以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法岛叶胶质瘤患者15例,男10例,女5例;年龄9～56岁;病程1月～3年,临床表现均以癫痫发作为首发症状,术前除常规行头颅CT及MRI检查,还加行了常规脑电图检查,另有10例行了长程同步视频脑电图检查。胶质瘤均在术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测下行手术切除。结果肿瘤全切12例,次全切除3例。所有患者在切除肿瘤前ECoG监测均有大量的异常痫样放电,且越靠近病变放电越明显,切除肿瘤后复查ECoG发现在术腔周围仍然有痫样放电,但放电范围均较切除前明显缩小。其中13例加行了皮层热灼术,2例加行了多处软脑膜下横纤维切断术。术后随访1年以上发现10例生存良好,3例复发,2例死亡。且术后13例患者无癫痫发作,只有2例仍时有癫痫发作。结论在术中ECoG监测下切除以癫痫为首发症状的岛叶胶质瘤,不但能指导肿瘤切除,同时还能一并将致痫灶切除,值得积极稳妥地推广。     

幕上胶质瘤伴继发癫痫64例临床分析

目的 研究以癫痫为首发症状的胶质瘤特点,为临床癫痫治疗提供参考.方法 收集2011年1月至2012年8月北京天坛医院神经外科收治的病理确诊为胶质瘤,并以癫痫为首发症状的患者,分析癫痫发作与肿瘤部位和病理的关系.结果 收集到病理确诊的幕上胶质瘤患者171例,其中64例以癫痫为首发症状.低级别胶质瘤癫痫发生率显著高于高级别胶质瘤患者(P＜0.05),星形细胞瘤与少突星形细胞瘤癫痫发生率显著高于其他病理类型(P＜0.05).额叶与额顶叶胶质瘤癫痫发生率显著高于其他类型胶质瘤(P＜0.05).结论 胶质瘤继发癫痫与肿瘤部位和病理类型密切相关.     

岛叶病变的临床特征及其微创手术治疗(附30例报告)

目的 总结岛叶病变的临床长期持征及其手术治疗的技巧。方法 对经侧裂手术入路治疗的30例岛叶病变病人的症状、病理结果进行回顾性分析。结果 29例以癫痫为首发症状；病变发生于优势半球212例；胶质瘤26例（低分级23例），脑动静脉畸形1例，海绵状血管瘤3例。结论 岛叶病变常以癫痫为首发表现，病理以低分级胶质瘤和其他良性病变为主，手术仍是目前主要的治疗手段。     

皮层电极监测下切除致痫性脑胶质瘤的临床研究

目的使用皮层电极监测切除致痫性脑胶质瘤，探讨致痫性脑胶质瘤的治疗方法。方法本组病人43例。EEG示轻度异常脑电图9例，巾度异常脑电罔26例，重度异常脑电图8例。CT或MRI检查皆可见占位病变。常规手术开颅显露相应部位脑皮层使用皮层电极对脑电进行监测。确定大体致痫范围，行肿瘤切除。肿瘤切除后再行脑电监测，若仍有癫痫波，根据皮层电极之定位切除致痫灶。结果22例病人行显微镜下肿瘤全切除，15例病人近全切除肿瘤．6例病人次全切除肿瘤。术后随访6个月～6年。34例(79．1％)病人癫痫症状消失，7例(16.3％)病人癫痫发作次数明显减少，2例(4．7％)病人癫痫症状未见好转。总有效率(93．7％)。结论以癫痫为主要症状的脑肿瘤病人．只有在切除胶质瘤时一并切除致痫灶，才是治疗肿瘤并根治癫痫的最佳方法。皮层电极监测下切除致痫性脑胶质瘤是治疗有癫痫症状的脑胶质瘤的有效方法。     

幕上胶质瘤伴发癫痫的临床分析

目的分析幕上胶质瘤伴发癫痫的临床特点及两者之间的相关性。方法回顾性分析我院自2000年1月至2006年12月收治的51例以癫痫为首发症状或主要症状的幕上胶质瘤患者的临床资料。结果51例患者中有50例行开颅手术，术后病理检查证实，星形细胞瘤Ⅰ级23例，Ⅱ级18例，Ⅲ-Ⅳ级9例。术后所有病例均继续服抗癫痫药物治疗，癫痫基本得到控制。结论以癫痫为首发症状或主要症状的胶质瘤以低级别的较多，外科治疗效果较好；胶质瘤引起的周围水肿和牵拉效应可能是继发癫痫的病因。     

皮层电极监测下切除致痫性脑胶质瘤的临床研究

目的探讨致痫性脑胶质瘤的手术治疗方法。方法术中使用皮层电极和深部电极对相应部位皮层脑电进行监测，确定痫性放电的部位及范围，行肿瘤切除＋致痫灶切除、皮层热灼或软膜下横切。肿瘤切除后再行脑电监测，若仍有癫痫波，再行切除。结果本组51例中，38例肿瘤全切，8例次全切，5例部分切除。术后一过性偏瘫或失语8例。随访6～57个月，按谭氏分级：Ⅰ级32例，Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级5例，Ⅳ级4例，V级3例；胶质瘤复发8例，且均伴有癫痫发作。结论皮层电极监测下切除致痫性胶质瘤是治疗伴有癫痫症状的脑胶质瘤的有效方法，能提高患者的生存质量。     

边缘系统低级别胶质瘤与顽固性癫痫

目的 探讨边缘系统低级别胶质瘤致顽固性癫痫的临床特征、手术方法及疗效。方法 对自1993年3月一2000年12月本科因顽固性癫痫进行手术切除的11例边缘系统低级别胶质瘤作一回顾性分析。结果 11例患者中10例以癫痫起病，平均病程26个月，发作类型为复杂性部分性发作和继发性全身发作。11例患者均经扩大翼点入路行胶质瘤全切加上标准前额叶切除。术后病理为少枝突胶质瘤3例，星形细胞瘤Ⅰ级5例，星形细胞瘤Ⅰ—Ⅱ级3例。11例患者随访10个月一3年，复查CT或MRI检查，无肿瘤复发迹象，癫痫控制满意。结论 边缘系统低级别胶质瘤致顽固性癫痫，病程长，久治不愈，年龄偏轻，通过完全的肿瘤切除加上标准前额叶切除，可大大降低肿瘤的复发率，极好地控制癫痫。     

儿童椎管内肿瘤(附151例临床分析)

目的总结儿童椎管内肿瘤的病理特点、临床表现、手术治疗效果，探讨其特点和规律。方法151例儿童椎管内肿瘤均经手术切除和病理证实，进行回顾性分析。结果儿童椎管内肿瘤以胚胎残余组织肿瘤为多见（43．7％），其次为胶质瘤（26．5％）。运动系统的损害是儿童椎管内肿瘤最常见的首发症状，其次为疼痛、感觉障碍、括约肌功能障碍。儿童以胚胎残余肿瘤和胶质瘤多见，故较成人手术全切除率低，放疗用于恶性肿瘤，椎板复位术可以有效地减少脊柱畸形的发生率。结论儿童椎管内肿瘤与成人在病理、临床表现及手术治疗效果等与成人都不尽相同。     

脑边缘系统肿瘤(附91例分析)

目的 探讨边缘系统肿瘤的临床病理特点以及显微手术治疗策略，特别是锁孔手术的可行性及其疗效。方法 对91例脑边缘系统肿瘤的临床特点、手术方法和病理特点进行系统的回顾性分析。对34例肿瘤直径2.5cm中的32例及57例〉5cm中的9例采用锁孔手术．包括改良翼点入路、眶上额下眉弓入路、发际内过中线横切口的锁孔手术；其余均采用传统开颅手术，如翼点入路，额下入路、纵裂入路等。结果 脑边缘系统肿瘤常见于中青年病人；癫痫发作常是首发或惟一的症状。肿瘤全切53例（58．2％），次全切38例（4l、8％）。术后病理结果示低级别胶质瘤79例（86．8％），海绵状血管瘤4例，间变性星形细胞瘤4例，神经胶质增生2例，动静脉畸形1例．胶质肉瘤1例。结论 脑边缘肿瘤以低分级胶质瘤和其他良性肿瘤为主，继发性癫痫发作是其主要临床表现。对部分肿瘤直径〈5cm的病人．应用锁孔手术可获得满意疗效。     

视交叉-下丘脑胶质瘤的临床诊治分析

目的探讨视交叉-下丘脑胶质瘤的临床特点及其诊治。方法回顾分析2001年6月至2007年6月我科收治的18例视交叉-下丘脑胶质瘤的临床表现、影像学特征及手术治疗情况。结果18例视交叉-下丘脑胶质瘤患者中，2～23岁16例，32岁和49岁各1例；2例患者伴发神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型。常见首发症状为头痛。肿瘤次全切除1例，大部分切除13例，部分切除2例，仅活检2例。星形细胞瘤Ⅰ级16例，Ⅱ级2例。术后均辅以放疗和，或化疗。12例随访1～5年，存活9例，死亡3例。结论视交叉一下丘脑胶质瘤需与颅咽管瘤鉴别。手术以改善症状、明确诊断为目的。采取手术、放疗及化疗的综合治疗，患者预后较佳。     

10例多发性硬化伴癫痫发作与MRI相关性分析

目的:探讨多发性硬化(MS)伴癫癎发作患者的临床特点与MRI所示病灶的相关性。方法:回顾性分析121例确诊为MS住院患者中10例(8.29%)伴癫癎发作的临床特点及MRI表现。结果:癫癎在MS其他症状或体征之前出现2例;癫癎发作为MS复发时唯一症状的1例;癫癎发作时已伴MS其他症状或体征者7例。10例患者头颅MRI均示双侧半球的深部白质、侧脑室旁数个斑块病灶,其中5例伴皮质-皮质下斑块病灶,2例伴局灶性皮质萎缩。5例癫发作与皮质-皮质下斑块病灶有相关性。结论:癫癎可以是MS的首发症状或复发时唯一临床表现,MS患者癫癎发作与皮质-皮质下斑块病灶相关。     

Dementia and visual hallucinations associated with limbic pathology in Parkinson's disease

The pathological basis of dementia and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not yet fully understood. To investigate this further we have conducted a clinico-pathological study based on 30 post-mortem PD brains. PD cases were stratified into groups according to clinical characteristics as follows: (1) cognitively intact (n=9); (2) cases with severe dementia and visual hallucinations (n=12); (3) cases with severe dementia and no visual hallucinations (n=4); and (4) cases with severe visual hallucinations and no dementia (n=5). The extent of alpha-synuclein (alphaSyn), tau and amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) deposition was then examined in the CA2 sector of the hippocampus and in neocortical and subcortical areas known to subserve cognitive function. We find that dementia in PD is significantly associated with alphaSyn in the anterior cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, temporal cortex, entorhinal cortex, amygdaloid complex and CA2 sector of the hippocampus. Abeta in the anterior cingulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, amygdaloid complex and nucleus basalis of Meynert is also associated with dementia as is tau in the CA2 sector of the hippocampus. alphaSyn burden in the amygdala is strongly related to the presence of visual hallucinations but only in those PD cases with concomitant dementia. Statistical analysis revealed that alphaSyn burden in the anterior cingulate gyrus could differentiate demented from non-demented PD cases with high sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that alphaSyn in limbic regions is related to dementia in PD as well as to visual hallucinations when there is an underlying dementia.     

9例原发性中枢神经系统血管炎临床、影像及病理特点研究

目的  总结原发性中枢神经系统血管炎临床、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）和病理学特点。 方法  收集2012年3月～2014年12月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心收治的原发性中枢神经系统血管炎患者资料,采用描述性方法对其临床表现、MRI及病理学特点进行分析。 结果  共收集9例患者,其中男性5例（55.56%）,女性4例（44.44%）,年龄范围10～47岁,中位年龄30岁。痫性发作4例（44.44%）,行为认知异常3例（33.33%）,局灶性感觉运动异常5例（55.56%）,头晕2例（22.22%）,钝性头痛2例（22.22%）,面部疼痛1例（11.11%）,视物模糊1例（11.11%）,行走不稳1例（11.11%）。腰穿异常4例（44.44%）。MRI表现为双侧病灶6例（66.67%）,单侧病灶3例（33.33%）,其中受累部位分别为额叶9例（100%）,顶叶5例（55.56%）,颞枕叶4例（44.44%）,合并皮层下白质受累6例（66.67%）,合并脑膜/脊膜受累3例（33.33%）,合并基底节受累1例（11.11%）,合并脊髓受累1例（11.11%）;病变边界不清8例（88.89%）,边界清1例（11.11%）;皮层萎缩伴脑室扩大3例（33.33%）;病灶及脑脊膜强化6例（66.67%）;7例患者行磁共振T2*或磁敏感加权序列（susceptibility weighted  imaging,SWI）,其中病灶表现低信号4例（57.14%）。2例行脑病理学检查,表现为脑实质水肿,血管周围炎性细胞浸润,血管壁坏死和胶质增生。 结论  原发性中枢神经系统血管炎临床表现及影像学多样,病灶合并脑膜和（或）脊膜强化,以及磁共振T2*或SWI序列低信号是其重要影像学特征,脑活检仍是目前重要的确诊手段。     

边缘系统脑梗死12例急性期认知障碍特点分析

目的 观分析12例边缘系统脑梗死患者急性期认知障碍特点,为临床早期诊断及监测预后提供依据.方法 收集2018年1月至2019年6月收治的12例边缘系统脑梗死患者的病例资料,采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评价认知障碍程度与特点.结果 12例患者部位分别累及海马(5例)、穹窿柱(1例)、...     

Differential projections of the anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus to the thalamus in the cat

Fiber connections of both the anterior and posterior portion of the cingulate gyrus were studied in cats following lesions to either of these regions. The animals were killed after 6 to 9 days, and the Fink-Heimer I method was used to trace degenerating axons and their terminals from anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus. A differential distribution of fibers from the anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus to the thalamus was demonstrated. Fibers from the anterior cingulate gyrus project principally to the lateral segment of the mediodorsal nucleus, and fibers from the posterior cingulate gyrus project principally to the anteroventral nucleus. Fibers from both regions of cingulate cortex send projections to the anteromedial, centrolateral, and laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Projections from both regions also terminate in the pretectum, superior colliculus, presubiculum, and caudate nucleus.     

Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum

BACKGROUND: The cingulate gyrus, which is involved in affect, attention, memory and higher executive functions, has been implicated as a dysfunctional region in schizophrenia. Postmortem studies report cytoarchitectural changes in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) and functioning imaging studies show correlations between the degree of hypometabolism of the anterior cingulate and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS: Unmedicated patients with schizophrenia (n=27) and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) (n=13), as well as sex- and age-matched control subjects (n=32), were studied with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As a control over mental activity, all subjects performed a verbal working memory task during the PET protocol. The cingulate gyrus was first outlined on the MRI scans and, after coregistration, the coordinates were applied to the PET scans to yield a three-dimensional metabolic map of the cingulate gyrus for each subject. A statistical resampling method was used to analyze the metabolic differences between groups. RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia had lower relative glucose metabolic rates in the left anterior cingulate and the right posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG) assessed by 3-D significance probability mapping. SPD patients had higher glucose metabolic rates (GMRs) in the left posterior cingulate than did controls. Furthermore, volumetric measurement with MRI showed the left anterior cingulate and Brodmann area 24' to be smaller in schizophrenic patients than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia have metabolic and volumetric reductions in a cingulate gyrus area that is related to higher executive functions. Schizotypal patients rely more on sensory association areas to perform a cognitive task than do controls and seem to be a group that is partially distinct in its physiological and functional characteristics.     

Prefrontal but not temporal grey matter changes in males with first-episode schizophrenia

INTRODUCTION: Changes of brain morphology are now considered as a part of the pathology of schizophrenia. Voxel-based morphometry may be used to study regional changes of the grey matter in the whole brain. It is advantageous to study first-episode patients to prevent the influence of many possible biasing factors when trying to identify primary pathological processes underlying the manifestation of the illness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate regional grey matter changes in the first-episode schizophrenia patients. METHODS: Optimized voxel-based morphometry was used to detect changes in grey matter volume in 22 patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with 18 healthy volunteers of comparable age, gender and handedness. RESULTS: The first-episode schizophrenia group had significantly reduced grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex (inferior and middle prefrontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus). We identified no differences in the temporal cortex. CONCLUSION: Our data support the theoretical assumption that prefrontal dysfunction underlines the primary pathology and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. We are inclined to explain the differences in the pattern of morphological changes reported in other first-episode studies--especially the lack of changes in the temporal cortex--by heterogeneity of schizophrenia, potential progression and antipsychotic medication effect.     

The septo-hippocampal pathways and their relevance to human memory: a case report.

The interaction between the septal region and the hippocampal formation appears indispensable for the maintenance of normal memory and learning mechanisms in humans. The disruption of some combination of septo-hippocampal pathways, especially the disruption of the "dorsal route", deteriorates explicit memory functions. The case of a 25-year-old male patient is presented who developed anterograde and to a certain extent retrograde amnesia following rupture and repair of an arteriovenous malformation in the atrium of the left ventricle. A left-sided lesion of the dorsal route involving the posterior cingulate bundle, the longitudinal striae (as part of the supracommissural hippocampus) and the fornix appeared responsible for his mnemonic deficits. The implications of these findings for the understanding of other clinical cases, particularly those with lesions of the septal region, the anterior and posterior singular gyrus/cingulate bundle and the fornix are discussed.     

Propagation of seizures in a case of lesional mid‐cingulate gyrus epilepsy studied by stereo‐EEG

Little is known about the propagation of seizures arising from the cingulate gyrus, as cingulate coverage with interhemispheric subdural electrodes is usually challenging and incomplete due to inherent anatomical and vascular limitations. We present a case of lesional mid‐cingulate epilepsy confirmed by stereotactically implanted intracranial depth electrodes and subsequent surgical resection. Hypermotor symptomatology was seen during the first seven seconds of seizure onset while the seizure was still confined to the mid‐cingulate gyrus contacts. The patient had brief contralateral clonic movements as seizure propagated to the primary motor cortex. There was a high concordance between the primary propagation contacts, as delineated by intracranial EEG, and the contacts, with higher coherence values in the connectivity matrix. Interestingly, cingulate‐extra‐cingulate connectivity and spread to the primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortex was seen preceding spread to other cingulate contacts, of which one was less than 15 mm from the onset contact. This report is one of a few published, documenting propagation of seizures arising from the mid‐cingulate cortex. As illustrated by these data, hypermotor semiology correlated with direct activation of the cingulate cortex. Subsequent seizure propagation activated an extensive extra‐cingulate rather than an intra‐cingulate epileptogenic network. Interestingly, had the region of onset not sampled, the seizure onset would have appeared as non‐localizing widespread rhythms over the fronto‐parietal convexities. Further studies to explore the propagation of seizures arising from the cingulate gyrus and the physiological and pathological connectivity patterns within the cingulate gyrus in humans are needed, preferably using stereotactic implantation. Specific targets to be investigated are also discussed.