影响颅内动脉瘤致密栓塞的临床因素分析

目的探讨影响颅内动脉瘤致密栓塞的临床因素。方法125例单发破裂颅内动脉瘤，按栓塞结果分成致密栓塞组（92例）、非致密栓塞组（33例），比较两组临床特点，对影响动脉瘤致密栓塞因素进行统计学分析。结果致密栓塞组与非致密栓塞组间单临床因素比较，动脉瘤部位、形态、大小及FisherCT分级、Hunt-Hess分级、血管痉挛情况、栓塞时间、栓塞材料均存在统计学差异（P〈0．05）；Logistic回归分析显示，动脉瘤部位、形态及Hunt-Hess分级、血管痉挛、栓塞材料等与动脉瘤致密栓塞与否有关（P〈0．05）。结论致密栓塞是颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的关键，颅内动脉瘤部位、形态及Hunt-Hess分级、血管痉挛、栓塞材料是影响颅内动脉瘤致密栓塞的主要因素。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂栓塞治疗后症状性脑血管痉挛的发生及影响因素分析

目的探讨破裂颅内动脉瘤经血管内栓塞治疗后症状性脑血管痉挛的发生及相关因素。 方法河南大学附属南石医院神经外科自2008年5月至2010年1月应用电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗破裂动脉瘤78例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料,判定症状性脑血管痉挛的发生并分析其影响因素。 结果本组78例患者栓塞治疗均成功,术后出现症状性脑血管痉挛20例(25.6％),不同Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级患者术后症状性脑血管痉挛的发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。经积极治疗后14例恢复正常,3例中度致残,3例放弃治疗。 结论栓塞治疗破裂动脉瘤后症状性血管痉挛的发生与神经功能损害和出血量大小有关,腰大池引流对降低血管痉挛发生有积极意义。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术后早期再次破裂原因分析

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤急性期栓塞术后早期再次破裂的相关危险因素,以减少动脉瘤栓塞术后再次破裂的发生率,提高临床治疗效果。方法对689例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者(破裂动脉瘤689枚,未破裂动脉瘤25枚)于蛛网膜下腔出血后72h内进行血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗。分析所有患者栓塞前后的影像学(包括头颅CT、TCD、DSA)和栓塞术后次日首次颅内压等资料。对所得数据进行Logistic回归分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果所有接受栓塞治疗的患者中有6例发生早期再次破裂,占同期接受栓塞治疗患者的0.9%(6/689)。其中4例经CT证实,1例经持续腰池引流证实,另1例临床表现支持再次出血。栓塞后早期再次破裂出血的动脉瘤位于前交通动脉的4例,颈内动脉床突上段的2例。再次破裂患者中高颅压、高Fisher分级及循环时间延长者的比率远高于无再次破裂者。结论颅内破裂动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞术后早期再次破裂的原因可能是:(1)栓塞不够致密;(2)栓塞当时显影的动脉瘤非真实大小。破裂后血管痉挛、颅高压、动脉瘤周围血肿等都可能是导致动脉瘤非真实显影的原因。栓塞术后早期复查DSA或进一步治疗可能会减少栓塞术后动脉瘤早期再次破裂的机会。     

颅内微小破裂动脉瘤血管内介入治疗体会

目的探讨颅内微小破裂动脉瘤血管内治疗的技术要点、安全性及临床效果。方法 2006-01—2016-06 78例颅内微小破裂动脉瘤进行了血管内介入治疗,其中支架辅助27例,单纯弹簧圈栓塞51例,对其相关临床资料进行回顾分析。结果术中3例发生动脉瘤破裂,1例术后发生弹簧圈逃逸,未出现载瘤动脉血栓栓塞事件。术后即刻造影显示,致密栓塞70例(89.74%),非致密填塞8例(10.26%);按照GOS评分评估,恢复良好59例(75.64%),轻度残废15例(19.23%),重度残废3例(3.8%),死亡1例(1.28%)。65例患者获得6~24个月随访,62例动脉瘤完全闭塞,1例有瘤颈残留但动脉瘤无变化,1例复发再次介入治疗。结论对颅内破裂微小动脉瘤,通过采取相应的介入操作技巧,选择血管内治疗是安全的,临床效果较好。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术中破裂的危险因素及处理

目的动脉瘤术中破裂为颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞治疗的严重并发症,一旦发生具有较高的致残和致死率,本研究的目的是分析其危险因素,总结术中动脉瘤破裂的治疗策略。方法回顾性分析532例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的资料,采用单因素结合多因素方法分析颅内破裂动脉瘤发生术中破裂的危险因素,总结动脉瘤术中破裂的治疗策略。结果本组病人532例伴532枚破裂动脉瘤,发生术中动脉瘤破裂20例(3.8%)。单因素分析显示颅内动脉粥样硬化(P=0.010)、动脉瘤大小(2=16.464,P=0.000)、血管痉挛(P=0.004)是动脉瘤术中破裂的影响因素;多因素Logistic回归分析显示微小动脉瘤(OR,10.416;95%CI,1.797~32.212;P=0.013)、血管痉挛(OR,4.842;95%CI,1.633~14.354;P=0.004)、和颅内动脉粥样硬化(OR,3.652;95%CI,1.352~10.166;P=0.001)是颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素。结论颅内动脉粥样硬化、微小动脉瘤、脑血管痉挛是血管内治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤发生术中破裂的独立危险因素;发生动脉瘤术中破裂后应立即静脉注射鱼精蛋白中和肝素并快速完成动脉瘤栓塞。     

颅内破裂微小动脉瘤介入治疗预后的危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内破裂微小动脉瘤介入治疗预后的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月1日至2016年2月1日介入治疗的52例颅内破裂微小动脉瘤的临床资料。出院后6个月采用改良Rankin量表评分判定预后,0~2分预后良好,3~6分预后不良。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验预后危险因素。结果 43例采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,9例采用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞;完全栓塞26例,近完全栓塞26例。术后发生明显并发症（脑血管痉挛、肺部感染、颅内感染）共16例。40例预后良好,12例预后不良。多因素Logistic回归分析显示术前Hunt-Hess分级高、术前Fisher评分高、术后发生并发症是颅内破裂微小动脉瘤介入治疗不良预后的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 介入治疗颅内破裂微小动脉瘤可取得良好效果;术前要根据病人Hess-Hess分级、Fisher分级评估病情,制定个性化治疗方案,预防和减轻并发症,从而提高介入治疗的效果。     

球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的总结球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析21例采用球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的颅内宽颈动脉瘤的临床资料。结果动脉瘤达到致密栓塞14例,90%以上栓塞4例,90%以下栓塞3例。术中动脉瘤破裂出血1例,血栓形成1例,血管痉挛2例,本组无死亡病例。结论球囊辅助弹簧圈治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤安全、有效,但其长期疗效尚待进一步研究。     

可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤18例临床分析

目的探讨可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我科5a来采用可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗18例颅内动脉瘤破裂患者的临床资料并进行随访。结果本组18例破裂动脉瘤均顺利栓塞,无破裂出血发生,动脉瘤腔达到完全致密填塞14例,非完全致密栓塞4个;术后发生脑梗死2例,脑积水1例,经相应治疗后本组患者均顺利出院,无死亡病例。结论可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤对患者创伤小,疗效安全可靠。     

影响颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后破裂再出血危险因素多元Logistic回归分析

目的分析影响颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后破裂再出血危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011-07—2015-07于我院行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术的122例患者的临床资料,其中12例患者出现术后破裂再出血,采用单因素和多元Logistic回归分析影响颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后破裂再出血的危险因素。结果性别因素的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),年龄、病程、动脉瘤直径、动脉瘤栓塞程度和术后抗凝等因素的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析,危险因素的危险程度由高到低依次为致密栓塞(OR=5.423)、术后抗凝(OR=4.678)、动脉瘤直径≥10 mm(OR=3.982)、病程≥3a(OR=2.510)和年龄≥60岁(OR=1.525)。结论临床上影响颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后破裂再出血的危险因素较多,可用于指导临床治疗,以降低术后破裂再出血的发生率,改善预后效果。     

新型弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤临床分析

目的分析水凝胶弹簧圈及复杂形弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的安全性和致密程度。方法水凝胶弹簧圈及复杂形弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤16例,首先用复杂形弹簧圈成篮,然后用水凝胶弹簧圈进行篮内填塞,最后再用裸圈进行瘤体及瘤颈的致密填塞。结果13个动脉瘤获得致密填塞,3个动脉瘤有瘤颈残留。栓塞密度38%～90%（平均63%）。随访时间2个月～6个月,未发生破裂出血或脑缺血事件。结论水凝胶弹簧圈及复杂形弹簧圈栓塞作为新一代弹簧圈其在颅内动脉瘤治疗中的应用是安全、有效的,可显著提高栓塞的致密程度,长期确切的疗效有待于进一步的经验累及和随访。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.