Factors Provoking Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Women

Our aim was to evaluate possible risk factors, other than sexual activity, for urinary tract infection (UTI) in women. A case-control study was designed. 50 cases and 50 controls were included.

A larger fraction of cases than controls reported that episodes of the following preceded the UTI: voluntary deferred voiding (Odds ratio 5.0, 95% confidence interval 1.7; 20.1), cold hands (4.7, 1.3; 25.3), cold feet (5.8, 2.0; 22.8), and cold buttocks (5.5, 1.2; 51.0).

Cold body parts should be further evaluated as a possible risk factor for UTI in UTI-prone women.     

肾苓颗粒治疗下尿路感染(下焦湿热证)的临床随机对照试验

目的评价肾苓颗粒治疗下尿路感染(下焦湿热证)的有效性和安全性,并与阳性对照药尿感灵作等效性分析。方法选择下尿路感染(下焦湿热证)患者96例进行随机、双盲双模拟、阳性药平行对照的临床试验。其中试验组72例,给予肾苓颗粒每日3次,每次1袋口服;对照组24例,给予尿感灵冲剂每日3次,每次1袋口服。治疗1周后,评价临床有效性和安全性。结果意向性治疗(ITT)分析显示,治疗1周后试验组和对照组在下尿路感染综合疗效的总有效率方面分别为92·43%和91·31%;符合方案(PP)分析显示,试验组和对照组的总有效率分别为92·31%和90·91%,两组差异无统计学意义(P均>0·05)。在中医证候有效率方面,ITT分析显示试验组和对照组分别为93·94%和95·65%,PP分析为95·38%和95·45%,两组差异无统计学意义(P均>0·05)。临床试验中未发现明显不良反应。结论肾苓颗粒与尿感灵治疗下尿路感染(下焦湿热证)的疗效差异无统计学意义,未发现不良反应。     

不同抗生素治疗下泌尿道感染的成本-效果分析

目的：评价不同抗生素治疗下泌尿道感染的成本和疗效。方法：将98例下泌尿道感染病人随机分成两组。分别接受头孢噻肟和对照药物治疗，并对治疗方案的成本-效果进行分析。结果：头孢噻肟和对照药物治疗下泌尿道感染的效果基本相同，没有显著性差异（p〉0．05），药物治疗成本之间存在显著性差异（p〈0．05）。结论：与头孢噻肟相比，对照药物治疗下泌尿道感染的成本-效果较好。     

碘伏液膀胱冲洗在预防下尿路感染中的效果观察

目的观察应用0.3%碘伏对留置尿管并发下尿路感染患者进行膀胱冲洗的临床效果。方法随机将留置尿管并发菌尿症的病人分为二组,实验组22例采用0.3%碘伏行膀胱冲洗;对照组30例采用我院传统的膀胱冲洗方法———0.02%呋喃西林行膀胱冲洗,分别于持续冲洗1 w后行尿液细菌培养。结果实验组17例冲洗前后细菌数量减少;5例菌种消失;对照组冲洗前后菌种一致,细菌数量亦明显减少,(P<0.01)有明显差异性。结论使用0.3%碘伏可有效预防留置尿管后的尿路感染。     

普卢利沙星治疗急性尿路感染的随机双盲对照试验

目的评价普卢利沙星治疗急性尿路感染的有效性和安全性。方法根据本研究的纳入和排除标准,选取急性尿路感染患者144例,按计算机随机表产生的随机号将患者分为两组,进行随机双盲、双模拟对照试验。试验组服用普卢利沙星200mgbid;对照组服用左氧氟沙星200mgbid。疗程均为5～10天。结果两组各有67和61例可进入全分析集(FAS),各有63和59例可进行符合方案集(PP)分析。FAS分析结果显示,试验组和对照组的临床有效率分别为85.07%和88.52%;细菌阴转率试验组为93.75%,对照组为93.88%。PP分析结果显示,试验组和对照组的有效率分别为90.48%和91.53%;细菌阴转率分别为97.83%和97.87%。两组临床疗效和细菌学疗效阴转率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。普卢利沙星和左氧氟沙星的不良反应发生率分别为2.8%和5.6%。结论普卢利沙星对敏感菌引起的尿路感染疗效确切,安全性好。     

国产头孢吡肟治疗急性细菌性下呼吸道感染的随机对照临床试验

目的评价国产头孢吡肟注射剂治疗急性细菌性下呼吸道感染的有效性与安全性。方法采用随机、单盲(患者)、阳性药物平行对照试验设计,试验组用国产头孢吡肟,对照组用进口头孢吡肟,用法均为中度感染2g/d,重度感染4g/d,分两次静滴,疗程7～10天。结果共入选31例,可评价疗效病例30例,每组各15例,试验组和对照组痊愈率分别为40.00%和26.67%,有效率分别为80.00%和86.67%;两组细菌清除率分别为92.31%和100%,药物不良反应发生率分别为12.5%和13.33%,两组比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论国产头孢吡肟注射剂治疗急性细菌性下呼吸道感染疗效确切,不良反应较少。     

留置导尿致尿路感染的原因分析及对策

目的研究留置导尿中预防和控制尿路感染的护理对策。方法预防尿路感染的最好办法就是严格掌握导尿指征,向患者说明导尿的目的及配合要领。留置导尿后,严格执行无菌技术进行尿管护理,尽量缩短留置导尿时间并合理使用抗生素,此外,对患者及家属也要进行预见性护理,使其了解必要的留置尿管知识。结果严格掌握导尿指征及无菌操作原则,可使尿路感染的机会降低到最低限度。结论高度的责任心与行之有效的护理措施及耐心的心理指导,能明显降低尿路感染的发生机会,从而减轻患者的痛苦。     

Female Patient Self-diagnosis Compared With Emergency Physician Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection

Background

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common emergency department (ED) complaint and self-diagnosis may be possible.

Objective

The objective was to compare female patient self-diagnosis compared with emergency physician (EP) diagnosis of UTI.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study in a single urban ED. Women aged 18–64 years with a chief complaint of UTI, urinary frequency, or dysuria who presented to an urban academic ED were enrolled in a convenience sample fashion. Patients completed a written four-question survey by an ED greeter before triage. Charts of respondents were reviewed for demographic, laboratory, and EP diagnosis.

Results

Fifty women were enrolled; 100% of patients who were approached participated in the study. Mean age was 33.7 years (standard deviation 13.8). Forty-three patients (86%) had a history of UTI. Forty-one patients (82%) thought they had a UTI on the index visit. Thirty patients (60%) preferred to buy over-the-counter antibiotics for their symptoms instead of seeing a doctor. Fifteen patients (30%) identified a specific antibiotic they would take. Of the 41 patients who thought they had a UTI, 25 (61%) were given that diagnosis. Of the 30 patients who would have preferred over-the-counter antibiotics, 20 (67%) were actually prescribed them. Agreement between EP and women's final impressions was low (κ = 0.11).

Conclusions

There was poor agreement between EP diagnosis and self-diagnosis of UTI. In our ED population, women should be encouraged to seek medical attention to confirm the diagnosis.     

Predictors of Symptom Duration and Bacteriuria in Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection

Abstract

Objective: To identify baseline predictors of symptom duration after empirical treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) and significant bacteriuria in a cohort of women treated for UTI.

Design: Prospective single-centre cohort study.

Setting: Outpatient clinic in Norway.

Patients: From September 2010 to November 2011, 441 women aged 16–55 years with symptoms of uncomplicated UTI were included.

Results: Dipstick findings of leukocyte esterase 1?+?(incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–3.01, p?<?0.01) and microbe resistant to mecillinam treatment (IRR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07–1.89, p?=?0.02) predicted longer symptom duration. More pronounced symptoms did not predict longer symptom duration (IRR 1.18, 95% CI 0.94–1.46, p?=?0.15) or significant bacteriuria (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% CI 0.72–1.88, p?=?0.54). Leukocyte esterase 2?+?(OR 2.51, 95% CI 0.92–6.83, p?=?0.07) or 3?+?(OR 2.40, 95% CI 0.88–6.05, p?=?0.09) and nitrite positive urine dipstick test (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.58–7.01, p?=?<0.01) were associated with bacteriuria.

Conclusion: More pronounced symptoms did not correlate with significant bacteriuria or symptom duration after empirical treatment for acute cystitis. One might reconsider the current practice of treating uncomplicated UTI based on symptoms alone.

• Key Points

• Treatment strategies for milder infectious diseases must consider ways of reducing antibiotic consumption to decelerate the increase in antibiotic resistance. Our findings suggest that more emphasis should be put on urine dipstick results and bacteriological findings in the clinical setting. One might reconsider the current practice of treating uncomplicated UTIs based on symptoms alone.

     

泌尿系统医院感染的调查分析与防治对策

目的探讨我院泌尿系统医院感染的现状和对策。方法以回顾性调查方法对我院共8576份出院病例中发生泌尿系统医院感染115例进行统计分析。结果我院泌尿系统医院感染发生率为1．34％,居全院医院感染部位发生率第2位。我院泌尿系统医院感染与泌尿系统插管、糖尿病、血尿、免疫抑制剂使用等危险因素有密切关系。两项危险因素集中于同一病例时,泌尿系统医院感染的发生率将显著增高。泌尿系统医院感染病例与非泌尿系统医院感染病例尿细菌培养结果比较,真菌与肠球菌有统计学差异。结论针对危险因素采取措施,严密监测与控制泌尿系统真菌与肠球菌感染,以降低泌尿系统医院感染率。     

集束化护理策略预防患者留置尿管期间相关性尿路感染的研究

目的研究集束化护理策略在预防患者留置尿管期间相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)中的效果,探讨预防CAUTI有效的护理方法。方法选取2009年10月~2012年10月在ICU住院留置尿管10d以上的患者102例作为实验组,采用集束化护理。选取2007年1月~2009年9月在ICU住院留置尿管10d以上的患者94例作为对照组,采用常规护理。对比分析两组CAUTI的感染率。结果与对照组比较,实验组CAUTI感染率明显下降(P<0.01)。结论集束化护理策略能降低患者留置尿管期间CAUTI的感染率,减轻患者痛苦,提高护理质量,可应用于临床。     

老年患者留置尿管致尿路感染的原因及对策

目的探讨老年住院患者留置尿管致尿路感染的相关因素,寻求有效的预防措施,以减少尿路感染的发生。方法对176例留置尿管的老年住院患者进行目标性监测,对其中发生尿路感染的患者就其相关因素进行分析。结果 176例留置尿管患者中有39例发生尿路感染,感染率为22.16%。女性明显高于男性(P<0.05﹚,留置尿管时间越长感染率越高(P<0.05﹚,不同基础疾病患者尿路感染发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05﹚。39例尿路感染共检出病原菌32株,其中以大肠埃希菌为主,占37.50%。结论老年患者尿路感染的发生与性别、基础疾病、尿管留置时间有关;加强尿路感染高发人群的目标性监测,针对易感因素制定相关干预措施,可降低其发生率。     

老年人尿路感染52例病因分析

目的：了解老年住院患者发生尿路感染的病因,为临床治疗提供依据。方法：回顾性分析我院2007年1月至2007年12月发生尿路感染的老年住院患者临床资料,分别统计各种病因。结果：共收集52例临床资料,发生上尿路感染17例,下尿路感染35例。前列腺增生或前列腺炎6例,尿路结石7例,单纯尿路感染10例。结论：老年人由于器官衰老萎缩和免疫功能减退,抗病毒能力下降,尿路感染是老年人常见的疾病之一,应引起重视,注意根据尿细菌培养结果与尿药物敏感结果使用敏感抗生素,并注意保护肾功能。     

The Presence of Urinary Nitrites Is a Significant Predictor of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection Susceptibility to First- and Third-Generation Cephalosporins

Background: Previous studies in adults have refuted the use of nitrites as a predictor of bacterial resistance to both trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cephalosporins. Some centers now consider first-line outpatient therapy with an oral third-generation cephalosporin appropriate for young children. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if nitrite-negative pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) were more likely than nitrite-positive UTIs to be resistant to cephalosporins. This may enable physicians to adjust antimicrobial therapy before patients leave the Emergency Department (ED) to avoid the complications of ineffectively treated pediatric UTIs. Methods: A retrospective chart review examined, over a 9-month period, 173 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with a clinical UTI in the ED and who also had a positive urine culture and a recorded dipstick at the time of visit. The chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare nitrite-negative vs. nitrite-positive UTIs for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and other empiric antimicrobials. Results: For third-generation cephalosporins, 1.4% of nitrite-positive UTIs were resistant, whereas 14.4% of nitrite-negative UTIs were resistant (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.22 to −0.05). For first-generation cephalosporins, 8.4% were resistant in the nitrite-positive group, compared to 22.2% in the nitrite-negative group (95% CI −0.24 to −0.03). Conclusion: The absence of urinary nitrites is a significant indicator for potential resistance to cephalosporins in pediatric UTIs. Due to low levels of pediatric UTI resistance, cephalosporins continue to represent useful empiric therapy in the general pediatric population. However, in high-risk patients, physicians may opt to alter their empiric choice of antibiotic based on the presence of urinary nitrites.     

肾移植术后院内泌尿系感染危险因素及护理对策

目的探讨肾移植术后院内泌尿系感染的病原谱及其危险因素、危险期和护理对策。方法定期监测164例肾移植患者术后尿液的病原菌情况,统计多种因素与泌尿系感染的病原菌谱和发生率的关系。结论肾移植术后3～13d是院内泌尿系感染的危险期。病原菌以真菌、肠杆菌科菌为主。急性排斥反应、急性肾衰及其治疗、留置导尿管、广谱抗生素的应用等是影响病原菌谱及发生率的主要因素。护理上应加强护士素质的培养,严格正规操作;减少或缩短医源性操作;做好宣教,合理使用药物。     

The Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Disease in Women with Symptoms of a Simple Urinary Tract Infection Stratified by Low Colony Count Criteria

OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and early pelvic infections due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) may cause similar symptoms. Therefore, a simple history and urine dip to establish a diagnosis of UTI may result in overtreatment of UTIs and undertreatment of STDs. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of women with symptoms suggestive of a UTI who are urine culture positive versus urine culture negative, the prevalence of STDs between groups, and if elements of the history or examination may predict those requiring STD screening. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study in an urban emergency department. Women 18-55 years of age with urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and no new vaginal discharge or change in discharge were enrolled. The following were performed: detailed history; bladder catheterization for urinalysis, urine dip, and urine culture; pelvic examination and cervical samples for gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis DNA ligase; and wet mount examinations. Main outcome measurements were the percentage of women who were urine culture positive (using low count criteria of 10(2) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL), the proportion of STDs between urine culture groups, and univariate analysis and logistic regression of historical and examination elements. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients were enrolled; the mean age was 26 years (range, 18-51 years). All had samples for DNA ligase (one quantity not sufficient) and urinalysis or urine dip, while 75 of 92 had urine cultures performed. A total of 57.3% (43/75) were urine culture positive at 10(2) CFU/mL, while the STD rate for those with urine cultures was 17.3% (13/75). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of STDs between urine culture positive and urine culture negative groups. The only variable on logistic regression predictive of an STD (based on all 91 patients) was more than one sex partner in the past year (p = 0.013). No other element of the history or pelvic examination helped differentiate those who tested positive for an STD. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 17.3% of women with symptoms of a UTI in this study had an STD, while only 57.3% were urine culture positive by catheterization using low count criteria. The proportion of STDs between those with and without a UTI was not significantly different.     

UF-1000i伞自动尿液分析仪筛查尿路感染和区分细菌种类的评价

目的 为尿路感染快速诊断和避免临床经验性治疗中抗生素药物的滥用提供参考.方法 自2011年11月～2012年6月收集临床疑似尿路感染、进行尿培养的尿标本1 370份,通过UF-1000i尿细菌通道参数（B-FSC和1DFLH）和尿中有形成分的检测与尿液细菌培养结果作比较分析,得到尿路感染诊断的最佳临界值并对该数值进行诊断性能的评价.结果 ①G的B-FSC明显低于G（t=2.672,P=0.007）,故细菌参数B FSC在区别革兰阳性菌和阴性菌种类方面的诊断性能优于B-FLH.②分别以B FSC＜35 ch,DFSC/DFLH＜ 0.4为临界值,判断革兰阴性菌的灵敏度为73.4％和91.8％,特异度为78.9％和93.1％,阳性预测值为95.7％和97.4％,阴性预测值为74.7％和91.9％.③所有人以细菌计数532.7个/μl,白细胞68.5个/μl为临界值以及联合应用细菌和白细胞诊断尿路感染的灵敏度为77.5％,70.1％和92.2％;特异度为94.4％,83.3％和80.5％;阳性预测值为93.2％,80.7％和82.5％;阴性预测值为85.1％,75.6％和91.2％.④男性当细菌计数和白细胞临界值设为383.8个/μl和49.8个/μl及联合应用细菌和白细胞临界值诊断尿路感染的敏感度为80.7％,72.7％和92.8％,特异度为96.2％,92.6％和83.3％;阳性预测值为88.6％,80％和84.7％;阴性预测值为82.0％,89.9％和92.4％;女性当细菌计数和白细胞临界值设为863.1个/μl和90.1个/μl及联合应用细菌和白细胞临界值诊断尿路感染的灵敏度为83.3％,76.9％和93.3％;特异度为99.6％,84.4％和84.6％;阳性预测值为95.9％,76.3％和85.8％;阴性预测值为74.9％,89.2％和93.6％.结论 ①DFSC区分革兰阳性菌和阴性菌种类优于DFLH.②DFSC/DFLH＜0.4区分革兰阴性菌和阳性菌优于DFSC＜35ch.③诊断尿路感染,应以不同性别设置细菌计数和白细胞数的最佳临界值.④细菌参数相对尿白细胞和细菌计数在尿路感染诊断中效果更优.     

导尿管相关尿路感染危险因素分析及护理防控

目的分析留置导尿管相关尿路感染的危险因素,探讨最佳护理防控措施。方法对200例留置导尿管患者进行回顾性调查分析。结果 200例患者发生尿路感染发生率为23.5%(47/200)。≥60岁者和<60岁者尿路感染发生率分别为32.54%(41/126)、8.10%(6/74),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);留置尿管时间﹤5 d者、≥5 d者尿路感染发生率分别为5.33%(4/75)、34.40%(43/125),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论尿管留置时间长、年龄大是导尿管相关感染的主要因素;遵循无菌操作原则、尽可能缩短尿管留置时间、规范留置导尿管管理是预防控制导尿管相关感染的重要措施。     

脊髓损伤并发尿路感染的菌群分布及药物治疗

目的分析脊髓损伤后诱发尿路感染常见的致病菌,并提供有针对性的药物。方法回顾性分析2009年1月~2010年10月中国康复研究中心住院的240例脊髓损伤并发泌尿系感染患者的细菌培养和抗生素药敏试验资料。结果 泌尿系感染常见的致病菌前3位以大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属、肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰氏阴性菌为主,部分伴有革兰氏阳性菌及真菌感染等。结论临床选用抗菌药物,应以细菌培养和药敏试验为依据,合理使用抗菌药物,防止频繁更换品种和连续长期使用抗菌药物,减少抗生素耐药。