物质成瘾Stroop效应研究进展

物质成瘾Stroop任务是考察物质成瘾者对成瘾相关刺激产生注意偏向的一种研究范式。研究者们采用多种实验任务和研究方法,对物质成瘾Stroop干扰产生的心理机制进行了考察,并提出了几种理论解释,但目前这些理论解释之间还存在一定的分歧。最后,本文提出了未来研究的一些建议。     

阿片类药物成瘾机制的研究进展

阿片（ｏｐｉｏｉｄ）包括天然的鸦片如吗啡,半合成的如海洛因,和全合成的如可待因、羟吗啡、美沙硐、二氢埃托啡、度冷丁、芬太尼,兼有激动剂和拮抗剂作用的镇痛新和丁丙诺啡由于产生类似于阿片激动剂的生理和行为效应也归类于阿片类。阿片类药物在临床上主要用于镇痛麻醉、止泻和镇咳。然而现在阿片类药物滥用已成为一个紧迫的社会问题,尤其是海洛因,在我国登记在册的海洛因成瘾者,１９９７年就已达５４万人之多。目前关于阿片成瘾的研究主要集中于躯体依赖和精神依赖机制。躯体依赖主要表现为耐受和戒断反应,而精神依赖主要表现为…     

静息态脑功能技术对平衡针治疗中枢机制的分析应用

背景：平衡针治疗疾病疗效显著,但缺乏相关现代科学理论机制。 目的：利用静息态脑功能成像技术探讨平衡针疗法的中枢作用机制。 方法：纳入10例腰椎间盘突出腰腿痛患者及10例正常受试者,于平衡针针刺前后进行功能磁共振扫描,通过AFNI软件对与双侧杏仁核表现为显著联系的脑区进行功能连接分析,并对平衡针刺后腰椎间盘突出患者及正常受试者的脑功能连接的差异进行探讨。 结果与结论：经平衡针治疗后10例腰椎间盘突出患者疼痛均有好转。脑功能连接分析显示腰椎间盘突出患者丘脑、脑干、腹前核、腹外侧核、额内侧回、额上回、额叶眶上回、额下回、颞上回、颞中回、海马回、扣带回、岛叶等脑区功能连接增强。正常受试者双侧颞中回、双侧眶上回、双侧尾状核头、双侧岛叶、左侧腹背侧核、双侧额上回、左侧额中回、前扣带回、右侧顶下小叶与杏仁核连接增强;双侧小脑齿状核、小脑蚓、左侧小脑坡、双侧舌回、左侧枕中回、右侧额上回、右侧中央前回、双侧顶下小叶、右侧顶上小叶、右侧中央后回与杏仁核连接下降。提示通过静息脑功能成像技术对杏仁核的研究有助于更深入理解平衡针灸治疗腰腿痛的中枢机制。     

脑性盐耗综合征的发病机制及钠代谢中枢的解剖位置

目的 探讨脑性盐耗综合征的发病机制及临床问题.方法 2007年7月至2012年7月治疗脑性盐耗综合征9例.依照患者补盐量与尿量有无直线回归关系将病例分为2组,对其补盐量、尿量、每日尿量/补盐量的均数做两样本t检验.结果 9例均治愈,其中6例补盐量与尿量有直线回归关系,P ＜0.05；3例补盐量与尿量无直线回归关系,P＞0.05.有直线回归关系组与无直线关系组相比:补盐量前者大于后者(P＜0.001)；尿量前者大于后者(P＜0.001)；但2组单位补盐量所对应的尿量(尿量/补盐量)不相等(P＞0.05).结论 脑性盐耗综合征患者补盐量与尿量的直线回归关系,补盐后肾脏排钠增加,因此,钠代谢中枢的解剖位置可能是以下丘脑为主,包括额叶、侧裂周围脑组织的广泛区域.     

青少年网络游戏成瘾的发生机制

青少年网络游戏成瘾近年来成为社会的焦点问题，但关于其成瘾机制的研究还很少。文章在参阅大量网络成瘾和其它成瘾研究文献的基础上，通过对网络游戏特征和青少年身心发展特点的分析，认为导致青少年网络游戏成瘾的发生，是生理、心理和社会因素共同作用的结果。     

孕妇成瘾物质的滥用--一个不容忽视的问题

许多人听到"成瘾物质(substance abuse)"这个词,往往想到的是海洛因及可卡因.但许多合法物质如:酒、烟草、安非他命(amphetamines)、氨基苯甲酸乙酯(benzodiazepines)也可使人成瘾.当孕妇成为"成瘾者(abuser)"时,潜在地伤害着两个生命.且"成瘾者"很少使用单一成瘾物质,所以成长中的胎儿往往要受到多种成瘾物质的伤害.让孕妇了解这些潜在的危害,会使她们减少对成瘾物质的使用.     

全国五个高发地区非法成瘾物质使用的流行学调查第二部分：非法成瘾物质使用的类型

“全国五个高发地区非法成瘾物质使用流行学调查”的第二部分报告全国５个高发地区非法成瘾物质使用种类、方法等问题。结果表明，在我国，主要使用的非法成瘾物质为阿片和海洛因，有从使用阿片向使用海洛因过渡的趋势，使用的方法因使用的物质的类别和地区样本的不同而不同，但通过注射途径使用海洛因有增加的趋势。非法成瘾物质使用者合并使用其它成瘾物质如烟草和镇静剂的比率高于一般人群。     

偶尔为之与最终成瘾

生活中,我们常会碰到这样的情况:一个人尝试某种毒品如海洛因,其初衷可能只是想试一试,体验一下感觉,并不想成为真正的吸毒成瘾者。然而事与愿违,服用后的欣快感诱惑着、驱使着他又不断地使用毒品。在清醒的时候,他发誓要戒掉,因为他知道在毒品带来的短暂的“无与伦比”的     

青少年网络色情成瘾研究进展

网络色情成瘾是指不能自我控制的长时间沉迷于网络色情活动,并因此对成瘾者的身心健康和社会功能造成严重影响的一种新型行为成瘾。国外从20世纪90年代开始对此现象进行关注和开展研究,已经提出了网络色情成瘾的基本概念、测量和诊断方法,揭示了导致网络色情成瘾发生的外部条件和内在心理机制,探索出了行为疗法、接受承诺疗法、动机访谈法等多种治疗方法。文章综述了国外对网络色情成瘾的相关研究成果,重点介绍了其发生机制和治疗方法,以期对我国开展此方面的研究有所启示和借鉴。     

应激易化成瘾及复吸的生物学机制

自从1946年Ｂａｌｅｓ开创性地研究社会心理应激与成瘾物质滥用的关系,至今50余年,无论是基于人群的临床流行病学研究,还是动物实验,均证明应激与成瘾及复吸间存在着肯定的正相关关系[1]。动物自身给药(ＳＡ)模型及动物ＳＡ复发模型的建立更是极大地推动了应激与成瘾关系?..     

青藤碱对切口痛模型大鼠的镇痛效应及其中枢神经系统中P物质含量的影响

目的观察青藤碱对切口痛模型大鼠疼痛敏感行为及其脑脊液、脊髓中P物质含量的影响。方法 SD大鼠30只,随机分为模型组（Model）、氯诺昔康组（Lornoxicam,8mg·Kg-1）、青藤碱高剂量组（Sin-H,20mg·Kg-1）和青藤碱低剂量组（Sin-L,10mg·Kg-1）。采用机械痛敏和热痛敏测试,评价大鼠的疼痛行为。放免法检测大鼠脑脊液及脊髓L6-L8中P物质含量。结果切口痛模型大鼠的机械撤足阈值、热刺激痛感缩足时间明显改变。青藤碱高、低剂量和阳性药投与后均显示了明显的镇痛效果,其中青藤碱高剂量组镇痛效应指标优于阳性对照药氯诺昔康;给药各组大鼠脑脊液、脊髓中的P物质含量与模型组相比都下降显著,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而以青藤碱高剂量组的脑脊液P物质浓度抑制最为明显。结论青藤碱能够减轻切口痛模型大鼠疼痛敏感行为,减少P物质在中枢神经系统的释放,后者可能是青藤碱产生镇痛作用的重要机制之一。     

Neurological Deficit and Disturbances in Higher Nervous Activity during Modeling of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage to the Central Nervous System in Rat Pups

Seven-day-old Wistar rat pups were subjected to unilateral occlusion of the common cerebral artery and maintained in oxygen-low atmosphere. Neurological and behavioral changes were monitored for 12 weeks. The survival rate of treated animals was 90%. Body weight gain in these rats was lower than in the control. Neurological deficit was maximum 1 week after treatment and slightly regressed by the 12th week. Locomotor activity in treated rats was higher than in controls. Administration of ketamine in subanesthetic doses caused permanent ipsilateral rotational asymmetry in animals. Spatial disorientation and cognitive deficit in rats with hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system were revealed in passive avoidance, Y-maze, and rotarod tests. The total area of the hemisphere decreased, while the area of the lateral cerebral ventricle increased at the side of occlusion over the first 4-5 weeks of postnatal development. The size of the ipsilateral hemisphere remained low in adult animals.     

降钙素基因相关肽在中枢神经系统的研究进展

降钙素基因相关肽 (calcitoningene -relatedpeptide,CGRP)是一种生物活性肽 ,广泛分布于中枢神经系统和周围神经系统以及某些非神经组织。在中枢神经分布的CGRP参与机体多种调节机制 ,尤其对感觉和运动的调节 ,在胚胎发育、再生、神经内分泌等也有较强的调节作用。本文就CGRP的结构、分布、共存及在中枢各部的相关研究进行综述     

中枢神经系统氧感受神经元的研究进展

中枢神经系统内从丘脑到延髓的整个脑干区域分布着许多氧化学感受器,并组成了一个复杂的感受氧气的网络,它们在氧浓度变化的过程中对心血管与呼吸系统起着重要的调节作用.目前关于中枢氧感受器化学传递过程的细胞机制中,仅有颈动脉体血管球细胞和肺血管平滑肌细胞的保护机制,而中枢性氧感受神经元需要何种的离子通道和氧感受器传导缺氧的机制目前还不很清楚,本文主要对此方面目前的相关研究作简要综述.     

嗅神经鞘细胞移植治疗中枢神经系统损伤的研究进展

中枢神经系统损伤后的治疗一直是神经科学研究中的一大难题。嗅神经鞘细胞是分布于嗅觉系统中嗅球和嗅上皮基底膜的一种特殊的胶质细胞。大量的研究表明 :嗅神经鞘细胞在中枢神经系统内能长距离的迁移 ,能促进轴突的再生和髓鞘的形成。不管是中枢性还是周围性的嗅神经鞘细胞均能促进损伤神经元的再生。鼻腔是嗅神经鞘细胞自体移植供体的来源。本文综述了近年来嗅神经鞘细胞移植治疗中枢神经系统损伤再生的研究现状和进展     

Distribution of Transglutaminase 6 in the Central Nervous System of Adult Mice

Our previous study identified a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), in which mutations in the gene coding for transglutaminase 6 (TG6) were suggested to be causative. However, the data concerning cellular distribution of TG6 in the brain is still fragmentary. Therefore, we now report a comprehensive immunohistochemical examination of the expression profile of TG6 in adult mouse brain. TG6 was abundantly expressed in the septal region, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and brainstem. Notably, numerous TG6‐positive neurons were found in the key brain regions involved in regulating locomotion activity, including the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, some precerebellar nuclei, and spinal motor neurons. Double immunostaining showed that the vast majority of TG6‐positive neurons in the reticular nigra were GABAergic and those in the compact nigra were not dopaminergic. In addition, double staining for TG6 with either anti‐NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies demonstrated exclusive NeuN‐TG6 co‐localization. This study presents a comprehensive overview of TG6 expression in the mouse brain, and provides insight for investigating the role of TG6 in the development of SCA. Anat Rec, 296:1576–1587, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Challenges in Genetic Studies of the Etiology of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders: Introduction to the Special Issue

Misuse of psychoactive substances is associated with substantial costs to users and to society. A growing literature suggests individual differences in vulnerability to develop substance related problems are influenced to a large degree by genetic factors. We review the evidence from genetic epidemiologic and molecular genetic studies of problematic use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, then discuss the challenges for the next generation of studies of genetic influences on substance use. These challenges are addressed in the remaining papers of this special issue. The papers cover a variety of approaches, substances, and non-human as well as human studies, but are united by their focus on going beyond heritability estimates to address the mechanisms and processes underlying the development of substance use and substance related problems, including measurement, precursors of substance abuse, stages of substance involvement, and specificity of genetic influences.     

双语脑功能机制的脑磁图研究进展

双语者经常使用两种语言已被证明对语言和认知功能有广泛的影响,但是双语使用影响大脑的机制目前尚不清楚.脑磁图通过非侵入性方式测量微弱的脑磁场信号,可更准确反映脑部神经活动,对于脑疾病早期诊断和脑科学前沿研究具有重大意义.在阐述脑磁图技术的发展进程、分析方法和软件的基础上,从脑发育过程的双语优势、双语切换的脑机制研究、双语...     

The Continuously Growing Central Nervous System of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)

It is a central assumption that larger bodies require larger brains, across species but also possibly within species with continuous growth throughout the lifetime, such as the crocodile. The current study investigates the relationships between body growth (length and mass) and the rates of growth of various subdivisions of the central nervous system (CNS) (brain, spinal cord, eyes) in Nile crocodiles weighing between 90 g and 90 kg. Although the brain appears to grow in two phases in relation to body mass, initially very rapidly then very slowly, it turns out that brain mass increases continuously as a power function of body mass with a small exponent of 0.256, such that a 10‐fold increase in body mass is accompanied by a 1.8‐fold in brain mass. Eye volume increases slowly with increasing body mass, as a power function of the latter with an exponent of 0.37. The spinal cord, however, grows more rapidly in mass, accompanying body mass raised to an exponent of 0.54, and increasing in length as predicted, with body mass raised to an exponent of 0.32 (close to the predicted 1/3). While supporting the expectation formulated by Jerison that larger bodies require larger brains to operate them, our findings show that: (1) the rate of increase in brain size is very small compared to body growth; and (2) different parts of the CNS grow at different rates accompanying continuous body growth, with a faster increase in spinal cord mass and eye volume, than in brain mass. Anat Rec, 296:1489–1500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.