Critical Issues in the Use and Analysis of the Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision Test

The Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision test (D-15d) has been used to demonstrate the incidence of acquired color vision defects resulting from toxic exposure. The D-15d is a sensitive test designed to grade color deficiencies, but results can be difficult to interpret beyond the qualitative level, and the high incidence of errors reported for controls in some toxicology studies raises questions about how to effectively use this test. This article reviews standard administration of the test, physical determinants of performance, classification of acquired color vision defects, and methods of analysis that have been used to quantify results. The basis for a new method of analysis is discussed, illustrating the source of some characteristic errors, and recommendations are made for test protocols to attempt to more closely identify the type of color vision loss with the goal of identifying the site of toxicological insult.     

A simple and rapid quantitative sweat test based on cobalt chloride color change

Background: Existing sweat tests are either cumbersome, require dedicated technical equipment and/or do not give reliable quantitative results. The present study was performed to develop and describe a rapid and simple test for a practical and quantitative evaluation of sweating. Methods: Cobalt chloride patches were used to collect sweat during exercise and after application of aluminum hydrochloride. Color change from blue to red was recorded and quantified, and the amount of sweat was calculated from a standard curve. Results: Cobalt-chloride-containing patches evaluated with standard office equipment provide a rapid, simple and highly sensitive method for the quantitative measurement of sweating. Conclusions: Possible applications that need to be evaluated in further studies are the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases associated with disordered sweat production and the evaluation of antiperspirants.     

剖宫产后阴道分娩量化评分系统的拟定和应用

目的 探讨剖宫产后阴道分娩(VBAC)量化评分系统的拟定和应用.方法 本次研究最终纳入2216例产妇作为研究对象,采集分析研究对象的人口统计学和产科资料.分析产妇分娩方式,比较剖宫产后阴道试产(TOLAC)成功与择期重复剖宫产(ERCS)产妇临床指标;对TOLAC成功的影响因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析...     

A rapid and simple color test for detection of salicylate in whole hemolyzed blood

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is still one of the most commonly used therapeutic agents. Salicylic acid, the major metabolite of ASA, can be detected easily in urine using simple chemical spot tests such as ferric chloride or Trinder's reagent. In forensic cases, urine is often not available and the rapid detection of salicylate in whole hemolyzed blood can be difficult. This report describes the rapid and simple detection of salicylate using ferric chloride and a methanolic extract of whole blood. The color test is rapid and can detect salicylate at mid-therapeutic concentrations of 5 mg/dL. As little as 300 microL of whole blood is required and no equipment is needed. The color test can also be used with serum or plasma.     

Automated analysis of the McKenzie test through color slide digitization and processing.

The McKenzie test is performed to compare the antiinflammatory activity of topical corticosteroids. Each drug induces a local whiteness of the skin called blanching. The blanchings are classically evaluated on the basis of visual score. This paper proposes a new blanching index and a methodology for designing such an index by digitizing and processing color slides. Several indices derived from classical color models are proposed and compared to the visual scores. This work demonstrates the significant improvement of quantitation derived from digitized images with respect to the observer assessment. The difference of chromatic green between the blanching patch and the surrounded healthy skin is proposed for analysis of the McKenzie test.     

The ring test: A quantitative method for assessing the `cataleptic' effect of cannabis in Mice

1. A bioassay for cannabis, called the ring test, has been developed in which the percentage of the total time spent on a horizontal wire ring during which a mouse remains completely immobile is recorded.2. The effect of cannabis on mobility is a dose-related, graded response.3. Threshold doses of cannabis extract are 12.5 mg/kg when injected intravenously, and 100 mg/kg when injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously.4. The method provides a measure of the ;cataleptic' effect of cannabis. Chlorpromazine in doses of 1 mg/kg upwards also produces the effect but barbitone does not.5. It is concluded that Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(1)-THC) is largely responsible for the effect of cannabis extract on mobility; the potency ratio of Delta(1)-THC to cannabis extract is between 10 and 20. Delta(1)-Tetrahydrocannabidivarol (Delta(1)-THD) also affects mobility but is less active than Delta(1)-THC. Cannabidiol has no effect when injected intraperitoneally in doses up to 100 mg/kg.     

Ames test of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes. A quantitative structure-activity study.

The mutagenicity of 1-(X-phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazenes was tested in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA92. The following quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was formulated: log 1/C = 1.09 log P -1.63 sigma+ + 5.58. In this expression, C is the molar concentration of triazene producing 30 mutations/10(8) bacteria above background. This equation is based on 17 congeners and has a correlation coefficient of 0.974. The QSAR for mutagenicity is compared with QSAR for antileukemia action and toxicity (LD50) in mice. The mutagenicity of aflatoxin B (log 1/C = 9.5) and DTIC (log 1/C = 3.0) have also been determined.     

Instrumentation and evaluation of the pharmacopoeia test of color

Instrumental investigation of colorimetric matching fluids of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia has been carried out. It has been established that by means of the internationally accepted CIELAB parameters the samples can be well characterized and comparative tests can be precisely accomplished.     

仿真结果距离检验方法和TIC方法对比分析

针对仿真结果动态一致性的检验,将距离检验方法和TIC（Theil’s inequality coefficient）方法进行了总结和对比分析。距离检验方法可以在一定显著性水平下给出一致性检验的拒绝域,在时域内实现了定量检验。TIC方法的检验指标是TIC系数,经过研究发现,TIC系数的计算结果可以通过坐标原点的选取而进行人为调整,大大增加了误判的可能性,所以TIC方法既不能定量检验,也不能准确地定性检验。对比研究表明：距离检验方法不受量纲、坐标原点选取等因素影响,其检验结果具有更高的可信性。     

A simple test for mothball component differentiation using water and a saturated solution of table salt: its utilization for poison information service.

All 651 cases of mothball ingestion received by a poison information center were studied. At each time of inquiry, the staff member asked the caller to test whether the mothball floated or sank in water and a saturated solution of table salt. With the results of the test the staff member identified the mothball ingredient. Though most of the callers were housewives with little knowledge of medicine, the differentiations were each completed within 5 min. Later, gas chromatographic analyses revealed that no errors in differentiations had been made. Our method proved a quick preliminary test for mothball component differentiation in poison information service.     

A test of the null equation for functional antagonism.

1 The quantitative model for functional antagonism and synergism has been tested by studying its ability to fit data obtained from the functional antagonism of (-)-isoprenaline by muscarinic agonists on guinea-pig isolated atria. 2 The general form of the null equation has been shown to fit the experimental curves satisfactorily. 3 Functional interaction between (-)-isoprenaline and muscarinic agonists on atria has been shown to be type I although there does seem to be a discrepancy between values of the functional affinity constants, KA1F and KA2F, estimated in two different ways. 4 The affinity constants, KA, of the muscarinic agonists for their receptors have been estimated by use of the selective irreversible antagonist propylbenzilylcholine mustard. The discrepancy between KAF (i.e. both KA1F and KA2F) and KA is small for pentyltrimethylammonium which is an agonist of low intrinsic efficacy. By contrast the discrepancy between KAF and KA is much greater for methylfurmethide and oxotremorine both of which have much higher intrinsic efficacies. These results are as predicted by the model. 5 It is suggested that the discrepancy between KA1F and KA2F may be due to the limited ability of the equation l/S omega = aI + bI/S alpha to describe quantitatively the relation between sequential stimuli. However, it is concluded that this complication need not interfere with the use of the model to study mechanisms and possible sites of functional interaction.     

A test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of pentachlorophenol.

Experimental bioassays are currently used in ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology to provide information for risk assessment evaluation of new chemicals and to investigate their effects and mechanisms of action; in addition, ecotoxicological models are used for the detection, control and monitoring of the presence of pollutants in the environment. As a single bioassay will never provide a full picture of the quality of the environment, a representative, cost-effective and quantitative test battery should be developed. The effects of pentachlorophenol were studied using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems, including immobilization of Daphnia magna, bioluminiscence inhibition in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition of the alga Chlorella vulgaris, and micronuclei induction in the plant Allium cepa. The inhibition of cell proliferation and MTT reduction were investigated in Vero cells. Neutral red uptake, cell growth, MTT reduction, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and activity were studied in the salmonid fish cell line RTG-2, derived from the gonad of rainbow trout. Pentachlorophenol was very toxic for all biota and cells. The system most sensitive to pentachlorophenol, was micronuclei induction in A. cepa, followed by D. magna immobilization, bioluminescence inhibition in V. fischeri bacteria at 60 min and cell proliferation inhibition of RTG-2 cells at 72 h. Inhibition of cell proliferation and MTT reduction on Vero monkey cells showed intermediate sensitivity.     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声评分在育龄妇女附件肿物诊断中的应用

目的 探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声评分在育龄妇女附件肿物诊断中的应用价值.方法 前瞻性研究145例育龄妇女附件肿物的物理性质评分（PMCs）及血流信号评分（BFSs）结果,以PMCs≥3及BFSs≥5诊断附件肿物为恶性,以病理结果为对照,评价其诊断效果.结果 PMCs及BFSs在良恶性附件肿物中比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,恶性肿物血流RI值较良性低（P＜0.001）.ROC曲线显示诊断恶性肿物的最佳阈值为PMCs≥3和BFSs≥5,评分系统的阳性取值结果与ROC曲线的最佳诊断阈值结果是一致的.结论 PMCs≥3和BFSs≥5时对经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断附件肿物恶性方面有帮助;PMCs和BFSs具有简便易行的实用价值.     

A system for the quantitative determination of hydrocarbons in human breath.

A method for the analysis of hydrocarbons in exhaled human breath samples has been developed and its quantitative performance optimized and exhaustively validated. The method involves preconcentration on a solid absorbent at 0 degree C and desorption at 250 degrees C to a packed column gas chromatograph. Calibrations for ethane and pentane are reproducible and linear over the concentration ranges found in human breath samples. The technique is now available for study of conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, in which an oxidative stress component in tissue injury is suspected.