Arterio-embolic ischemic stroke in children with moyamoya disease

Introduction Moyamoya (MM) disease is a rare steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease known to occur in children and adults. The most serious complications in children are developmental delay and mental retardation due to recurrent hemodynamic stroke. Cases We report two pediatric patients without coagulopathy who suffered from severe arterio-embolic ischemic complications despite antiplatelet medication. Discussion These observations underline the potential impact of cerebral thromboembolism on the pathophysiology of the stroke and thus on the treatment of children with MM disease.     

儿童缺血性烟雾病围手术期管理及对预后的影响

目的探讨儿童缺血性烟雾病围手术期管理的可行方案以及围手术期缺血事件对临床预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年5月至2017年12月共28例36侧儿童缺血性烟雾病患儿围手术期的相关临床资料以及随访资料;因2015年6月后综合改进围手术期管理方案,故以此时间点将患者分为围手术期管理改进前的A组和改进后的B组,并比较两组围手术期缺血事件的差异;术后6个月时对患者临床症状变化进行评估。结果 A组(4/10)和B组(2/26)的围手术期缺血事件发生的差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);术后6个月时86. 11%(31/36)的术侧临床症状好转;临床症状无明显改变或恶化的术侧有5侧,其中4侧有围手术期缺血事件的病史占临床症状无明显改变或恶化总数的80%(4/5);而围手术期发生缺血事件的患者中仅有33. 3%(2/6)术侧预后临床症状好转。结论通过综合改进围手术期管理方案后能够有效降低儿童缺血性烟雾病患者围手术期缺血事件的发生;围手术期发生缺血事件可能是患者术后临床症状无明显改变或恶化的主要原因。     

Intravenous thrombolysis in a patient with acute ischemic stroke attributable to intracranial dissection

Ischemic stroke attributable to intracranial dissection is a rare condition. We present a case of intravenous thrombolysis therapy in a patient with acute ischemic stroke after a dissection of the middle cerebral artery. Safety and outcome of intravenous thrombolysis therapy was favorable and the dissection regressed over 3 months with anticoagulation therapy.     

Endovascular thrombectomy and stenting in the management of carotid fibromuscular dysplasia presenting with major ischemic stroke

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) affecting the internal carotid artery (ICA) is considered a benign condition; however, retinal and cerebral ischemic events may occur. We present a patient with carotid FMD presenting with a major ischemic stroke due to major embolic occlusion of the ICA in conjunction with a hemodynamic component caused by narrowing and beading of the lumen associated with FMD. The patient was successfully treated with intracranial stent-assisted thrombectomy followed by cervical ICA stenting that aimed to reconstruct and angioplasty the FMD-affected arterial segment. Recently, stent-based thrombectomy has emerged as the most effective endovascular option for the rapid revascularization of major intracranial occlusions; however, to our knowledge, its use in a rare case of FMD-associated major stroke has not yet been reported.     

Peripheral vascular disease as remote ischemic preconditioning,for acute stroke

Objectives

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a powerful endogenous mechanism whereby a brief period of ischemia is capable of protecting remote tissues from subsequent ischemic insult. While this phenomenon has been extensively studied in the heart and brain in animal models, little work has been done to explore the effects of RIPC in human patients with acute cerebral ischemia. This study investigates whether chronic peripheral hypoperfusion, in the form of pre-existing arterial peripheral vascular disease (PVD) that has not been surgically treated, is capable of inducing neuroprotective effects for acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

Individuals with PVD who had not undergone prior surgical treatment were identified from a registry of stroke patients. A control group within the same database was identified by matching patient's demographics and risk factors. The two groups were compared in terms of outcome by NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin scale (mRS), mortality, and volume of infarcted tissue at presentation and at discharge.

Results

The matching algorithm identified 26 pairs of PVD-control patients (9 pairs were female and 17 pairs were male). Age range was 20–93 years (mean 73). The PVD group was found to have significantly lower NIHSS scores at admission (NIHSS ≤ 4: PVD 47.1%, control 4.35%, p < 0.003), significantly more favorable outcomes at discharge (mRS ≤ 2: PVD 30.8%, control 3.84%, p < 0.012), and a significantly lower mortality rate (PVD 26.9%, control 57.7%, p = 0.024). Mean acute stroke volume at admission and at discharge were significantly lower for the PVD group (admission: PVD 39.6 mL, control 148.3 mL, p < 0.005 and discharge: PVD 111.7 mL, control 275 mL, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Chronic limb hypoperfusion induced by PVD can potentially produce a neuroprotective effect in acute ischemic stroke. This effect resembles the neuroprotection induced by RIPC in preclinical models.     

Cerebral thrombolysis in patients with ischemic stroke and heart failure

Background

Heart failure (HF) is common among patients with ischemic stroke (IS), however its impact on outcome after iv-thrombolysis has not been fully determined. Moreover, definition of HF has been recently modified, but majority of stroke studies classified patients regarding an old HF criteria. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between both, newly and formerly defined HF and the long-term outcome, mortality and the presence of hemorrhagic complications in patients with acute IS treated with iv-thrombolysis.

急性脑梗死动脉内药物溶栓和机械支架再通比较

目的观察急性脑梗死患者脑血管特点,比较动脉内尿激酶溶栓、机械再通和支架成形的安全及有效性。方法对发病1．5—8h的11例急性腩梗死患者,行全脑血管数字减影（DSA）造影,给予动脉内治疗;进行血管再通评价,美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）和1个月改良Rankin量表评分。结果术前NIHSS为6～21。责任血管闭塞6例（54．5％）;重度狭窄3例（27．3％）;未见异常2例（18．2％）。2例闭塞粗管行闭塞局部尿激酶溶栓,未再通,术后1例出血死亡,1例大面积脑梗死,改良Rankin量表评分为5;3例血管闭塞行机械再通后支架成形;1例同侧责任血管闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉重度狭窄和3例同侧责任血管重度狭窄行狭窄处支架成形,术后血管均再通,无出血;2例DSA检查未见异常病例仅药物治疗。后3组1个月改良Rankin量表评分为0～1。结论急性脑梗死时对于闭塞施管机械再通较尿激酶溶栓血管再通可靠,对于重度狭窄血管可行支架治疗。     

State-of-the-art reperfusion strategies for acute ischemic stroke

Timely recanalization of the occluded artery is the only effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA), administered within 3 hours of symptom onset, is the only United States Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment. This short window often precludes effective intervention, and IV tPA often fails to recanalize major and mid-sized arteries. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has been used for decades, but its safety and effectiveness in cerebrovascular occlusions is also limited. Recently, new mechanical neuroendovascular devices have shown high recanalization rates with acceptable safety in early studies. Multi-modal reperfusion therapy (MMRT) - including intra-arterial infusion of thrombolytics and/or antiplatelet agents, mechanical clot disruption and retrieval, and balloon angioplasty with stent placement - is the prevailing concept for the management of major acute stroke. Recent results suggest that MMRT results in higher chances for both recanalization of the occluded artery and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.     

Successful intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke as a complication of coronary intervention in patients with ticagrelor pretreatment

Ticagrelor is an antiplatelet agent used for treatment of coronary artery disease via inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor. Based on limited literature the safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with ticagrelor pretreatment is unknown. We present two patients established on ticagrelor treated with intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke complicating coronary intervention.     

成年型烟雾病缺血损伤模式与Suzuki分级的关系

目的 探讨成年型烟雾病缺血损伤模式与Suzuki分级的关系.方法 从南京脑卒中注册系统中提取2004年1月至2009年7月以缺血事件为首发症状的成年型烟雾病住院患者44例,其中TIA 12例、脑梗死30例及TIA与脑梗死共存2例.按大脑半球缺血事件先分为TIA组和脑梗死组,后者再按缺血损伤模式不同分为匹配的亚组[即皮质下亚组(25个半球)与皮质亚组(11个半球)、前循环亚组(29个半球)与后循环亚组(7个半球)].所有患者均行脑血管造影术,根据造影结果对缺血大脑半球民侧血管按Suzuki标准分级.比较TIA组与脑梗死组、皮质下亚组与皮质亚组、前循环亚组与后循环亚组所占缺血半球个数比例在Suzuki各级别中的差异.结果 Suzuki分级从2级至6级,TIA组、皮质下亚组和前循环亚组缺血半球个数所占比例分别随着血管级别的升高逐渐降低(各自在各级频数的比例分别为11/26、2/13、1/8、0和0;15/15、9/11、1/7、0和0;15/15、10/11、4/7、0和0),对应的匹配组却逐渐升高(各自在各级频数百分比分别为:15/26、11/13、7/8、2/2和1/1;0、2/11、6/7、2/2和1/1;0、1/11、3/7、2/2和1/1),各配对组间差异有统计学意义(对应Z值和P值分别为:-2.33和0.019、-4.49和0.00、-3.66和0.01).另外,前3组的血管平均等级值比各对应组低(分别为2.29和2.97、2.44和4.18及2.62和4.13).结论 成年型烟雾病缺血损伤模式随Suzuki血管分级变化而变化;分级越高,烟雾病患者发生大脑半球后循环皮质区脑梗死的可能性越大.     

烟雾病脑卒中部位的分布特征及其机制

目的 分析烟雾病脑卒中的好发部位,提高对烟雾病的认识,以减少漏诊.方法 分析我院神经内科1998年1月至2008年12月的32例烟雾病患者,对其脑卒中部位进行总结分类,并计算各构成比.结果 32例病例中男性14例,女性18例,男女比例为1:1.28,发病年龄7～47岁,缺血性脑卒中5例(15.6%),平均年龄24岁,出血性脑卒中21例(65.6%),平均年龄33岁,同时患缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中者6例(18.8%),平均年龄32岁.出现梗死部位共20处,常见部位依次为额顶叶12次(60%)、颞枕叶4次(20%)及基底节区4次(20%),发生出血共28次,常见部位依次为脑室旁11次(42.8%)、脑室11次(39.2%)、颞枕叶3次(10.8%)及蛛网膜下腔2次(7.2%),小脑和脑干无脑卒中发生.结论 成人烟雾病多以颅内出血发病;无脑卒中危险因素成人出现脑室或脑室旁出血、额顶叶梗死以及青少年颅内出现缺血性病变合并癫痫者需高度警惕烟雾病.     

出血性烟雾病合并动脉瘤的治疗和预后

目的 探讨出血性烟雾病合并动脉瘤患者的治疗方法及预后.方法 纳入2011年6月至2014年6月南方医科大学第三附属医院神经外科诊治的10例(12个动脉瘤)出血性烟雾病合并动脉瘤患者.12个动脉瘤中,7个位于Willis环,2个位于基底节区,3个位于侧支吻合动脉;责任动脉瘤9个,非责任动脉瘤3个.7个Willis环动脉瘤中,6个行血管内栓塞或手术夹闭,1个保守治疗;2个基底节区动脉瘤均给予保守治疗;3个侧支吻合动脉瘤,2个采用33％ Glubran胶栓塞,1个给予保守治疗.结果 (1)积极治疗的6个Willis环动脉瘤均无动脉瘤残留;1个保守治疗者,动脉瘤稳定.2个基底节区动脉瘤,分别于保守治疗后3、8个月动脉瘤消失.3个侧支吻合动脉瘤,栓塞者无动脉瘤残留;保守治疗者,14d后再次出血而死亡.(2)出院时改良Rankin量表评分,0分5例,1分2例,2分1例,3分1例,6分1例.(3)9例获得2 ～36个月随访,积极治疗及保守治疗后消失的动脉瘤均无复发,保守治疗的1例动脉瘤稳定.结论 给予烟雾病合并不同类型的动脉瘤患者不同的治疗方式,疗效可能更好.     

缺血性卒中患者颅内动脉狭窄的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉狭窄的狭窄程度、相关危险因素与缺血性脑卒中的关系,为缺血性卒中的防治提供重要依据.方法 90例缺血性卒中患者根据全DSA检查结果分为非狭窄组(狭窄<30%)与颅内动脉狭窄组(狭窄≥30%或闭塞),分析颅内动脉狭窄程度与年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、冠心病、家族史、总胆固醇(CHO)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆同醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白 A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、血清脂蛋白(Lpa)等相关危险因素的关系.结果 (1)本组患者颅内动脉狭窄发生率为67.78%,发生率最高为大脑巾动脉,其次颈内动脉颅内段和椎基底动脉颅内段,发生率最低为大脑后动脉.(2)有高血压、糖尿病的缺血性卒中患者容易发生颅内动脉狭窄,其同归系数、OR值、P值分别为1.659、5.256、0.002,1.657、5.241、0.046.(3)颅内动脉狭窄组HDL-C含量[(0.99±0.30)mmol/L]比非狭窄组[(1.30±0.50)mmol/L]明显降低,差异有统计学意义(t=3.603,P=0.001).(4)年龄、性别、吸烟、既往卒中史、脑血管病家族史、TC、TG、LDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB、Lpa在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 缺血性卒中患者颅内血管狭窄的主要危险因素有高血压、糖尿病,保护因素有HDL-C.     

静脉和动脉联合溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中

目的 评估静脉和动脉联合溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中的有效性和安全性.方法 采用前瞻性、开放性临床病例研究,对北京世纪坛医院神经内科自2005年5月至2009年2月收治的发病3h内的40例颈内动脉系统急性缺血性卒中患者使用重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)行静脉和动脉联合溶栓治疗,并就患者预后良好比例、症状性颅内出血发生率、病死率等与国外多个大样本试验研究结果进行比较.结果 静脉溶栓治疗后行DSA显示25％(10/40)未见血管闭塞,7.5％(3/40)有严重血管狭窄(颈内动脉2例,大脑中动脉1例),67.5％(27/40)发现血管闭塞(颈内动脉9例,大脑中动脉18例).其中24例于发病后180～390 min[平均(304±61)min]开始联合动脉溶栓治疗,血管再通率(TICI分级2或3级)为79.2％(19/24).再梗死发生率为7.5％(3/40).3个月时预后良好(mRS评分0～2分)比例为60％(24/40),与NINDS试验安慰剂组[27.2％(85/312)]比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);预后良好(NIHSS评分≤1)比例为52.5％(21/40),与NINDS试验rt-PA组[31％(97/312)]、安慰剂组[20％(62/312)]和IMS[27.5％(22/80)]比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);症状性颅内出血发生率为2.5％(1/40),病死率为10％(4/40),与NINDS试验rt-PA组、安慰剂组、EMS和IMS比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 静脉和动脉联合溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中,可提供更高的血管再通率,可明显改善患者的预后,是一种安全、有效的新方法.     

Intravenous thrombolysis in a patient with left atrial myxoma with acute ischemic stroke

Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is an accepted therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 3-4.5 hours of symptom onset. Selection of the patient for thrombolysis depends on the careful assessment for the risk of post thrombolysis symptomatic haemorrhage (6.2-8.9%) which may be fatal. Atrial myxomas which are the commonest tumors of the heart are associated with stroke due to tumor/clot embolism. There are very few case reports of IVT and its outcome in patients with atrial myxoma with stroke. Some have reported successful thrombolysis, while others have reported intracerebral bleeding. In this report we describe our experience of IVT in atrial myxoma patient with ischemic stroke and review the relevant literature.     

机械取栓和支架植入治疗动脉粥样硬化性颅内大血管闭塞疗效对比研究

目的对比机械取栓和支架植入两种血管内治疗方式对动脉粥样硬化性颅内急性大血管闭塞导致的急性缺血性卒中的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析我中心接受血管内治疗的颅内动脉粥样硬化性大血管闭塞导致的急性缺血性卒中患者,可回收支架组使用可回收支架取栓治疗作为第一治疗措施合并或不合并其他补救措施,支架植入组采取支架植入作为血管再通方式,比较两组患者再通率、临床预后及并发症情况等。结果共计64例患者纳入本研究,其中可回收支架组48例,支架植入组16例。可回收支架组初次使用可回收支架取栓后再通率仅仅为18.75%,37例接受了补救性治疗措施,两组最终再通率未见明显差异(P=0.566)。与可回收支架组相比,支架植入组术中操作时间明显较短(P0.01),两组患者术后48 h神经功能改善情况(P=0.885)、围手术期出血并发症(P=0.817)未见差异,术后3个月良好预后(P=0.884)以及死亡率(P=0.874)情况未见明显差异。结论对于动脉粥样硬化性大血管闭塞导致的急性缺血性卒中,单独使用可回收支架取栓效果欠佳,往往需要其他补救性治疗措施,直接支架植入治疗也是一种有效的治疗方式。     

脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗方式及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月收治的18例脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。根据病人的具体情况选择个体化治疗方案。结果 10例非血流相关性破裂动脉瘤中,5例行动脉瘤夹闭+颞肌贴敷术,4例行动脉瘤栓塞术,1例行动脉瘤栓塞+二期单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA-MCA）分流术;3例烟雾血管破裂出血中,1例行血肿清除+脑室外引流术,1例保守治疗,1例行STA-MCA分流术;5例未出血病人中,1例行STA-MCA分流+动脉瘤夹闭术,2例行STA-MCA分流术,2例行动脉瘤栓塞+STA-MCA分流术。围手术期死亡1例;存活17位出院后随访1～5年,1例保守治疗2年因再出血死亡;1例发生颅内再出血。16例存活病人末次随访改良Rankin量表评分0分10例,1分3例,2分2例,4分1例（再出血病人）。结论 脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的病人,可以根据是否有出血症状及所合并的是否为血流相关性动脉瘤,采取相应的手术方式。存在血流相关性动脉瘤,但没有颅内出血的病人,可以行单纯STA-MCA分流术,而不需要处理动脉瘤...