Novel mutations in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in two cousins with borderline-normal PDH complex activity

We have diagnosed dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency in two male second cousins, who presented with markedly different clinical phenotypes. Patient 1 had a recurrent encephalopathy, and patient 2 had microcephaly and lactic acidosis. Their presentation is unusual, in that the DLD subunit deficiency had little effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, but caused a severe reduction in the activities of other enzymes that utilize this subunit. We have identified two mutations in the DLD gene in each patient. The second cousins have one novel mutation in common resulting in a substitution of isoleucine for threonine (I47T), which has not been previously reported in the literature. Patient 1 has a second mutation that has been reported to be common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, G229C. Patient 2 has a second mutation, E375K, which has also been previously reported in the literature. Enzyme kinetic measurements on patient fibroblasts show that under certain conditions, one heteroallelic mutation may have a higher K(m). This may account for the differing clinical phenotypes. These findings have important repercussions for other patients with similar clinical phenotypes, as DLD activity is not normally measured in cases with normal PDHc activity.     

一种新复合杂合突变导致21-羟化酶缺陷症

目的探讨1例单纯男性化型21-羟化酶缺陷症(21-OHD)基因突变的类型和特点及临床表型与基因突变类型之间的关系。方法收集患者的临床资料,提取外周血白细胞DNA,用PCR方法扩增CYP21A2基因的10个外显子及内含子边界,测序鉴定CYP21A2基因突变位点,进一步分析突变位点与临床表型的关系。结果患者的临床表现主要为外阴发育异常。基因测序结果显示为复合杂合突变,其一个等位基因为c.515 T>A,p.I172N,另一个等位基因为c.593 T>G,p.L198X,此种复合杂合突变主要引起单纯男性化表现。p.L198X是至今尚未见报道的一种新突变。结论发现了CYP21A2基因一种新的突变p.L198X,丰富了CYP21A2基因突变数据库。同时从分子遗传学方面证实了对患者的诊断,患者基因型能很好地解释其临床表现。     

SACS基因复合杂合突变导致Charlevoix-Saguenay型痉挛性共济失调一家系两例CSCD

目的对1个常染色体隐性遗传痉挛性共济失调Charlevoix-Saguenay型（autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay, ARSACS）家系进行SACS基因突变分析,探讨其遗传学病因。方法应用目标区捕获高通量靶向测序对SACS基因进行突变筛查,用Sanger测序对突变位点进行验证。结果测序结果显示先证者和弟弟存在SACS基因C．13085T〉G（P．14362R）和C．5236dupA（P．T1746fs）复合杂合突变,父亲携带SACS基因c．5236dupA（P．T1746fs）杂合突变,母亲携带SACS基因C．13085T〉G（p．14362R）杂合突变,因此患者的C．5236dupA（P．T1746fs）和C．13085T〉G（P．14362R）突变分别来自父母。经检索人类基因突变数据库这两个变异均为未报道过的新突变,根据美国医学遗传学及基因组学会遗传变异解读指南,提示均为可能的致病性突变。结论C．5236dupA（P．T1746fs）和C．13085T〉G（P．14362R）突变为该ARSACS家系患者的遗传学病因,新突变的检出丰富了SACS基因突变谱。     

复合杂合性蛋白C基因突变导致的遗传性蛋白C缺陷症家系分析

目的 对1个遗传性蛋白C(proteinC,PC)缺陷症家系进行蛋白 C基因(protein C gene,PROC)突变检测,探讨其分子发病机制.方法 通过检测先证者及其家系成员(共4代15人)血浆蛋白C活性(protein C activity,PC∶A)、蛋白C抗原含量(protein C antigen,PC∶Ag)及其他凝血指标进行表型分析;用PCR法扩增先证者PROC的9个外显子及其侧翼序列,PCR产物纯化后测序,发现突变位点则反向测序予以证实;针对先证者的突变位点,对其家系成员进行相应基因突变检测.结果 先证者PC∶ A和PC∶Ag明显降低,分别为26％和18.60％,家系中其他成员中有7人PC∶A降低,6人PC∶Ag降低.先证者的PROC第7外显子存在g.6128T＞G杂合错义突变导致p.Phe139Val,第9外显子存在g.8478G＞C杂合错义突变导致p.Asp255His;其祖母、父亲、三姑和四姑均存在g.6128T＞G杂合突变,母亲、二舅、妹妹和儿子均存在g.8478G＞C杂合突变.存在g.8478G＞C突变的成员PC∶A下降明显.结论 先证者PROCg.6128T＞G和g.8478G＞C突变分别来自其父系家族和母系家族,该复合杂合错义突变是导致遗传性PC缺陷症的分子基础.     

Identification of compound heterozygous mutations in GNPTG in three siblings of a Chinese family with mucolipidosis type III gamma

Mucolipidosis III gamma is an autosomal recessive disorder with defective phosphorylation and trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. In a Chinese family with three siblings, linkage analysis revealed positive linkage of the family to GNPTG. Direct DNA sequence analysis identified two novel compound heterozygous mutations, c.471delC in exon 7 and IVS4-1G>C, in three patients. The two mutations cause frameshift and abnormal splicing, respectively, and represent the first series of GNPTG mutations in the Chinese population.     

Severe mandibuloacral dysplasia caused by novel compound heterozygous ZMPSTE24 mutations in two Japanese siblings

Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) is a rare autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome, characterized by mandibular hypoplasia, acroosteolysis affecting distal phalanges and clavicles, delayed closure of the cranial sutures, atrophic skin, and lipodystrophy. Recently, mutations in lamin A/C ( LMNA ) and zinc metalloprotease ( ZMPSTE24 ), involved in post-translational processing of prelamin A to mature lamin A, have been identified in MAD kindreds. We now report novel compound heterozygous mutations in exon 1 (c.121C>T; p.Q41X) and exon 6 (c.743C>T; p.P248L) in ZMPSTE24 in two Japanese sisters, 7- and 3-year old, with severe MAD and characteristic facies and atrophic skin. The older sister had lipodystrophy affecting the chest and thighs but sparing abdomen. Their parents and a brother, who were healthy, had heterozygous mutations. The missense mutation, P248L, was not found in 100 normal subjects of Japanese origin. The mutant Q41X was inactive in a yeast halo assay; however, the mutant P248L retained near normal ZMPSTE24 activity. Immunoblots demonstrated accumulation of prelamin A in the patients' cell lysates from lymphoblasts. The lymphoblasts from the patients also revealed less intense staining for lamin A/C on immunofluorescence. We conclude that ZMPSTE24 deficiency results in accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A, which may be responsible for cellular toxicity and the MAD phenotype.     

Novel compound heterozygous mutations identified by whole exome sequencing in a Japanese patient with geroderma osteodysplastica

Geroderma osteodysplastica (GO) is a subtype of cutis laxa syndrome characterized by congenital wrinkly skin, a prematurely aged face, extremely short stature, and osteoporosis leading to recurrent fractures. GO exhibits an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and is caused by loss-of-function mutations in GORAB, which encodes a protein important for Golgi-related transport. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified novel compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in the GORAB in a GO patient.The patient was a 14-year-old Japanese boy. Wrinkled skin and joint laxity were present at birth. At 1 year of age, he was clinically diagnosed with cutis laxa syndrome based on recurrent long bone fractures and clinical features, including wrinkled skin, joint laxity, and a distinctive face. He did not show retarded gross motor and cognitive development. At 11 years of age, he was treated with oral bisphosphonate and vitamin D owing to recurrent multiple spontaneous fractures of the vertebral and extremity bones associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD). Bisphosphonate treatment improved his BMD and fracture rate. Whole exome sequencing revealed two novel compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in the GORAB gene (p.Arg60* and p.Gln124*), and the diagnosis of GO was established. GO is a rare connective tissue disorder. Approximately 60 cases have been described to date, and this is the first report of a patient from Japan. Few studies have reported the effects of bisphosphonate treatment in GO patients with recurrent spontaneous fractures. Based on this case study, we hypothesize that oral bisphosphonate and vitamin D are effective and safe treatment options for the management of recurrent fractures in GO patients. It is important to establish a precise diagnosis of GO to prevent recurrent fractures and optimize treatment plans.     

Identification of a novel mutation in patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

A novel mutation was identified in two unrelated patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. First, a 19-year-old Caucasian female presented with a devastating illness, resulting in sudden death in adulthood which is unusual. The second patient, now a 3.5-year-old male, presented at 17 months of age with a hypoglycemic seizure and dehydration. Sequence analysis revealed a novel mutation G617T in exon 8 resulting in an arginine to leucine substitution at codon 206 (R206L). Both patients were compound heterozygous for this G617T and the common mutation A985G.     

一例火棉胶婴儿TGM1基因新的复合杂合性突变鉴定

目的 鉴定1例火棉胶婴儿转谷氨酰胺酶1基因(transglutaminase 1,TGM1)的致病性突变.方法 提取患儿及其父母的外周血DNA,PCR扩增TGM1基因的编码及剪切位点序列,对PCR产物进行直接测序.同时检测100名无血缘关系的正常人作为对照.用TGM1邻近的微卫星标记在家系中构建单倍型以确定突变的来源.应用CLUSTAL X(1.81)软件分析突变氨基酸的跨种属保守性.结果 患儿携带了TGM1的两个复合杂合性突变:c.420A＞G (I140M)及c.832G＞A (G278R),均为国际上未报道过的新突变.两个错义突变均造成了TGM1蛋白内高度保守区的氨基酸置换.突变c.420A＞G (I140M)遗传自父亲,位于蛋白的转谷氨酰胺酶N功能域;突变c.832G＞A (G278R)遗传自母亲,位于野生蛋白的转谷氨酰胺酶N功能域和转谷氨酰胺酶样功能域之间.两个突变在100名无血缘关系的正常人中均未发现.结论 c.420A＞G (I140M)和c.832G＞A (G278R)复合杂合性突变为该患儿的致病性突变,本研究结果为该病的诊断提供了分子学依据.     

Whole-exome sequencing identifies compound heterozygous mutations in WDR62 in siblings with recurrent polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is a disorder of neuronal development resulting in structurally abnormal cerebral hemispheres characterized by over-folding and abnormal lamination of the cerebral cortex. Polymicrogyria is frequently associated with severe neurologic deficits including intellectual disability, motor problems, and epilepsy. There are acquired and genetic causes of polymicrogyria, but most patients with a presumed genetic etiology lack a specific diagnosis. Here we report using whole-exome sequencing to identify compound heterozygous mutations in the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) gene as the cause of recurrent polymicrogyria in a sibling pair. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the siblings both inherited 1-bp (maternal allele) and 2-bp (paternal allele) frameshift deletions, which predict premature truncation of WDR62, a protein that has a role in early cortical development. The probands are from a non-consanguineous family of Northern European descent, suggesting that autosomal recessive PMG due to compound heterozygous mutation of WDR62 might be a relatively common cause of PMG in the population. Further studies to identify mutation frequency in the population are needed.     

Follow-up of a child with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency on a less restrictive ketogenic diet

A male child with X-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency presented with severe neonatal lactic acidosis. Poor compliance following initiation of the ketogenic diet justified modification to a less restrictive form which improved compliance. One year after starting the modified diet, he remained clinically stable, showing developmental progress.     

A chinese boy with geleophysic dysplasia caused by compound heterozygous mutations in ADAMTSL2

Geleophysic dysplasia, belonging to the group of acromelic dysplasia, is a rare genetic disease. Two genes, FBN1 and ADAMTSL2, were known to be linked to this disorder. The disorder presents as extreme short stature, short limbs, small hands and feet, stubby fingers and toes, joint stiffness, toe walking, skin thickening, progressive cardiac valvular thickening and characteristic facial features, including a round face with full cheeks. Here, we report the first Chinese case with geleophysic dysplasia type 1 based on clinical and genetic features. The boy was admitted because of severe physical growth retardation and mild motor retardation. Comprehensive medical evaluations were performed including metabolic studies, endocrine function examination, bone X-rays and echocardiography. Much delayed bone age and geleophysic dysplasia were found. Targeted next-generation sequencing was used to detect genetic mutations associated with skeletal dysplasia. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutations in the patient. PCR amplification, cloing, and sequencing was used to determine the de novo mutation origin. Two compound heterozygous mutations were confirmed in the ADAMTSL2 gene of the patient. The c.340G > A (p.Glu114Lys) mutation was a de novo heterozygous mutation, and our results suggested that it was located on the paternal allele. While the c.234-2A > G inherited from his mother was a novel pathogenic heterozygous splicing mutation. Growth hormone deficiency had been observed in the patient. His growth velocity was improved by growth hormone supplementation. In conclusion, we have identified a novel splicing mutation of ADAMTSL2 carried by a Chinese boy with geleophysic dysplasia type 1. The patient was treated effectively with growth hormone supplementation.     

Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations at the Werner syndrome locus

The Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive progeroid disorder. The Werner syndrome gene (WRN) has recently been identified as a member of the helicase family. Four distinct mutations were previously reported in three Japanese and one Syrian WS pedigrees. The latter mutation was originally described as a 4 bp deletion spanning a spliced junction. It is now shown that this mutation results in a 4 bp deletion at the beginning of an exon. Nine new WRN mutations in 10 additional WS patients, both Japanese and Caucasian, are described. These include three compound heterozygotes (one Japanese and two Caucasian). The new mutations are located all across the coding region.      

Identification of a heterozygous compound individual with familial hypercholesterolemia and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100

Summary Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) is a recently identified dominantly inherited genetic disorder, which leads to increased serum levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with reduced affinity for the LDL receptor. This genetic disorder is characterized by defective binding of the apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), which is virtually the sole protein constituent of LDL, to the LDL receptor. The defective binding results from a G to A mutation at amino acid 10708 in exon 26 of the apolipoprotein B (apo B) gene creating a substitution of glutamine for arginine in the codon for amino acid 3500. It is postulated that FDB can exhibit the same clinical features as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) caused by a defective LDL receptor. The purpose of this paper is to report on an individual with a defective LDL and a defective LDL receptor. The clinical features of this individual were the same as in the family members with either defective LDL or a defective LDL receptor: premature arcus lipoides, tendon xanthomata, and premature atherosclerosis. Although the clinical features were present to the same degree as in individuals with either defect the prognosis and treatment of such an individual could be different.Abbreviations FDB familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 - FH familial hypercholesterolemia - LDL low density lipoprotein - PCR polymerase chain reaction     

Identification and characterization of temperature-sensitive mild mutations in three Japanese patients with nonsevere forms of very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is clinically classified into severe, intermediate, and myopathic forms. We identified mutations in three unrelated Japanese patients with VLCAD deficiency: two with the myopathic form and one with the intermediate form, all compound heterozygotes of K264E/M437V, A416T/1798delA, and P89S/IVS16-3delAA, respectively. We characterized four missense mutations, K264E, M437V, A416T, and P89S, by transisent expression analysis, using SV40-transformed fibroblasts derived from a VLCAD-null patient, as recipient cells. In transient expression of the wild-type VLCAD cDNA, VLCAD activity at 30 degrees C was higher than at 37 degrees C. Moreover, this temperature-sensitive character is more evident in all the mutant proteins tested than in wild type. Based on characterization of the five missense mutations identified in four Japanese patients, including data on one patient with the myopathic form previously reported, patients with the nonsevere forms (intermediate or myopathic forms) have missense mutations with residual activities in at least one allele. Expression analysis at 30 degrees C may be more useful for evaluating these missense mutations, compared with that at 37 degrees C.