Early rehabilitation at home of elderly patients with hip fractures and consumption of resources in primary care

From 1976 onwards an active rehabilitation programme has been applied to elderly patients with fresh hip fractures at the Department of Orthopaedics in Lund in Southern Sweden. This involves early mobilisation in the hospital (internal fixation and immediate weight-bearing) and at home, rehabilitation in cooperation with primary health care personnel from the time of the patient's admission. The purposes of this investigation were to evaluate the effect of this programme in primary care and to assess the consumption of resources for rehabilitation at home of patients with cervical or trochanteric hip fractures. One hundred of 161 consecutive patients returned home directly on discharge from the hospital and were followed up until four months after the fracture by the home care unit (a primary health care centre). Most patients regained their previous functions within four months of their fractures. Patients with cervical fractures consumed less resources for rehabilitation than patients with trochanteric fractures. The total cost per patient was ten times higher for care at a convalescent-home than for rehabilitation at home through primary care. Early at home rehabilitation of elderly patients with hip fractures gives good results at a minimal cost and is thus of advantage both to the patient and to the community.     

延伸护理在老年髋部骨折患者术后康复中的应用

目的:探讨延伸护理服务在老年髋部骨折术后康复中的应用效果。方法:将42例老年髋部骨折患者随机分为观察组22例和对照组20例,对照组患者出院时给予健康指导,观察组患者给予建立出院家庭访视档案,分别于出院后1周和出院后1,2,3个月进行家庭访视,给予心理护理、下肢功能锻炼、生活自理能力指导,3个月后比较两组患者焦虑发生率、下肢功能活动情况及生活自理能力等。结果:观察组患者焦虑发生率低于对照组(P0.05),下肢活动情况、生活自理能力均优于对照组(P均0.05)。结论:对老年髋部骨折患者出院后进行家庭访视康复指导,能延伸健康教育及提供优质护理服务,提高患者出院后康复治疗依从性及生活自理能力,减少并发症,从而促进患者康复。     

Costs and consequences of hip fracture occurrence in old age: An economic perspective

Purpose: To summarize the reported short- and long-term costs associated with hip fracture occurrence in old age, based on a systematic literature review of published studies. A further aim is to provide a clinician-oriented discussion of the different types of economic evaluations, with an emphasis on studies that examined potential determinants of the costs of care after hip fracture.

Method: Literature review.

Main results: Even after the initial hospitalization, hip fractures continue to generate significant costs throughout the one-year period after discharge, but particularly during the first three months. Cost estimates based on data obtained prospectively from hip-fracture patients and matched controls showed that the costs associated with the treatment of hip-fracture patients are about three times greater than those resulting from the treatment of age and residence-matched controls without a fracture. Two-fifths of these excess costs are incurred during the first three months following hospital discharge. Increasing age at the time of injury and living in an institution before the fracture are among the most important determinants of an increased cost of care after hospital discharge. Programs that focus on continuity of care, adopt a multidisciplinary approach, and accelerate rehabilitation have shown to be able to reduce the cost of care after hip fracture.

Conclusions: This review emphasizes the importance of current and future interventions to decrease the incidence of hip fracture. While the current review cannot provide definite answers to the questions of cost containment, our review provides critically important evidence about the need to base health policy decisions on empirical observations. Comprehensive economic analyses of financial costs and health outcomes are needed to develop cost-effective strategies.     

Continuity,assessment and feedback in orthopaedic nursing care practice is cost-effective

Hip fracture treatment and rehabilitation are often considered as separate issues and generally performed in different locations. The rapidly increasing proportion of patients that is old and very old now calls for a new approach. This is a prospective study of 909 consecutive hip fracture patients, over 64 years old, admitted to hospital from an independent living situation. In a specialized hip fracture unit, 256 patients were given an early and intense rehabilitation program. It focused on continuity, feedback, reorientation and continuous monitoring of cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL). Eighty-five percent of the patients could return directly to their own home after the initial treatment period. The mean total utilization of health care resources during the first 4 months after the injury was lower (28 institutional days) than in 286 historical controls given conventional rehabilitation (39 days, p < 0.05). At 4 months, 81% of the patients still lived in their own home vs. 72% of the controls and the 1-year mortality was 14% (21% in the controls, p < 0.05). After the project had been completed 297 patients formed an additional control group. In this group the proportion discharged to their own home decreased to 44% and the number of bed-days during the first 4 months returned to the pre-study level (39 days). It thus appears to be cost-effective to allocate sufficient rehabilitation resources early in the treatment of elderly patients with hip fractures. Annual savings in the catchment area due to the intervention were calculated to approximately 5,000,000 SEK. Continuous assessment and adequate continuity gives the staff emotional feedback, which promotes their personal commitment.     

Inpatient mortality of hip fracture patients in the Veterans Health Administration.

Hip fractures among elderly people frequently result in permanent disabilities, nursing home placement, and death. The bulk of hip fracture research focuses on elderly women. Within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the majority of patients are men. There are no published national reports on hip fractures with large male samples, or on related inpatient mortality among veterans. This retrospective study of 13,546 veterans with hip fracture discharges from 1998-2002 found unadjusted mortality rates are higher in the VHA, compared with the general population. VHA patients tend to be older men in poor health who stay in the hospital longer Increased knowledge about the risks and outcomes associated with hip fractures in men could lead to improved primary and secondary injury-prevention programs. Rehabilitation nurses in acute care can be catalysts in proactively incorporating protective devices, screening for osteoporosis, and initiating lifestyle changes in their plans of care to optimize outcomes for hip fracture patients.     

老年髋部骨折患者围手术期的护理

目的总结老年髋部骨折患者围手术期的护理要点。方法 2010年6月~2013年9月对本院收治的95例老年髋部骨折患者进行人工关节置换术或内固定术,护士配合做好术前、术后围手术期护理工作。结果 95例患者术后均康复出院,住院时间11 d~28 d,平均(17.5±2.5)d,术后1例患者发生肺炎,1例患者发生切口感染,经治疗护理后治愈。结论住院期间,护士应积极做好老年患者围手术期护理,根据其心理、生理特点,做好心理护理工作,有针对性地预防和处理术后并发症,指导患者进行康复训练,其可促进患者尽快增强日常生活能力,促进康复。     

早期强化家庭康复锻炼对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后生活质量的影响

目的 探讨早期强化家庭康复锻炼对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后生活质量的影响。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年12月南京市六合区人民医院收治的老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者104例进行研究，依据入院顺序单双数分组，52例单数入院者为对照组术后施予常规护理，52例双数入院者为观察组术后行早期强化家庭康复护理，对比两组的护理干预效果。结果 观察组患者康复效果优良率高于对照组；术后3个月、6个月比较，观察组患者髋关节功能（Harris评分）、日常生活活动能力（Barthel指数）及生活质量（SF-36）均好于对照组，住院时间短于对照组，护理满意度高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 予以老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术后早期强化家庭康复锻炼干预可促进患者髋关节功能改善，并有利于提高患者日常生活活动能力及生活质量。     

Type of Hip Fracture in Patients With Parkinson Disease is Associated With Femoral Bone Mineral Density

Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Tappero R, Cavanna A. Type of hip fracture in patients with Parkinson disease is associated with femoral bone mineral density.

Objective

To investigate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and hip fracture type (cervical or trochanteric) in a sample of fallers with Parkinson disease (PD).

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Rehabilitation hospital in Italy.

Patients

We investigated 1040 of 1120 white fallers consecutively admitted to a rehabilitation hospital for hip fracture. Thirty-eight (3.65%) of the 1040 patients suffered from PD secondarily. Thirty-eight controls matched for sex, age, and hip fracture type were found among the 1002 non-PD fallers.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

BMD was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at a mean ± SD of 21.9±7.5 days after fracture occurrence in the 38 PD patients and 21.6±5.9 days after fracture occurrence in the 38 controls.

Results

BMD assessed at total femur, trochanter, and intertrochanteric region was significantly lower in the 15 PD patients with trochanteric fractures than in the 23 with cervical fractures; the mean T score differences were 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–1.08; P=.028), 0.66 (95% CI, 0.04–1.28; P=.037), and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.11–1.15; P=.019), respectively. A significant association between femoral BMD and hip fracture type was found at logistic regression after adjustment for several confounders. Results in the 38 controls were similar to those obtained in the 38 PD fallers.

Conclusions

In a sample of PD fallers as in a control group of non-PD fallers, BMD levels assessed at 3 femoral sites were significantly lower in the patients who sustained trochanteric fractures than in those with cervical fractures of the hip.     

Predicting the success of rehabilitation following hip fractures

Purpose: To review what predictors are of positive or negative value in the rehabilitation procedure following hip fractures.

Method: Reviewing a doctorial thesis on prognosis and rehabilitation of elderly with a hip fracture from 1980 and then review the literature on this subject for the following quarter of a century.

Results: In the Western world the short-term prognosis for early return home after sustaining a hip fracture depends on the success of the operation allowing independent walking and basic activities of daily life, no debilitating disease and having someone at home. The one-year prognosis for having returned and remained at home requires a reasonable good health irrespective of living alone and a somewhat deteriorated hip function.

Conclusions: It is difficult to make comparisons with studies of other populations and other time periods. Different predictors of the rehabilitation are used and the definitions of these are not always the same. They are of varying weight, can change with time and may be interdependent of each other. For example, general medical condition and age are strongly interrelated predictors but age alone is less important than concomitant disease for the success of the rehabilitation. Nevertheless, already on admission of a patient with a fresh hip fracture a reliable prognosis can be done. However, such a prediction must be guided by ethical, social and scientific concerns.     

Five-year experience with the ‘Sheba’ model of comprehensive orthogeriatric care for elderly hip fracture patients

Background and purpose: The Sheba model of orthogerioatric medicine is a unique model of in-hospital care for elderly hip fractured patients, based upon the concept that a hip fracture represents a geriatric, rather than an orthopedic disease. The nature and feasibility of such a comprehensive orthogeriatric unit, taking care of all surgical, medical and rehabilitation needs, in a single geriatric-based setting (rather than orthopedic-based), were questioned. The aim of the study is to describe the results of its operation during a five-year period.

Method: A retrospective charts analysis of consecutive older patients with hip fractures, admitted from the emergency unit directly to the orthogeriatric unit of a department of geriatric medicine.

Results: A total number of 592 patients were admitted. Mean age of patients was 83.2 years, mostly women. A total of 538 (91%) were treated surgically. Delay to surgery was 3.6?±?2.9 days. A total of 65.6% were suitable for rehabilitation, and had a mean Functional Independence Measure (FIM) gain of 22.3?±?7.9. Mean total hospital length of stay was 29.9 days and 68.7% of patients returned to their previous living residence. Rates of major complications (4.1%) and in-hospital mortality (3.2%, equivalent to 30 days mortality) were low.

Conclusions: Treatment within this unit was associated with low rates of major morbidity and mortality, short stay and acceptable functional outcomes. The data provide clinical evidence supporting the implementation of this model of comprehensive orthogeriatric care, being a practical, applicable and feasible service for elderly hip fractured patients, and covering the various needs of these patients. The present model of organization could also help in skillful use of economic resources, facilitating effective treatment strategies.     

Medical care of elderly patients with hip fractures

Medical morbidity associated with hip fractures in the elderly population is considerable. The all-cause mortality rate is 24% at 12 months. The functional limitations of survivors can be pronounced. As the American population ages, hip fractures will substantially affect the utilization of hospital resources. Several issues, including preoperative clearance and related surgical timing, deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, delirium, nutrition, and urinary tract management, are important in the care of these patients. A close partnership between orthopedic surgeons and clinicians provides the best strategy of care for the subset of patients with multisystemic complications.     

Structured community-based inpatient rehabilitation of older patients is better than standard primary health care rehabilitation – an open comparative study

Purpose: To compare the outcome of multi-disciplinary, structured rehabilitation of older patients in a district inpatient rehabilitation centre (Model 1) versus standard primary health care rehabilitation (Model 2). Method: Open, prospective, comparative observational study. Totally 302 patients, 202 in Model 1 and 100 in Model 2, aged ≥65 years, with stroke, osteoarthritis, hip fracture or other chronic diseases, considered to have a rehabilitation potential. Referred from district hospital, nursing- or own homes. Outcomes: Primary: Sunnaas ADL Index (SI). Secondary: Umeaa Life Satisfaction Checklist (LSC). Cognitive (MMSE), emotional (SCL-10) and marital status, residence, length of rehabilitation and hours/week care services. Follow-up 3 months after end of rehabilitation. Results: Patients in Model 1 improved and persisted 1.9 points higher in SI (CI (1.0, 2.8), p < 0.001) compared to Model 2, with 2.4 weeks shorter rehabilitation (CI (1.6, 3.1), p < 0.001). LSC indicated similar satisfaction within both models. Fewer Model 1 patients received home care services >3?h/week (OR?=?0.6 CI (0.4, 0.8), p?=?0.002). Cognitive status predicted the SI gain positively, and level of care services negatively, in both models. Conclusions: Disabled older patients increase their independency significantly more within shorter time upon structured, multi-disciplinary rehabilitation in a district inpatient centre compared to standard primary health care rehabilitation.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Multi-disciplinary, structured primary health care-based inpatient rehabilitation of older people in a dedicated district rehabilitation centre can give improved and sustained independency and should be preferred to standard primary health care rehabilitation in short-term beds in nursing homes.

• The district centre rehabilitation concept may be an interesting model in societies challenged by increasing needs of rehabilitation in an ageing population.

     

Targeted early rehabilitation at home after total hip and knee joint replacement: Does it work?

Purpose. This study evaluates the benefits of targeted early rehabilitation at home after total hip or knee replacement surgery and analyses the cost effectiveness of such a scheme.

Method. Patients recovering from Total hip replacement (THR, n = 220) and Total knee replacement (TKR, n = 174) were assessed in a NHS District General Hospital setting. Suitability of patients for early rehabilitation at home scheme (RAHS) was assessed at the pre-operative clinic by rehabilitation team. Length of in-patient stay (LOSH), duration on the scheme, number of bed days saved, cost appraisal, readmission rates and complications were recorded.

Results. Targeted early rehabilitation resulted in reduced hospital stay (from 14 – 8.17 days for THR and from 12 – 8.21days for TKR), without any increase in complication rates. Significance testing revealed no statistical difference between the patient groups with regards to age, residence status, mobility and transfer ability on their length of stay in hospital or on the rehabilitation scheme. The patients who underwent total knee replacement required significantly more number of visits by the rehabilitation team than those who underwent total hip replacement (p value < 0.05). This resulted in an overall saving of £301,124 for the trust over the study period.

Conclusions. Targeted early rehabilitation resulted in reducing the length of hospital stay without an increase in complication rates. The use of such a scheme brought significant savings to the trust without an increase in readmission rates.     

Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation after hip fracture is associated with improved outcome: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: While hip fractures are an important cause of disability, dependency and death in older adults, the benefit of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for people who have sustained hip fracture has not been demonstrated. METHODS: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials which compare co-ordinated multi-disciplinary rehabilitation with usual orthopaedic care in older people who had sustained a hip fracture. Outcome measures included: mortality, return home, "poor outcome", total length of hospital stay, readmissions and level of function. RESULTS: We identified 11 trials including 2177 patients. Patients who received multi-disciplinary rehabilitation were at a lower risk (Risk Ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96) of a "poor outcome" - that is dying or admission to a nursing home at discharge from the programme, and showed a trend towards higher levels of return home (Risk Ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.15). Pooled data for mortality did not demonstrate any difference between multi-disciplinary rehabilitation and usual orthopaedic care. CONCLUSION: This is the first review of randomized trials to demonstrate a benefit from multi-disciplinary rehabilitation; a 16% reduction in the pooled outcome combining death or admission to a nursing home. This result supports the routine provision of organized care for patients following hip fracture, as is current practice for patients after stroke.     

住院老年髋部骨折术后患者康复护理需求的调查分析

目的 了解老年髋部骨折术后患者康复护理及模式需求程度、需求满足度。方法 对我院2012年1月至2012年12月行骨科手术治疗的41位老年髋部骨折患者进行问卷调查。结果 康复需求10 个维度中他人支持、出院后续康复及功能训练指导位居前3 位,护士与治疗师相结合的康复模式,也是患者最需要的。结论 护士早期给予针对性的康复训练指导和健康教育是患者迫切的需求; 康复需求程度高者, 相应需求满足率低, 其生活质量及髋关节功能恢复应成为干预的重点。     

Women at risk of coronary heart disease experience barriers to diagnosis and treatment: A qualitative interview study

Objective To describe the types of patients admitted to the first Dutch general practitioner (GP) hospital, their health-related quality of life and its substitute function.

Design A prospective observational study.

Setting The remaining 20-bed ward of a former district general hospital west of Amsterdam; a region with 62?000 inhabitants and 26 GPs.

Subjects All patients admitted during the 12 months between 1 June 1999 and 1 June 2000.

Main outcome measures Patients’ health-related quality of life (Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey, Groningen Activities Restriction Scale), GPs assessments of severity of illness (DUSOI/WONCA Severity of Illness Checklist) and alternative modes of care.

Results In total, 218 admissions were recorded divided into 3 bed categories: GP beds (n=131), rehabilitation beds (n=62) and nursing home beds (n=25). The mean age of all patients was 76 years. Main reasons for admission were immobilization due to trauma at home (GP beds), rehabilitation from surgery (rehabilitation beds) and stroke (nursing home beds). Overall, patients showed a poor health-related quality of life on admission. If the GP beds had not been available, the GPs estimated that the admissions would have been almost equally divided among home care, nursing home and hospital care. The severity of the diagnosis on admission of the ‘hospital-care group’ appeared to be significantly higher than the other care groups.

Conclusion The GP hospital appears to provide a valuable alternative to home care, nursing home care and hospital care, especially for elderly patients with a poor health-related quality of life who are in need of short medical and nursing care.     

Rehabilitation after a hip fracture. Special needs of the elderly

Hip fractures are one of the most common and potentially devastating injuries in the geriatric population. The incidence, morbidity, and health care costs associated with hip fracture among older persons are well recognized. Because of the complex health care needs of the elderly, rehabilitation after a hip fracture can present a challenge at a time when the nursing workforce and health care funding are declining. Aggressive rehabilitation focusing on continuity of care and attention to the cognitive as well as physiologic status results in effective and cost-effective rehabilitation.     

Outcome after hip fracture in different health care districts. Rehabilitation of 837 consecutive patients in primary care 1986-88.

The social and functional outcome for 837 consecutive hip fracture patients rehabilitated in primary care was studied during 1986-1988. Of patients coming from their own home (59%) the majority (76%) were back at home four months after fracture and had a good functional status, while 9% were dead. Predictors of managing ADL (dressing/personal hygiene) four months after hip fracture were age, type of fracture, sex, and having regular social contacts outside the home before fracture. Health care districts differed in the incidence of hip fractures, the patients hospital stay, housing, type of fracture, and age. These differences had consequences on costs. Total costs per patient were lowest in districts where most of the patients were discharged to their own homes. No significant differences in fracture incidence were seen between rural and urban primary health care districts.     

老年髋部骨折术后患者家庭康复护理的最佳证据总结

目的 总结老年髋部骨折术后患者家庭康复护理的相关证据,为临床工作者制订家庭康复护理方案提供参考。方法 计算机检索国内外相关指南网站、专业协会网站及UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、Cochrane Library、CINAHL、Embase、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于老年髋部骨折术后患者家庭康复护理的相关临床决策、指南、系统评价、专家共识及证据总结,检索时限为建库至2021年10月。由2名研究者对文献进行质量评价和资料提取。结果 共纳入15篇文献,其中临床决策3篇,指南3篇,专家共识5篇,系统评价2篇,证据总结2篇。从适宜人群、出院计划、康复评估、康复预期、康复策略、强化锻炼、健康教育、随访8个方面汇总了27条最佳证据。结论 该研究总结的老年髋部骨折术后患者家庭康复护理的最佳证据较为科学、全面。建议医护人员在应用证据时,结合具体的临床情景与患者意愿制订个性化的康复护理方案。