国产美托洛尔静脉制剂控制阵发性心房颤动时快速心室反应的疗效评价

目的：研究国产美托洛尔静脉制剂用于控制阵发性心房颤动时快速心室率的效果。方法：３３例阵发性心房颤动患者分别接受了静脉美托洛尔（美托洛尔组，１６例）和毛花甙Ｃ（毛花甙Ｃ组，１７例）治疗。结果：１６例接受静脉美托洛尔５ｍｇ治疗的患者用药３０分钟后心室率从１２８±２１次／分降至９０±１８次／分（Ｐ＜０００１）；接受静脉毛花甙Ｃ０．４ｍｇ至０．６ｍｇ治疗者用药３０分钟后的心室率从１３４±１７次／分降至１０８±１７次／分（Ｐ＜００１）；用药３０分钟后美托洛尔组心率明显慢于毛花甙Ｃ组（Ｐ＜００１），而与毛花甙Ｃ组６小时后的心室率相当（８４±１８次／分，Ｐ＞００５）。两组患者用药前后的血压无明显变化。所有患者都没有因为药物副作用而终止试验。结论：国产美托洛尔静脉制剂能迅速有效和安全地控制阵发性心房颤动时快速心室反应     

静脉应用地尔硫卓和美托洛尔治疗老年心功能衰竭伴心房颤动快速心室率的疗效和安全性比较

目的比较在中重度心功能衰竭伴心房颤动快速心室率的老年患者静脉注射地尔硫卓和美托洛尔控制心室率的有效性和安全性。方法采用随机单盲方法,将72例中重度心功能衰竭伴心房颤动快速心室率的老年患者分为2组,分别给予地尔硫卓和美托洛尔静脉注射,观察有效率及血压、症状和体征变化。结果地尔硫卓组有效率为94.6%,用药前心室率为149±26次/min、用药后120min降至97±19次/min,下降幅度为35%;美托洛尔组有效率为97.1%,用药前后心室率分别为150±27、95±18次/min,下降幅度为37%。两组血压均有下降但多在正常范围,地尔硫卓组无心功能恶化,美托洛尔组1例心功能恶化。结论静脉注射地尔硫卓和美托洛尔均能有效地控制老年中重度心功能衰竭患者的心房颤动快速心室率,且相对安全。     

美托洛尔与毛花苷快速控制心房颤动心室率的比较

目的：比较静脉应用美托洛尔与毛花（f4地黄）苷快速控制心房颤动患者心室率的疗效和安全性。方法：68例快速心房颤动患者（心室率≥120次／min）．随机分为美托洛尔组、毛花苷组各34例。美托洛尔组首次剂量给予5mg缓慢静注，观察15min。若心室率〉100次／min或下降〈20％，则追加5mg。最多给药10mg。若血压〈90／60mmHg，则停止试验；毛花苷组首次剂量给予毛花苷0．4mg或0．2mg缓慢静注，若心室率〉100次／min或下降％20％，则追加0．2mg。观察两组用药后10min、30min、60min、90min和120min心率，血压及临床表现；同时记录用药后药物起效时间及不良反应。结果：两组患者用药后2h内的心室率与用药前比较均明显降低（P〈0．05）．用药2h后美托洛尔组心室率下降幅度大于毛花苷组（P〈O．05）；美托洛尔、毛花苷组平均起效时间分别为（12．4±6．7）min和（41．6士11．2）min．两者差异有显著性（P〈0.01）；美托洛尔、毛花苷组总有效率分别为88％和76％无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；两组不良反应发生率均为12％。结论：静脉应用美托洛尔控制快速心房颤动患者心室率的短时疗效显著，患者安全性好。     

普罗帕酮与毛花苷丙治疗快速心房颤动的疗效比较

目的比较静脉应用普罗帕酮与毛花苷丙治疗快速心房颤动(简称房颤)并发充血性心力衰竭(心衰)患者心室率的即时效应及安全性.方法46例房颤患者,心室率≥120次/min,心功能Ⅱ级以上(NYHA).采用随机方法分组,分别静脉应用普罗帕酮与毛花苷丙.结果普罗帕酮、毛花苷丙组控制房颤快速心室率的总有效率分别为810%和609%(P＜005);心室率平均下降幅度分别为35%和25%(P＜001);平均起效时间分别为(231±82)min和(507±104)min(P＜001).普罗帕酮有1例出现症状性低血压,1例出现第一度房室传导阻滞,无心衰加重表现.结论静脉应用普罗帕酮能迅速、安全、有效地控制房颤并发充血性心衰患者的快速心室率.     

美托洛尔和毛花苷C控制围手术期心房颤动快速心室率的比较

目的比较静脉注射美托洛尔控制围手术期心房颤动快速心室率的疗效和安全性。方法围手术期快速心房颤动患者75例,随机分为美托洛尔组41例,静脉注射美托洛尔5mg,效果不明显时重复推注3次,总剂量为15mg,毛花苷C(cedilanid)组34例,静脉注射毛花苷C0.008mg/kg,药物稀释注射时间5min,1h后无效者重复1次。比较两组病人给药前后心率、血压及临床表现。结果①美托洛尔组和毛花苷C组的有效率分别为85%和74%(P>0.05);②美托洛尔组心率下降(48±17)次/分,而毛花苷C组(23±15)次/分(P<0.05);③美托洛尔组血压下降(7.8±1.4)/(3.8±1.1)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),毛花苷C组为(1.2±0.4)/(0.5±0.2)mmHg(P>0.05);④美托洛尔组起效时间与最大效应时间明显快于毛花苷C组;⑤美托洛尔组发生低血压1例,而毛花苷C组无。结论静脉注射美托洛尔控制围手术期快速心房颤动快速起效,可作首选药。     

艾司洛尔与毛花苷控制快速房颤心室率的疗效及安全性比较

目的：比较艾司洛尔与毛花苷控制快速心房颤动心室率的即时疗效及安全性。方法：72例快速心房颤动患者，心室率≥120次/min，被随机分为艾司洛尔组、毛花苷组各36例。艾司洛尔组首次剂量给予0.5mg/kg，1 min静注，观察5min，若心室率仍＞100次/min或下降＜20％，则追加0.5mg/kg，同时以0.05mg·kg^-1·min^-1微量泵起始维持，维持量最大可加至0.3mg· kg^-1·min^-1；毛花苷组首次剂量给予毛花苷0.4mg或0.2mg缓慢静注，若心室率仍＞100次/min或下降＜20％，可追加0.2mg。记录药物起效时间及不良反应。结果：艾司洛组平均起效时间显著低于毛花苷组[（5.6±3.1）min比（39.2±8.7）min]（P＜0.01）；两组患者用药后心室率均明显降低（P＜0.05或＜0.01），用药2h后艾司洛尔组心室率下降幅度显著大于毛花苷组（39％比29％，P＜0.05）；两组总有效率，不良反应发生率均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：静脉应用艾司洛尔作用迅速，安全有效，可作为控制快速心房颤动心室率的首选治疗。     

艾司洛尔与毛花苷控制快速心房颤动患者心室率的短时疗效比较

目的比较静脉应用艾司洛尔与毛花苷控制快速心房颤动患者心室率的短时疗效和安全性。方法60例快速心房颤动患者，心室率≥120次／min，随机分为艾司洛尔组、毛花苷组各30例。艾司洛尔组首次剂量给予0．5mg／kg，1min静注，观察5min，若心室率〉100次／min或下降〈20％，则追加0．5mg／kg，同时以0．05mg·kg-1·min-1微量泵起始维持，维持量最大可加至0.3mg·kg-1·min-1，若血压〈90／60mmHg，则停止试验。毛花苷组首次剂量给予毛花苷0．4mg或0．2mg缓慢静注，若心室率〉100次／min或下降〈20％，可追加0．2mg。观察两组用药后5min、10min、30min、60min、90min和120min心率、血压及临床表现；同时记录用药后药物起效时间及不良反应。结果两组患者用药后不同时刻的心室率均明显降低，与用药前比较差异均有统计学意义，用药2h后艾司洛尔组心室率下降幅度大于毛花苷组（P〈0．05）；艾司洛尔和毛花苷组平均起效时间分别为（6．4±3．8）min和（43．1±12．6）min，两者差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。艾司洛尔和毛花苷组总有效率分别为86．3％和83．3％（P〉0．05），无统计学意义；两组不良反应发生率无统计学意义。结论静脉应用艾司洛尔控制快速心房颤动患者心室率的短时疗效显著，安全性好。     

美托洛尔注射液与西地兰控制快速心房颤动的疗效比较

目的观察静脉用美托洛尔与毛花甙C（西地兰）控制快速心房颤动（房颤）心室率的疗效和安全性。方法将70例快速房颤患者随机分为两组,美托洛尔组36例,稀释后缓慢静脉注射美托洛尔5mg,观察5分钟,如无效重复1次,连续用药3次,总量15mg;西地兰组34例,稀释后缓慢静脉注射西地兰0．4mg,观察10分钟,如无效追加0．2mg,连续用药3次,总量0．8mg。记录用药前后心室率和血压变化,比较在各观察时间点上的有效率。结果平均起效时间美托洛尔组[（10．1±7．6）分钟]较西地兰组[（40．8±12．4）分钟]明显缩短,心室率下降幅度美托洛尔组（36．5％）较西地兰组（26．3％）明显增大,在60分钟内各观察时间点的治疗有效率美托洛尔组（47％、69％、83％、91％）明显高于西地兰组（9％、15％、35％、59％）,均无严重不良反应发生。结论美托洛尔注射液较西地兰控制快速房颤心室率更快速、有效、安全。     

美托洛尔注射剂治疗快速房性心律失常的临床研究

目的观察静脉应用美托洛尔控制快速性房性心律失常心室率的有效性及安全性。方法30例快速性房性心律失常、心室率>120次/分的患者随机分为美托洛尔组和西地兰组。观察用药前(0min)、第二剂前、第三剂前;首剂用药后40,60,90min和120min时的心率和血压。用药后心室率降至100次/分以下或转复窦性心律为有效。结果30例快速性房性心律失常(心房颤动20例,心房扑动5例,房性心动过速5例)患者,男17例,女13例,年龄57.3±12.4岁,随机分入美托洛尔组和西地兰组。在60min内各观察时间点,美托洛尔组明显优于西地兰组,两组有效率分别为53.3%、86.7%、93.3%和93.3%对13.3%、20.0%、40.0%和60.0%。两组平均起效时间美托洛尔组为12.6±6.7min和西地兰组为53.0±28.4min,美托洛尔组明显短于西地兰组。120min内两组总有效率分别为93.3%、80%,无显著差异。结论静脉应用美托洛尔及西地兰均能有效安全地控制快速性房性心律失常的心室率,美托洛尔起效较西地兰更快。     

美托洛尔静脉注射治疗快速心房颤动疗效评价

目的:观察美托洛尔(商品名:倍他乐克)注射液治疗快速心房颤动(房颤)的疗效及安全性。方法:42例快速房颤患者随机分为美托洛尔组与西地兰组,美托洛尔组21例予美托洛尔注射液5～15mg静脉注射,西地兰组21例予西地兰注射液0.4～0.8mg静脉注射,分别观察治疗前及治疗后40min、60min及120min患者心率及血压的变化。结果:1.2组患者分别有12例和8例在120min内心室率降至<100次/min,2组比较差异无显著性(57.14%vs38.09%,P>0.05)。2.美托洛尔组患者心室率降至<100次/min所需的时间为(18.33±12.31)min,西地兰组心室率降至<100次/min所需的时间为(65.00±35.05)min,2组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。3.美托洛尔静注起效平均时间(14.00±9.95)min,西地兰静注起效平均时间为(62.50±41.66)min,二者比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。4.美托洛尔组总有效率85.71%(18/21),西地兰组总有效率47.62%(10/21),2组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。5.美托洛尔组治疗主要不良反应为低血压,无心力衰竭及严重心律失常。结论:美托洛尔静脉注射治疗快速房颤安全有效,为急诊科治疗快速房颤的可靠方法。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.