复方乳酸左氧氟沙星壳聚糖凝胶剂的制备与质量控制

目的:制备复方乳酸左氧氟沙星壳聚糖凝胶剂,建立其质量控制方法.方法:以壳聚糖、羧甲基纤维素为凝胶材料制备复方乳酸左氧氟沙星壳聚糖凝胶剂;采用紫外分光度法测量乳酸左氧氟沙星含量,采用容量法测定谷氨酸锌含量.结果:乳酸左氧氟沙星的线性范围为4.5～20.5 μg·ml-1,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.18%(n=9).结论:该凝胶剂制备工艺简单,质量控制方法可靠,质量稳定.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法以盐酸左氧氟沙星、丙二醇、甘油、卡波姆-940制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶;采用紫外分光光度法测定其中主药盐酸左氧氟沙星的含量。结果所得凝胶为淡黄色透明胶体;盐酸左氧氟沙星检测浓度在2~10μg/ml范围内与吸收度线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.15%(RSD=0.31%)。结论本制备工艺简单、稳定,质量控制方法可靠。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:建立盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的制备及质量控制方法.方法:以卡波姆为增粘剂,制备盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶,以XTerra RP18色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%磷酸:乙腈(87:13)为流动相,采用HPLC法测定.结果:左氧氟沙星浓度在10.2～51.2 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9.左氧氟沙星的平均回收率为99.60%,RSD=0.61%.结论:此法操作简单、结果准确,可用于盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的质量控制.     

复方乳酸左氧氟沙星烧伤凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方乳酸左氧氟沙星烧伤凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法.方法:以乳酸左氧氟沙星、盐酸达克罗宁和硫酸锌为主药,以壳聚糖等为辅料制备凝胶;采用双波长紫外分光光度法测定乳酸左氧氟沙星和盐酸达克罗宁的含量,配位滴定法测定硫酸锌的含量.结果:制备的凝胶均匀细腻,分散性好;乳酸左氧氟沙星检测质量浓度在2～8 mg·L1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率为99.79%,RSD为0.33%(n=9);盐酸达克罗宁检测质量浓度在4～16mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=6),平均回收率为99.43%,RSD为0.81%(n=9).结论:本制剂组方合理,制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶的制备与质量考察

目的 :研制盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶。方法 :用卡波姆 -940作凝胶基质制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶 ,建立了性状、鉴别、酸碱度、卫生学、含量测定等质控标准并对制剂进行质量控制。结果 :pH值7 0～8 0 ,卫生学检查合格 ,含量测定平均回收率100 15 % ,RSD=0 31 % (n=3)。结论 :本方法设计合理 ,制备的凝胶稳定性好 ,具有应用方便 ,作用持久的特点 ,适于临床应用     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶剂的制备与质量控制

目的制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法.方法以0.5%卡波姆940为凝胶基质,采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中盐酸左氧氟沙星的含量,并进行稳定性考察和皮肤刺激性试验.结果盐酸左氧氟沙星浓度在12.5～200 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.02;制剂稳定性良好,对皮肤无刺激性.结论该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简便,质量控制方法简单、准确.     

氧氟沙星凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备氧氟沙星凝胶,建立其质量控制标准。方法:以0.5%卡波姆940为凝胶基质制备氧氟沙星凝胶剂,采用紫外分光光度法于293 nm处测定制剂中氧氟沙星的含量。结果:氧氟沙星在浓度2～20μg.mL-1范围内与吸收度有良好的线性关系。其平均回收率为99.83%,RSD为0.69%(n=6)。结论:该制剂状态稳定,制备工艺改进科学合理,操作简单,且质量控制方法准确可靠。     

复方氧氟沙星眼用凝胶剂的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方氧氟沙星眼用凝胶剂并建立质量控制方法.方法:采用卡波姆940作基质制备眼用凝胶剂,采用HPLC同时测定氧氟沙星和阿昔洛韦的含量.结果:所得的制剂外观透明,所建立的含量测定方法,氧氟沙星和阿昔洛韦的回收率分别为99.84%(RSD=0.57%)和99.74%(RSD=0.75%).结论:本法制备眼用凝胶的工艺可行,制剂质量稳定.     

左氧氟沙星凝胶剂的制备与临床应用

目的:制备左氧氟沙星凝胶剂并建立其含量测定方法,观察其疗效.方法:以卡波姆940为辅料,制备左氧氟沙星凝胶剂;以紫外分光光度法测定其含量, 测定波长为293 nm.考察该制剂对脓疱病或毛囊炎的疗效.结果:平均回收率为101.7%,RSD＝0.5%.该制剂对50例脓疱病或毛囊炎的治愈率为94.0%.结论:本制剂工艺简单,质量稳定、可控,疗效确切,使用方便.     

复方左氧氟沙星滴耳液的研制

目的:建立复方左氧氟沙星滴耳液的制备和质量控制方法。方法:滴耳液以左氧氟沙星为主药配伍醋酸地塞米松,采用紫外分光光度法测定左氧氟沙星的含量。结果和结论:该方法操作方便,结果准确,平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.51%。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.