全身振动训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿20例步行速度及粗大运动功能影响研究

目的 探究全身振动训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿步行及粗大运动能力的影响.方法 选取2019年1月至2019年12月在上海市第一人民医院康复医学科门诊行康复治疗的痉挛型脑瘫患儿40例,随机(抛硬币法)分为试验组(全身振动训练结合常规康复治疗)20例,对照组(常规康复训练)20例.分别于干预前、干预12周后评估粗大运动功能评定(G...     

Concurrent Validity of Two Standardized Measures of Gross Motor Function in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Aims: This study provides information on how two standardized measures based on different theoretical frameworks can be used in collecting information on motor development and performance in 4- and 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of the study was to determine the concurrent validity of the Miller Function and Participation Scales (M-FUN) with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2) in young children with ASD. Methods: The gross motor sections of the PDMS-2 and the M-FUN were administered to 22 children with ASD between the ages of 48 and 71 months. Concurrent validity between overall motor scores and agreement in identification of motor delay were assessed. Results: A very strong correlation (Pearson's r =.851) was found between the M-FUN scale scores and the PDMS-2 gross motor quotients (GMQs). Strong agreement in identification of children with average motor skills and delayed motor skills at 1.5 standard deviations below the mean was also found. Conclusions: This study supports the concurrent validity of the M-FUN with the PDMS-2 for young children with ASD. While both tests provide information regarding motor delay, the M-FUN may provide additional information regarding the neurological profile of the child.     

Effects of Aquatic Intervention on Gross Motor Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review

Aims: To review the literature on the effects of aquatic intervention on gross motor skills for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Data sources: Six databases were searched from inception to January 2016. Review methods: Aquatic studies for children aged 1–21 years with any type or CP classification and at least one outcome measuring gross motor skills were included. Information was extracted on study design, outcomes, and aquatic program type, frequency, duration, and intensity. Quality was rated using the Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence and the PEDro scale. Results: Of the 11 studies which met inclusion criteria, only two used randomized control trial design, and the results were mixed. Quality of evidence was rated as moderate to high for only one study. Most studies used quasi-experimental designs and reported improvements in gross motor skills for within group analyses after aquatic programs were held for two to three times per week and lasting for 6–16 weeks. Participants were classified according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–V, and were aged 3–21 years. Mild to no adverse reactions were reported. Conclusions: Evidence on aquatic interventions for ambulatory children with CP is limited. Aquatic exercise is feasible and adverse effects are minimal; however, dosing parameters are unclear. Further research is needed to determine aquatic intervention effectiveness and exercise dosing across age categories and GMFCS levels.     

Scores of typically developing children on the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales: infancy to preschool

Norms for the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, second edition (PDMS-2) are based on cross-sectional data that do not provide information on how the scores of individual children vary over time. This study examined intra-individual variability of PDMS fine and gross motor scores of 77 typically developing children at 9, 11, 13, 16, and 21 months of age and PDMS and PDMS-2 fine and gross motor scores at 4 years. Correlations between scores over time ranged from .13 to .45. PDMS and PDMS-2 scores were correlated at .71 and .75 with significantly different means, indicating that the two versions are not equivalent for 4-year-old children. Most children scored above the 16th percentile, the suggested cut-off on the PDMS, at both 21-month and 4-year assessments, but their percentile ranks fluctuated considerably. Use of confidence intervals contributes to accurate interpretation of scores by differentiating true change in a child's score from change due to measurement error.     

Effect of Group-Task-Oriented Training on Gross and Fine Motor Function,and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

Aims: To determine the effects of group-task-oriented training (group-TOT) on gross and fine motor function, activities of daily living (ADL) and social function of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: Eighteen children with spastic CP (4–7.5?years, gross motor function classification system level I–III) were randomly assigned to the Group-TOT (9 children received group-TOT for 1?hour, twice a week for 8?weeks) or the comparison group (9 children received individualized traditional physical and occupational therapy). The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-88, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2^nd edition (BOT-2), and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were administered before and after the intervention, and in the Group-TOT, 16?weeks after the intervention.

Results: Children in the Group-TOT showed significant improvements in the GMFM-88 standing and walking/running/jumping subscales, the BOT-2 manual dexterity subscale, and the PEDI social function subscale (p?<?0.05); changes were maintained 16?weeks after the intervention ended. In contrast, the comparison group improved in only the BOT-2 fine motor integration subscale (p?<?0.05).

Conclusions: The findings provide evidence of effectiveness of group-TOT in improving gross and fine motor function, and social function in children with CP.     

Test-Retest Reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this study was to describe the test-retest reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) in children with cerebral palsy. The GMFM was administered twice, within a one-week time period, to twenty-one children with cerebral palsy. The time of day, therapists, and evaluation setting were held constant. Intra-class correlations ranged from .76 to 1.00. The data suggest that the GMFM is consistent in the measurement of gross motor skills and that children with cerebral palsy exhibit stable gross motor skills during repeat measurement. This information will be helpful in future analysis of treatment efficacy using the GMFM as an outcome measure.     

Concurrent Validity of the Bayley-III and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 at 18 Months

Aim: To determine concurrent validity between the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3^rd edition (Bayley-III) and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2^nd edition (PDMS-2). Methods: Both assessments were administered to 184 preterm children at 18?months corrected age; standard scores for total score, gross motor, and fine motor were calculated for each child. Cross-tabulation and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) determined concurrent validity between the Bayley-III and the PDMS-2 motor domains. Results: High correlations were found between total motor (r?=?0.88), gross motor (r?=?0.88), and fine motor scores (r?=?0.79). Both assessments had 93% agreement on classification for motor impairment; 23 children were identified by both assessments as having motor impairments, but 12 children were identified differently on each assessment (7 as impaired on PDMS-2 but average on Bayley-III; 5 as impaired on Bayley-III but average on PDMS-2). Most children with motor impairments were identified as 1SD below the mean on the PDMS-2 (27/30) and Bayley-III (18/28); however, the Bayley-III identified more children 2SD below the mean (10/28) compared to the PDMS-2 (3/30). Conclusions: Both the Bayley-III and PDMS-2 identify motor delays in children; however, clinicians should be aware of the concurrent validity as each assessment may lead to differing results.     

Levels of gross and fine motor development in young children with autism spectrum disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare levels of gross motor (GM) and fine motor (FM) development in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to compare their levels of GM and FM development with children with developmental delay (DD) without ASD. Thirty-eight children (ASD group: n = 19; DD group: n = 19) between 21 and 41 months of age were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2). Using PDMS-2 classifications as well as differences between standard scores, each child was placed in one of three motor profiles based on the child's relative levels of GM and FM skills (GM = FM,GM>FM, and GM相似文献   

中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表项目难度改良及反应度和精确度研究

目的：重新确定复旦中文版GMFM的项目难度顺序,并与GMFM-66进行反应度和精确度比较,改良后的GMFM项目难度顺序可以更好地适宜所有年龄脑瘫患儿。 方法：本研究用于分析的数据来自于2001至2017年复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）康复中心及其上海儿童康复合作群中的21家合作单位接受康复治疗和教育的脑瘫患儿,每例至少有1次诊断脑瘫18个月以后的评估数据。粗大运动功能评估由指定治疗师或医师在安静、独立、采光较好的房间采用复旦中文版GMFM-88进行。由GMAE（version1.0）得出GMFM-66分值。分别将每个GMFM-88项目转化为3个小项,从而将GMFM-88转化为含264个测试小项的GMFM-264,每项1个评分点（0、1）。采用Rasch分析中的等级量表模型分析GMFM-264测试结果与264个小项,生成经改良的复旦中文版GMFM量表项目难度顺序。采用分层随机抽样方法确定纳入反应度和精确度分析的研究对象,通过分析＜3岁和~6岁组各次评估结果间的GMFM-264与GMFM-66的分值差异比较两种计分方法的反应度和精确度。 结果：1 198例脑瘫患儿3 498次GMFM评估结果纳入分析,男801例,首次评估时平均年龄（4.5±3.8）岁。Rasch分析结果显示,GMFM-264小项中不适合项目占总项目的2.3%(6/264),表明本量表中的绝大多数项目具有良好的单维性,最终形成包括264小项的复旦中文版GMFM改良项目难度顺序,＜3岁组中,GMFM-264的反应度和精确度明显高于GMFM-66。 结论：改良后复旦中文版GMFM项目难度顺序扩展了与标准化评估相结合的脑瘫患儿粗大运动干预目标制定项目池,提升了GMFM在脑瘫患儿尤其是婴幼儿脑瘫儿童中的反应度和精确度,为进一步推进智能化脑瘫患儿粗大功能评估与干预系统提供了基础模型与数据。     

超低频经颅磁刺激对痉挛型脑瘫患儿运动功能的影响

目的：探讨超低频经颅磁刺激（TMS）对痉挛型脑瘫患儿的治疗效果。方法：将75例痉挛型脑瘫患儿随机分为对照组（33例）和治疗组（42例）,对照组只接受常规的综合康复训练进行治疗,治疗组则在综合康复训练的同时,进行超低频TMS治疗。应用粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)和精细运动功能测试量表（FMFM）对两组患儿进行评价,比较两组患儿治疗1个月和3个月后运动功能的变化。结果：治疗1个月后,治疗组患儿坐位能区的改善优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗3个月后,治疗组患儿坐位能区、爬与跪能区及GMFM总分的改善均优于对照组（P<0.05）;上肢关节活动能力、抓握能力、操作能力的改善亦均优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：超低频TMS可以有效改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的运动功能。     

Prospective controlled cohort study to evaluate changes of function,activity and participation in patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy after Robot-enhanced repetitive treadmill therapy

BackgroundRobot-enhanced therapies are increasingly being used to improve gross motor performance in patients with cerebral palsy.AimTo evaluate gross motor function, activity and participation in patients with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BS-CP) after Robot-enhanced repetitive treadmill therapy (ROBERT) in a prospective, controlled cohort study.MethodsParticipants trained for 30–60 min in each of 12 sessions within a three-week-period. Changes in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 66) scores, standardized walking distance, self-selected and maximum walking speed (ICF domain “Activity”), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM; “Participation”) were measured. Outcome measures were assessed three weeks in advance (V1), the day before (V2) as well as the day after, and 8 weeks after ROBERT (V3 + V4).Results18 patients with BS-CP participated; age 11.5 (mean, range: 5.0–21.8) years, body weight 36.4 (15.0–72.0) kg. GMFCS levels I–IV were: n = 4; 5; 8; 1. There was no significant difference comparing V1 and V2. GMFM 66 (total +2.5 points, Dimension D +3.8 and E +3.2) and COPM (Performance +2.1 points, Satisfaction +1.8 points) showed statistically significant improvements for V3 or V4 compared to V1 or V2 representing clinically meaningful effect sizes. Age, GMFCS level, and repeated ROBERT blocks correlated negatively with GMFM improvement, but not with COPM improvement.InterpretationFollowing ROBERT, this prospective controlled cohort study showed significant and clinically meaningful improvements of function in ICF domains of “activity” and “participation” in patients with BS-CP. Further assessment in a larger cohort is necessary to allow more specific definition of factors that influence responsiveness to ROBERT program.     

Younger Children with Cerebral Palsy Respond Better Than Older Ones to Therapist-Based Constraint-Induced Therapy at Home on Functional Outcomes and Motor Control

Aims: To examine the differences in efficacy of home-based constraint-induced therapy (CIT) on functional outcomes and motor control in two age groups of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Twenty-three children with spastic unilateral CP receiving 4-week home-based CIT by a therapist were divided into younger (6–8 years; n = 11) and older (9–12 years; n = 12) groups. The home-based CIT involved intensive functional training of the more affected upper-limb while restraining the less affected upper-limb. The outcome measures were Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2nd edition (PDMS-2) that was being used in a modified way, Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM), and reach-to-grasp kinematic parameters, including reaction time (RT), normalized movement time (MT), normalized movement units (MUs), peak velocity (PV), and maximum grip aperture (MGA). The outcome measures were assessed at baseline, 4-weeks (post-treatment), 3- and 6-months (follow-up). Results: The younger group showed greater changes in visual motor integration skills and RT at all post-tests after intervention than the older group. Groups had comparable changes on any other measures. Conclusions: Younger children with CP responded better to home-based CIT on some areas of upper-limb functions and reach-to-grasp motor control strategies than older children.     

运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响

目的 分析运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响。方法 从2000年8月至2006年9月在复旦大学附属儿科医院康复中心接受康复治疗的脑瘫患儿中依照纳入和排除标准确定总体研究对象，通过粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）分值的前后变化，分析经过运动发育推拿法治疗后脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的改变状况；在总体研究对象中按照纳入和排除标准确定基线组和随访组的分析样本，比较基线阶段、治疗阶段及随访阶段的GMFM分值改变程度之间的差异，采用相对效度（RV）确定反映总体研究对象粗大运动功能改变最为显著的GMFM功能区；使用Rasch分析法分析粗大运动功能改变最为显著的功能区项目在治疗前、后的难度改变状况，进一步分析运动发育推拿法对脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响。结果 研究期间共纳入142例总体研究对象，其中男性93例，女性49例；包括126例痉挛型，8例徐动型，7例混合型，1例共济失调；接受治疗前平均年龄21.84(5~95)个月。142例总体研究对象在接受了（3.3±1.4）个月治疗后，与治疗前相比GMFM各项分值在治疗后明显上升（P<0.001）。共确定26例基线组和31例随访组分析样本。26例基线组研究对象GMFM-66和88分值在治疗阶段［（2.4±1.0）个月］的平均每月改变值明显高于基线阶段［（1.9±1.1）个月］（P<0.05）；在GMFM 5个功能分区中除A区外其余4个功能分区治疗阶段的平均每月改变值均高于基线阶段，尤其以D区和E区更为明显（P<0.05）。31例随访组研究对象GMFM各项分值除A区外治疗阶段［（2.7±1.1）个月］的平均每月改变值明显高于随访阶段［（2.5±1.2）个月］（P<0.05）。在评价总体研究对象治疗前、后粗大运动功能改变状况时，GMFM-B区分值RV最高(100%)，其次为GMFM-88分值（94%）和GMFM-66分值（79%）。Rasch分析结果显示总体研究对象治疗前、后GMFM-B区20个项目难度与个体能力分布具有良好的相似性，20个项目治疗前、后难度值经配对t检验显示17个项目差异无统计学意义，同时治疗前、后项目难度值也表现出很高的相关性（r=0.992 1），表明运动发育推拿法并没有显著改变GMFM-B区20个项目的难度分布、难度值以及难度顺序。结论 运动发育推拿法在短期内能有效地提高脑瘫患儿的整体粗大运动功能，而且获得的粗大运动功能提高可以在短期内得到维持。     

Motor Developmental Status of Moderately Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants

Objective: Motor development is frequently reported to be impaired in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, but little is known about the moderately low birth weight (MLBW) infants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MLBW preterm infants present developmental delay. Methods: In a historical cohort study, 18±2 month-old infants with a history of low birth weight (LBW) were identified. All infants with complications of LBW with negative effects on development were excluded. Healthy infants with normal birth weight (2500–4000 g) were included as controls. All infants were evaluated by the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale II (PDMS-2) test and final scores compared between the two groups. Finding: 88 infants including 58 MLBW and 30 NBW with a mean birth weight of 1900±382.4 g and 3150±473.5 g respectively, were studied. In the MLBW group, gross and fine motor skill scores were below average in 6 (6.8%) and 10 (17%) infants, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups according to gross motor quotient (102.5±5.5 in NBW vs 100.1±7.2 in MLBW; P=0.1), but MLBW infants achieved significantly lower scores in fine motor (93.3±5.4 vs 99.6±5.0; P=0.001) and total motor quotient (97.0±5.9 vs 101.53±5.0; P=0.001). Conclusion: The finding of this study show developmental defects in fine motor skills in MLBW infants. Accurate monitoring of the developmental status of this population should be emphasized for an earlier recognition and intervention.Key Words: Low Birth Weight, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale II (PDMS-2), Motor Development, Infant     

Changes in Muscle Activation Following Ankle Strength Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: An Electromyography Feasibility Case Report

ABSTRACT

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are likely to experience decreased participation in activities and less competence in activities of daily living. Studies of children with spastic CP have shown that strengthening programs produce positive results in strength, gait, and functional outcomes (measured by the Gross Motor Function Measure). No investigations have analyzed electromyography (EMG) activity before and after strength training to determine whether any changes occur in the GMFM. This feasibility case report quantified dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscle activation changes during performance of 3–5 selected GMFM items following a plantarflexor strength training in two children with cerebral palsy. Increased plantarflexor strength and increased ability to selectively activate muscles were found. Little carryover to performance on GMFM items was observed. It is feasible to use EMG during performance on selected GMFM items to evaluate motor control changes following strength training in children with CP.     

Effect of Hippotherapy on Motor Proficiency and Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy Who Walk

Aims: To evaluate the effects of hippotherapy on physical capacities of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Thirteen children (4–12 years old) with cerebral palsy classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System Level I or II were included in this prospective quasi-experimental ABA design study. Participants received 10 weeks of hippotherapy (30 min per week). Gross motor function and proficiency were measured with the Bruininks–Oseretski Motor Proficiency short form [BOT2-SF]) and the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 [GMFM-88] (Dimension D and E) twice before the program (T1 and T1′), immediately after (T2), and 10 weeks following the end of the program (T3). Results: Mean scores for dimensions D and E of the GMFM-88 Dimension scores (p = .005) and three out of the eight items of the BOT2-SF (fine motor precision (p = .013), balance (p = .025), and strength (p = .012) improved between baseline and immediately after intervention; mean scores immediately following and 10 weeks following intervention did not differ. Conclusions: Hippotherapy provided by a trained therapist who applies an intense and graded session for 10 weeks can improve body functions and performance of gross motor and fine motor activities in children with cerebral palsy.     

Alberta婴儿运动量表对新生儿重症监护室高危儿出院后筛查运动发育落后的准确性研究

目的 分析Alberta婴儿运动量表（AIMS）在NICU高危儿随访中筛查运动发育落后的应用价值，为更好解释患儿病情和尽早合理干预提供依据。方法 纳入经NICU治疗后并于2013年11月至2015年1月在上海健高儿科门诊部随访的高危儿，行AIMS和Peabody运动发育量表-第2版（PDMS-2）评估。将患儿的AIMS总分与PDMS-2的粗大运动发育商（GMQ）进行百分位数换算，分析两者的相关性。以6月龄后GMQ≥90作为运动发育正常的参考标准，绘制AIMS百分位数的ROC曲线，计算约登指数和预测界值。进而根据所得界值分析AIMS预测运动发育落后的价值。结果 70例高危儿进入分析，产生170个AIMS数据和70个6月龄PDMS-2 GMQ数据。0~3月龄的AIMS百分位数与PDMS-2的GMQ百分位数相关系数（r）为0.09（P=0.69）；≥4月龄两者的r为0.73（P＜0.001）。与参考标准比较，形成AIMS百分位数的ROC曲线，曲线下面积为0.929（95%CI:0.876~0.982），预测界值为P17.5。以AIMS百分位数＜17.5预测运动发育落后的敏感度为87.6%（95% CI:68.4％~95.4％），特异度为88.1%（95%CI:80.6％~93.1%），阳性预测值为65.0%（95%CI:48.3％~78.9％），阴性预测值为96.3%（95%CI:90.2％~98.8％）。结论 ＞3月龄的高危儿行AMIS评估对识别运动发育正常有很高的预测价值，为避免对高危儿过度诊断和干预提供依据。     

Effects of Modified Instructions on Peabody Developmental Motor Scales,Second Edition,Gross Motor Scores in Children with Typical Development

Aims: The current study assessed whether modifying instructions on the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2) affected scores in children with typical development. Methods: The gross motor portion of the PDMS-2 was administered twice, 2–10?days apart, to 38 children. Age- and gender-matched groups received instructions in both standard and modified formats, with order depending on group assignment. Results: Gross Motor Quotient results showed an effect for instruction type (p?=?.03) and an interaction between instruction type and order (p?=?.02). Improved scores for those given modified instructions during the second session indicated the interaction favored modifications. Stationary scores showed an effect for instruction type (p?=?.01) and an interaction between instruction type and age (p?=?.02). Object Manipulation scores showed an interaction between instruction type and order only (p =.002); Locomotion scores showed no significant changes (p?=?.25). Percentile rank changes ranged from 9% to 22% across subtests. Conclusions: Findings suggested instruction modifications may change PDMS-2 gross motor scores, even in children with typical development. Findings also suggested normative scores should not be reported if modifications were used during testing. Research is needed to determine optimal cues for the best representation of true motor ability during standardized assessment.     

Responsiveness of the Test of Basic Motor Skills of Children with Down Syndrome

The aim of this study was to examine the responsiveness of the Test of Basic Motor Skills for Children with Down Syndrome (BMS). Forty-one children with Down Syndrome, 3 to 36 months of age, participated in the study. Gross motor skills were assessed three times using the BMS and the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) before and after a baseline period of 2 weeks (T1-T2) and after a period of 16 weeks (T2-T3). Internal and external responsiveness of the BMS was analyzed using Guyatt's Responsiveness Index (GRI) and 2 × 2 repeated measures. Change in BMS scores was compared to change in GMFM scores and parent and physiotherapist ratings of change. The responsiveness of the BMS was large (GRI = 2.55). A significant Time × Age interaction [F(1,37) = 8.87, p < .01] indicated that BMS scores increased more for children ≤ 2 years compared with children 2 to 3 years of age. The difference in GRI between the BMS and GMFM was 0.75 (95% CI ?0.25–1.75), indicating that the BMS and GMFM did not significantly differ in responsiveness. The Time × Measure interaction was not significant, indicating that the increase in mean BMS and GMFM scores did not differ. Change in BMS scores were correlated with parent ratings of change (r = 0.65, p < .001) but not physiotherapist ratings (r = 0.36, p = .23). The results provide evidence that the BMS is responsive to change in gross motor development in children with Down Syndrome from 3 to 36 months of age.