新型抗血小板聚集药物——替格瑞洛的研究进展

目的:为临床合理使用抗血小板聚集药物替格瑞洛提供参考。方法:归纳和整理近几年国内外有关替格瑞洛的文献报道和临床研究,对替格瑞洛药动学、药效学、安全性等方面的研究进展进行综述。结果:替格瑞洛为新型环戊基三唑嘧啶类药物,通过可逆性与血小板表面P2Y12受体结合抑制其与二磷酸腺苷结合,发挥抗血小板聚集作用。与氯吡格雷相比,具有起效迅速、停药后血小板功能恢复较快、有效降低心血管不良事件的发生等优势,同时不增加严重出血风险,具有很好的耐受性与安全性,且具有长期成本-效果优势。结论:替格瑞洛是一个很有潜力的新型血小板表面P2Y12受体拮抗药,在急性冠脉综合征治疗中优于氯吡格雷。     

新型P2Y12受体抑制剂替格瑞洛临床研究进展

抗血小板药物是急性冠脉综合征（Acute Coronary Syndrome,ACS）治疗的基石,对防治心肌缺血和介入并发症是有益的。目前治疗ACS和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）指南推荐使用的口服抗血小板药物包括氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛、普拉格雷联合阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗预防复发性缺血事件。本文对新型P2Y12受体抑制剂替格瑞洛的药代动力学和药效学特点以及在ACS患者中的循证医学证据作一介绍。     

抗血小板药物替格瑞洛药代药效动力学及遗传药理学研究进展

替格瑞洛是2010年批准上市的抗血小板新药,属于新型环戊基三唑嘧啶类（CPTP）口服P2Y12受体拮抗剂。替格瑞洛口服后迅速吸收,中位达峰时间约1．5h。与已有P2Y12受体拮抗剂氯吡格雷和普拉格雷相比,替格瑞洛具有显著优势：无需代谢激活故起效迅速;与P2Y12受体呈可逆性结合,故停药后血小板功能恢复较快。此外,替格瑞洛可以通过抑制非血小板细胞表面的P2Y12受体从而产生其他药理学作用。替格瑞洛的药动学特征不受年龄、性别、饮食以及对氯吡格雷反应性的影响。替格瑞洛主要经CYP3A4代谢,可迅速产生血药浓度依赖的血小板抑制作用,且对氯吡格雷抵抗的患者同样有效。更重要的是,替格瑞洛的抗血小板作用不受具有多态性的药物转运体（ABCBl）和代谢酶（CYP2C19）基因型的影响。本文主要概述替格瑞洛药动学、药效学以及遗传药理学方面的研究进展。     

替格瑞洛致呼吸困难发生现状及机制

替格瑞洛是新型的P2Y12受体抑制剂,在起效速度和疗效方面均优于氯吡格雷,广泛应用于冠心病急性冠脉综合征和PCI术后患者抗血小板聚集的治疗.但随着替格瑞洛的普遍使用,其相关呼吸困难不良反应报道也不断增加,然而临床上对导致此不良反应发生机制的研究结果 存在异议.本文对替格瑞洛使用中呼吸困难发生现状和发生机制的研究进展进行...     

抗血小板药替格瑞洛的研究进展

替格瑞洛是新型环戊基三唑嘧啶类口服抗血小板药物,为选择性 P2Y12受体抑制剂,通过抑制新血凝块的形成,可降低动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件的发生。替格瑞洛主要用于急性冠脉综合症抗血小板治疗和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中,具有强效、快速及可逆抑制血小板的特点,并且其本身具有活性不需经肝药酶活化,能够更好地防止缺血事件的发生。本文就替格瑞洛临床应用及不良反应做一综述,以为临床提供参考。     

新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂抗血小板活性的影响因素研究进展

目的:综述新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂抗血小板活性的影响因素,为其临床合理用药提供参考。方法:以"P2Y12受体拮抗剂""氯吡格雷""普拉格雷""替格瑞洛""坎格瑞洛""抗血小板""抵抗""血小板反应性""影响因素""P2Y12-receptor inhibitor""Clopidogrel""Prasugrel""Ticagrelor""Cangrelor""Antiplatelet""Resistance""Platelet reactivity""Influence factor"等为关键词,组合查询2000年1月-2019年6月在中国知网、万方数据、Pub Med、Elservier、Springer Link等数据库中的相关文献,总结新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂抗血小板活性的影响因素。结果与结论:共检索到相关文献943篇,其中有效文献62篇。影响新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂抗血小板活性的因素有基因多态性、网织血小板水平、药物相互作用、合并症及服药方式等。CYP2C19、CYP4F2代谢型基因可能通过改变P2Y12受体拮抗剂的有效暴露量而影响其抗血小板活性;腺苷A2a受体基因型可通过影响腺苷与受体的结合效率影响其抗血小板活性。网织血小板水平对普拉格雷或替格瑞洛的抗血小板活性可能存在影响,而对坎格瑞洛的抗血小板活性没有影响。P2Y12受体拮抗剂间的相互转换、与阿片受体激动剂的联用可能影响P2Y12受体拮抗剂疗效;他汀类药物会影响P2Y12受体拮抗剂(如普拉格雷、替格瑞洛)的药动学,但并不影响其抗血小板活性。合并症如糖尿病、维他命D缺乏会削弱P2Y12受体拮抗剂的抗血小板活性;服药方式和服药时间等也会影响新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂的抗血小板活性。新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂疗效确切、不良反应小、临床使用广泛,但影响其活性的因素较多,且具体机制暂不明确,因此,后续可对其影响机制进行深入研究,以期为新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂的临床合理用药提供参考。     

替格瑞洛在急性冠脉综合征中的临床应用进展

替格瑞洛是一种新型的P2Y12受体拮抗剂,属于环戊三唑嘧啶类化合物,替格瑞洛与其他药物相比具有更快、更强的抑制血小板效果,已经被多部指南推荐为急性冠脉综合征患者的首选抗血小板药物或一线用药,无论是否接受早期再灌注治疗的急性冠脉综合征患者尽早和充分使用替格瑞洛都可改善患者的预后,目前广泛应用于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者...     

低剂量替格瑞洛应用于亚洲人群的临床研究进展

心血管疾病是一种猝死率高、危害严重的常见疾病,无论采取药物或介入治疗,抗血小板治疗均是其管理的基石。新型抗血小板药物替格瑞洛的临床优势在现有的研究中逐步得到证实,而近年来研究发现亚洲人对替格瑞洛的利用度明显高于白种人,低剂量的替格瑞洛与标准剂量替格瑞洛相比同样可以发挥较好的抗血小板作用,且安全性优于标准剂量替格瑞洛。所以基于亚洲人群,针对低剂量替格瑞洛的临床研究得到重视与开展,本文将结合相关研究阐述低剂量替格瑞洛在亚洲人群中的应用进展。     

吗啡对P2Y12受体拮抗剂药代及药效动力学的影响

吗啡联合P2Y12受体拮抗剂常用于急性心肌梗死患者的治疗。P2Y12受体拮抗剂能快速、强效抑制血小板活性,并降低再发栓塞风险,吗啡为心绞痛治疗的常规用药。既往有研究指出,吗啡能降低急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷的血药浓度、减弱其抗血小板作用,并可能导致较差的预后。基于健康受试者和急性心肌梗死患者的随机试验也证实,吗啡与新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂替格瑞洛与普拉格雷同样存在类似的药物相互作用。尽管心肌梗死患者的治疗中仍存在吗啡合用P2Y12受体拮抗剂,然而,目前综述两药物相互作用的报道较少。因此,该文基于既往实验性、观察性和随机临床研究,概述吗啡与P2Y12受体拮抗剂之间的药物相互作用。     

吲哚布芬联合替格瑞洛对比阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛用于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的成本-效用分析

目的：评估经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后吲哚布芬联合替格瑞洛与阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛两种抗血小板治疗方案的成本-效用。方法：基于马尔可夫模型,模拟患者分别使用吲哚布芬+替格瑞洛和阿司匹林+替格瑞洛用于PCI术后抗血小板的经济效益,以质量调整生命年(QALY)作为效用指标,并分别计算两种药物治疗方案的总成本、总效用和增量成本-效果比(ICER)。结果：在10年的时间范围内,吲哚布芬+替格瑞洛组的总成本为172 292.28元,阿司匹林+替格瑞洛组的总成本为169 950.51元。使用吲哚布芬+替格瑞洛获得的QALY为6.540,而使用阿司匹林+替格瑞洛获得的QALY为6.335。吲哚布芬+替格瑞洛相较于阿司匹林+替格瑞洛的ICER为11 472.09元/QALY,低于我国人均国内生产总值。说明吲哚布芬联合替格瑞洛的治疗方案在成本-效用方面显著优于阿司匹林。敏感性分析表明,本研究的结果是稳定可靠的。结论：本研究结果表明,在我国目前经济条件下,使用吲哚布芬联合替格瑞洛的治疗方案在成本-效用方面比阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛更具优势,可作为PCI术后患者的首选抗血小板治疗方案。     

Use of Cangrelor as a Bridge to Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation in a Patient with a Recent Drug-Eluting Stent Who Developed Acute Tirofiban-Related Thrombocytopenia

Current guidelines emphasize the need for at least 6–12 months of oral dual antiplatelet therapy consisting of aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor following drug-eluting coronary artery stent implantation. In patients with recently implanted coronary artery stents who require urgent cardiac or noncardiac surgery, the benefits of maintaining oral dual antiplatelet therapy must be carefully weighed against the risks of excessive bleeding, and current practice is largely guided by individual surgeon preferences. When the effects of a second oral antiplatelet agent are undesirable during the perioperative period, the use of a short-acting intravenous antiplatelet agent as “bridge” therapy that can be discontinued shortly before surgery is associated with a reduced occurrence of adverse clinical events in patients with recently implanted coronary stents requiring urgent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cangrelor is an intravenous adenosine triphosphate analog P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a short plasma half-life that has been used off label in patients with recent coronary stents as a bridge to invasive procedures with excessive bleeding risk. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to demonstrate the safe and effective use of cangrelor as a bridge to left ventricular assist device implantation in a patient with a recently implanted drug-eluting coronary artery stent who developed acute thrombocytopenia following reexposure to tirofiban, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.     

A critical appraisal of the functional evolution of P2Y12 antagonists as antiplatelet drugs

P2Y12 receptor mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation is one of the most explored and exploited pathways in antiplatelet drug therapy to prevent ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, Cangrelor and Elinogrel are the P2Y12 inhibitors that act as antiplatelet drugs. In this review, the features of these drugs and the factors reported to be responsible for drug resistance or drug ineffectiveness were described. The features like drug metabolism, reversible or irreversible binding of drugs to their target protein and the mode of administration were observed to evolve along with the antiplatelet drugs. These features also include the drug-drug interactions, the pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics of P2Y12 inhibitors. We attempted to critically analyze how the desirable features were met by the P2Y12 inhibitors in the course of time. This review provides an overview of the evolution of P2Y12 inhibitors and may guide the researchers to develop better antiplatelet drugs in the future.     

Emerging antithrombotic drugs for acute coronary syndrome

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses acute myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina. Activation of platelets and coagulation cascade plays a central role in the development of ACS. Over the past decade, there have been substantial improvements in the strategies for secondary prevention of ACS, including the development of more potent oral antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor. However, therapies with even better efficacy and safety profiles and more rapid onset and offset of action would be desirable.

Areas covered: This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available antithrombotic agents and describes the findings from recent clinical trials of three novel agents; cangrelor (an intravenous P2Y12 receptor antagonist), vorapaxar (protease-activated receptor-1 inhibitor) and rivaroxaban (an oral factor Xa inhibitor).

Expert opinion: Cangrelor appears more promising than clopidogrel when a very rapid onset and reversal of antiplatelet effect is needed. Vorapaxar in addition to standard oral antiplatelet therapy was effective in patients with prior MI, but was not safe in patients with a prior stroke. Low dose rivaroxaban decreased cardiovascular events and mortality in patients post-ACS compared to placebo, although bleeding was increased.     

Emerging antiplatelet therapy for coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome

Antiplatelet therapy is used widely with proven benefit for the prevention of further ischemic cardiac complications in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The limitations of conventional antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, or prasugrel, as well as the fact that rates of recurrent ischemic events still remain high with use of these agents, underscore the need to investigate alternate agents that may further reduce event rates while limiting bleeding risk. The selection of antiplatelet therapy is further influenced by the following: ticagrelor was approved in July 2011 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and clopidogrel is slated to become available as a generic productin 2012. We provide an overview of emerging agents for the treatment of CAD and ACS, including the reversible P2Y(12) antagonists ticagrelor, cangrelor, and elinogrel, and a new class of oral protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) inhibitors, vorapaxar and atopaxar.The recently approved P2Y(12) antagonists prasugrel and ticagrelor demonstrate enhanced ability to prevent adverse cardiac outcomes. However, this comes at a cost of a potential increased risk of bleeding. New adverse effects have also emerged, including dyspnea for all of the reversible P2Y(12) antagonists (ticagrelor, cangrelor, and elinogrel) and ventricular pauses for ticagrelor. In addition, the newer P2Y(12) antagonists have a faster onset and offset. Two of these agents, cangrelor and elinogrel, are available as intravenous formulations, which may provide additional benefits in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Trials with the PAR-1 inhibitors have also shown trends toward reductions in cardiac events, but not without the possibility of increased bleeding. More than ever, as the arsenal of antiplatelet therapy expands, health care providers need to understand the pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic differences between conventional and emerging antiplatelet therapies for patients with ACS and CAD. Health care providers must also carefully assess patient-specific factors such as risk of thrombosis, concomitant disease states, age, drug adherence, and aspirin dose, and plan for those patients who will be undergoing CABG when selecting antiplatelet therapy in order to optimally balance bleeding and thrombosis risk.     

Thienopyridines and Other ADP-Receptor Antagonists

Platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibition plays a pivotal role in preventing thrombotic vascular events in patients with ACS and in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Among the P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, the group of thienopyridines include ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel, all of which are orally administered prodrugs leading to irreversible P2Y12 receptor inhibition. Non-thienopyridine derivatives including ticagrelor, cangrelor and elinogrel do not require metabolic activation and lead to a reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibition in contrast to thienopyridines. The extend of platelet inhibition is subject to the administered antiplatelet agent and influenced by individual genetic and clinical factors. Insufficient platelet inhibition, termed high platelet reactivity (HPR) is associated with an increased risk for ischemic events after PCI whereas exceeding platelet inhibition results in an increased bleeding risk. Pharmacologic properties and clinical outcome data differ substantially between the existing P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Whether individualized antiplatelet treatment incorporating different P2Y12 receptor inhibitors improves patients' clinical outcomes warrants further investigation.     

Cangrelor in percutaneous coronary intervention

Cangrelor is a novel, intravenous P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonist in development for use in percutaneous coronary intervention. Currently in Phase III testing, the reversible platelet inhibitor provides several inherent advantages over other P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonists in this setting for the prevention of adverse cardiac events. Unlike the class of thienopyridines (ticlopidine, clopidogrel and potentially soon to be available, prasugrel), cangrelor has nearly immediate onset after a bolus dose and a short half-life, and achieves maximal inhibition of ADP-mediated platelet function. Cangrelor’s distinct mechanism of action allows for intravenous administration and avoids both hepatic and renal metabolism. These unique characteristics make cangrelor a promising agent for use in cardiovascular patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.     

P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: an evolution in drug design to prevent arterial thrombosis

Introduction: P2Y12 inhibitors are a critical component of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), which is the superior strategy to prevent arterialthrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and undergoing stent implantation..

Areas covered: Basic science articles, clinical studies, and reviews from 1992–2017 were searched using Pubmed library to collet impactful literature. After an introduction to the purinergic receptor biology, this review summarizes current knowledge on P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Furthermore, we describe the subsequent improvements of next-generation P2Y12 receptor inhibitors facing the ambivalent problem of bleeding events versus prevention of arterial thrombosis in a variety of clinical settings. Therefore, we summarize data from relevant preclinical and clinical trials of currently approved P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, cangrelor) and provide strategies of drug switching and management of bleeding events.

Expert opinion: An enormous amount of pharmacologic and clinical data is available for the application of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Today prasugrel, ticagrelor and clopidogrel are the standard of care drugs during dual antiplatelet therapy for ACS patients, but have considerable rates of bleeding. Recent and future clinical trials will provide evidence for subsequent escalation and de-escalation strategies of P2Y12 receptor inhibition. These data may pave the way for an evidence-based, individualized P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy.     

Cangrelor: a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist

Antiplatelet therapy is critical in the prevention of thrombotic complications of acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary interventions. Current antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists) have demonstrated the capacity to reduce major adverse cardiac events. However, these agents have limitations that compromise their clinical utility. The platelet P2Y₁₂ receptor plays a central role in platelet function and is a focus in the development of antiplatelet therapies. Cangrelor is a potent, competitive inhibitor of the P2Y₁₂ receptor that is administered by intravenous infusion and rapidly achieves near complete inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. This investigational drug has been studied for use during coronary procedures and the management of patients experiencing acute coronary syndrome and is undergoing evaluation for use in the prevention of perioperative stent thrombosis.     

P2Y receptor antagonists in thrombosis

The dual role of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors in platelet aggregation by ADP has been firmly established, based on the action of selective inhibitors, gene targeting in mice and human genetic evidence. Both of these receptor subtypes constitute targets for antithrombotic agents, and compounds with a dual action might also be of interest. However, the agents currently on the market (ticlopidine and clopidogrel), or known to be in development (cangrelor, AZD-6140 and prasugrel), all target the P2Y12 receptor. The thienopyridines (ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel) irreversibly inactivate the P2Y12 receptor via the covalent binding of an active metabolite generated in the liver, while the other compounds are competitive antagonists. Cangrelor, an ATP derivative, is suitable for intravenous perfusion, whereas AZD-6140 is in clinical development as an orally active agent.     

ADP Receptor Antagonism

ADP is one of the most important mediators of both physiologic hemostasis and thrombosis. Development and utilization of agents that block ADP receptors on the platelet membrane, namely thienopyridines, has represented a major advancement for treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions and those with acute coronary syndromes. Currently, clopidogrel, a second-generation thienopyridine that inhibits the ADP P2Y(12) receptor, represents the treatment of choice, in addition to aspirin, for the prevention of stent thrombosis. Further, long-term adjunctive use of this ADP P2Y(12) receptor antagonist is also associated with improved clinical outcomes in high-risk patients, and represents the standard of care for these patients. Despite the unambiguous clinical benefit associated with clopidogrel, accumulating experience with this drug has also led to identification of some of its drawbacks, which are related to inadequate platelet inhibition with standard dosage regimens as well as to its irreversible antiplatelet effects. This has led to the questioning of currently recommended clopidogrel dosage regimens as well as to the development of novel and more potent ADP P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, some of which are also reversible agents. Numerous studies are currently ongoing with the objective of demonstrating how more potent platelet inhibition using higher loading and maintenance dose regimens of clopidogrel or novel ADP P2Y(12) receptor antagonists - such as prasugrel, ticagrelor (AZD 6140) and cangrelor - will affect clinical outcomes. This article reviews the current knowledge of platelet ADP P2Y(12) receptor antagonism and the projected developments in this field.