleus as a landmark in middle fossa surgery when other landmarks are not recognizable optimizes patient safety and surgeon confidence during complex surgical procedures.     

颅底筋膜结构的解剖学研究进展

颅底的筋膜结构是颅底区域最为复杂的结构之一,分隔出了众多的筋膜间隙,其有助于术者在传统的开放式入路手术中对自外侧向中线方向的颅底解剖层次的理解。同时,在颅底外科手术中更是起着重要解剖标志的作用。近20年来,颅底外科的技术和理念出现了重大变革,从以往的开放式入路手术发展到如今占据主流的内镜经鼻或经口手术。但颅底筋膜结构的研究依然存在很多争议,其在内镜经鼻或经口手术入路中的应用解剖学认识及其临床应用价值依然处于探索阶段。本文就近20余年来的颅底筋膜结构的解剖学研究进展进行综述。     

鼻内镜下经鼻翼突径路旁中线颅底手术

内镜颅底手术中选取合适的手术径路至关重要,视野暴露良好、避免重要血管神经损伤是两大原则,相对固定的解剖参考标志也是十分必要的。在内镜下经鼻腔入路旁中线颅底手术中,翼突根部、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、咽鼓管圆枕等解剖结构相对固定,可以互相作为参考。内镜经鼻翼突径路可以处理翼腭窝、颞下窝、海绵窦、Meckle腔、斜坡旁至海绵窦段颈内动脉、岩斜坡区域、岩尖区、咽鼓管区域、咽旁间隙上部。加强以翼突为解剖标志的内镜颅底手术,可以增加术中辨别的标志,并能以此为中心,向内、外扩展,充分利用其空间定位,增加术者在操作中的空间立体感,有助于内镜颅底手术的扩展。     

侧颅底疾病的外科治疗及颅底重建（附20例报告）

目的探讨侧颅底疾变的外科治疗和体会。方法回顾性分析20例侧颅底疾病患者的临床资料,其中颞骨占位性病变破坏内听道、颈静脉孔区等占位病变与颅内沟通者1 1例,采取经迷路、乳突腔引流以及经乳突切除肿瘤手术;中耳炎性疾病破坏鼓室、鼓窦天盖与颅内沟通者2例,采取扩大乳突根治手术;外伤与畸形造成侧颅底骨质破坏,脑脊液耳漏、鼻漏7例,采取经迷路、乳突修补手术。结果其中颞骨占位性听神经瘤3例、面神经肿瘤3例、静脉孔区胆固醇肉芽肿1例、原发于颞骨的胆脂瘤4例,肿瘤均完全切除;中耳胆脂瘤2例,乳突根治术后无复发;Mondini畸形合并内听道底骨质缺损导致耳漏2例、颞骨骨折致耳漏5例,术后脑脊液漏消失。重要的神经、血管、位听器官以及颅底和颅脑组织得到保护或重建。结论外科手术是治疗侧颅底疾病的主要方法,术中应注意保护重要的血管、神经、位听器官以及颅底、颅脑组织。     

基于颞骨冰冻切片数据集侧颅底区解剖结构三维重建

目的 探讨基于冰冻切片进行侧颅底精细结构三维重建的方法,完善中国数字人研究的内容.方法 利用体绘制软件、颞骨冰冻切片数据集对颞骨及其内部精细结构进行三维重建.结果 获取了颞骨内主要结构:听小骨,鼓膜张肌,面神经管,迷路,颈内动脉,乙状窦,后组脑神经,岩下窦,脑膜中动脉,三叉神经,小脑后下动脉,前庭水管,耳蜗水管的三维模型.以上结构既可单独显示,又能任意搭配显示、任意角度旋转切割,并可进行交互式浏览.结论基于颞骨冰冻切片能够实现侧颅底解剖结构的三维可视化.计算机技术与解剖学相结合的数字化技术为侧颅底解剖学习、侧颅底模拟手术演练提供了平台,对推动侧颅底外科的发展具有重要意义.