颅面骨生长发育及正畸治疗中的3种骨调控机制及其概念

骨生长（bone growth）、骨塑建（bone modeling）和骨重建（bone remodeling）是出生后骨组织生长发育的3种调控机制。长期以来,在口腔正畸学领域中,由于一些历史原因,骨塑建与骨重建（或称骨改建）的概念被混淆,真正的骨重建机制却被忽略。本文从历史的角度回顾了这个语义学错误在口腔正畸学领域产生的原因,进一步阐明了骨塑建与骨重建机制的区别,以及出生后颅面骨骼生长发育与正畸治疗中的骨调控机制。建议尽快在口腔正畸学领域宣传、推广正确使用骨塑建和骨重建这2个专业名词的中英文拼写,停止使用骨改建这一中文名词,以避免在与其他学科（如骨科学）或国内外同行交流时发生误解和交流障碍。     

冷冻/冷冻干燥处理对犬下颌骨生物力学性能的影响

目的:探讨深低温冷冻/冷冻干燥处理对下颌骨生物力学性能的影响。方法:将12具新鲜比格犬下颌骨随机分成2组,第1组分为新鲜组和冷冻组、第2组分为新鲜组和冷冻干燥组,分别进行抗压和抗弯曲实验。结果:抗弯曲实验中冷冻骨和冻干骨的最大载荷与新鲜骨没有显著差别,抗弯曲实验中冷冻骨和冻干骨的最大载荷显著低于新鲜骨,分别降低了24%和30%,刚度显著高于新鲜骨。结论:经过冷冻或者冷冻干燥处理的同种异体下颌骨保持着较好的抗压能力,尽管抗弯曲能力下降较多,仍可以在移植后提供足够的支持力。     

异种骨移植对牙周骨缺损的作用及研究进展

异种骨移植作为骨缺损修复的常见方法,受到与骨相关学科工作者的关注,由于异种骨移植材料来源丰富,能满足日益增多的病人需求。本文就异种骨的免疫原性、处理方法和在牙周骨缺损修复中的应用及其进展加以综述,为异种骨移植物的基础和临床研究提供依据。     

Bone mineral content and bone metabolism in young adults with severe periodontitis

OBJECTIVES: To clarify in young adults with severe periodontitis (1) whether the bone mineral content (BMC) or density (BMD) in the mandible/other skeletal sites and the systemic bone metabolism differed from normal and (2) whether mandibular/forearm BMC did change during the 5 to 10-year follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 24 young otherwise normal patients with verified severe periodontitis were included, of which 20 attended the follow-up visit. Mandibular/forearm BMC was measured at both visits by dual-photon absorptiometry, supplemented with femoral neck/lumbar spine BMD measurements at follow-up visit by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum alkaline phosphatase/ionized calcium, urinary excretion of pyridinoline/deoxy-pyridinoline were analysed at the follow-up visit. A conventional periodontal examination was performed at both visits. RESULTS: Mandibular BMC was significantly below normal mean BMC at both visits. The mandibular Z-scores were < or = -2.00 in 33.3% (8/24). BMC/BMD in the remaining sites and the values for bone markers did not differ from normal. Mandibular/forearm BMC was stable while a significant aggravation of alveolar bone loss occurred during the trial without change of probing depth. CONCLUSIONS: Severe periodontitis in young adults seems to be a local disorder associated with relatively low BMC in the jaws without systemic alterations of BMC/BMD and bone metabolism.     

Bio-Oss参与天然骨重建机制研究进展及应用现状

<正>牙齿因牙周病、先天畸形、外伤、炎症、肿瘤等原因缺失后,常伴随牙槽骨过度吸收,造成种植区的骨量不足,导致植牙受到极大限制。选择合适的骨代用品材料,重建牙槽骨缺损就成为研究的重点。     

The Influence of PRP on Early Bone Formation in Membrane Protected Defects. A Histological and Histomorphometric Study in the Rabbit Calvaria

Background: Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been proposed to be a useful adjunct to bone grafting. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess new bone formation in bone regeneration procedures using platelet rich plasma (PRP) alone or in combination with autogenous bone. Materials and Methods: Four surgically created, monocortical defects 5 mm in diameter in the calvariae of 15 New Zealand rabbits were grafted with a coagulum‐filled control, PRP, particulated autogenous bone alone (A), or combined with PRP (A‐PRP). Results: Mean platelet concentration of 1,761,930 ± 680,200/µl was achieved (5.30 ± 2.63 × fold of baseline). Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, and 4 weeks later. Histomorphometric analysis showed no statistical difference for total new bone formation at any time point, however, a detailed analysis revealed a statistically significant higher percentage of lamellar bone than woven bone for the autogenous bone group at 2 weeks; all other groups demonstrated equal percentages of either bone type. At 4 weeks, all groups revealed a statistically greater component of lamellar bone over woven bone. Graft resorption rate was similar for both A and A‐PRP. PRP platelet concentration was significantly positively correlated with TGF‐beta1 but not with PDGF‐AB. Conclusions: Within the limits of the chosen animal model, this study demonstrated that PRP during early healing, whether alone or mixed with autogenous bone, did not lead to greater bone remodelling, as compared to coagulum. In contrast, autogenous bone alone demonstrated accelerated bone remodelling at 2 weeks.     

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目的评价前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的患者联合应用骨劈开、骨挤压和骨引导再生术行同期种植体植入的临床效果。方法 2004—2009年福州市第一医院口腔科就诊的前牙区牙缺失伴前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的种植患者28例,联合应用骨劈开、骨挤压,填入骨粉,行骨引导再生术后同期植入40颗种植体,术后4～6个月内完成上部修复。术后1年,通过临床检查、全景片等观察效果。结果术前、后牙槽骨平均宽度分别为(3.2±0.89)mm、(6.5±0.75)mm,平均增加了(3.3±0.34)mm。术后牙槽骨宽度与术前相比,差异有统计意义(t=2.47,P<0.05)。术后无明显并发症发生,种植体行使功能良好,仅1例患者的1颗牙种植失败,种植近期成功率达97.5%。结论对前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的患者,联合应用骨劈开、骨挤压和骨引导再生术行同期种植体植入,可增加骨量,获得种植体的同期植入,减少患者痛苦,改善种植修复的临床效果。     

儿童前牙区牙槽骨和基骨骨密度的锥形束CT测量

目的评估儿童前牙区上下颌牙槽骨和基骨的骨密度。方法选择138例患者的锥形束CT扫描图像,以亨斯菲尔德单位（X线衰减单位Hu）来测定其上下颌切牙区、尖牙区牙槽嵴和基骨骨密质及骨松质的骨密度。结果上颌切牙区左右两侧相同部位间的骨密度值相比较,差异没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）;下颌切牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,基骨区舌侧骨密质的骨密度值差异有统计学意义（P=0．012）;上颌尖牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,差异没有统计学意义P〉0．05）;下颌尖牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,牙槽骨和基骨区骨松质的骨密度值差异有统计学意义,P值分别为0．046和0．002。结论本研究可为前牙区微螺旋种植体植入位置和方法提供一定的数据。     

Contribution of autogeneic membranous bone chips and bone paste to healing of rabbit skull defects

In skeletal surgery, bone chips and bone paste are often used to facilitate bony repair. However, no comparative investigation between these forms of bone graft implantation has been undertaken. In this study four trephine skull defects were produced in each of 14 adult rabbits and inlays of bone paste and two separate amounts of bone chips were then implanted in each animal. The results were compared relative to a control defect and assessed by gross inspection, light microscopy, and contact radiography after periods of 4 and 15 wk. Bone chips offered only minor advantages over controls in the defects investigated and differences in bony regeneration between the diversified amounts of bone chips were negligible. After bone paste implantation, a cellular and mature bone was rapidly produced. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.     

儿童前牙区牙槽骨和基骨骨密度的锥形束CT测量

目的评估儿童前牙区上下颌牙槽骨和基骨的骨密度。方法选择138例患者的锥形束CT扫描图像,以亨斯菲尔德单位(X线衰减单位Hu)来测定其上下颌切牙区、尖牙区牙槽嵴和基骨骨密质及骨松质的骨密度。结果上颌切牙区左右两侧相同部位间的骨密度值相比较,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);下颌切牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,基骨区舌侧骨密质的骨密度值差异有统计学意义(P=0.012);上颌尖牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);下颌尖牙区左右两侧相同部位的骨密度值相比较,牙槽骨和基骨区骨松质的骨密度值差异有统计学意义,P值分别为0.046和0.002。结论本研究可为前牙区微螺旋种植体植入位置和方法提供一定的数据。