体外环磷酰胺和环孢素A对系统性红斑狼疮患者细胞因子释放及Th细胞亚群的作用研究

目的探讨环磷酰胺(CTX)和环孢素A(CsA)对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)的干扰素(IFN)-γ、白细胞介素(IL)-10、γ干扰素诱生肽(IP)-10和IL-12分泌水平和T亚群细胞的影响。方法 16例不同SLE疾病活动指数(SLEDAI)的SLE患者和12名正常对照的PBMCs分空白孔、植物血凝素(PHA)刺激孔、PHA CsA孔、CsA孔、PHA CTX孔、CTX孔行体外细胞培养,应用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清和PBMCs培养上清IFN-γ、IL-10、IL-12 P40 P70和IP-10分泌水平。同时,对10例重度活动的SLE患者和6名正常对照的PBMCs,采用上述给药方案体外培养后,利用三色流式细胞术检测 CD4 IFN-γ-IL-10 T细胞、CD4 IFN-γ IL-10-T细胞和CD4 IFN-γ IL-10 T细胞的百分率。结果与对照组相比,SLE患者血清及PBMCs培养中IFN-γ、IL-10、IL-12和IP-10水平不同程度增高,同时PBMCs中表达CD4 IFN-γ-IL-10 T细胞、CD4 IFN-γ IL-10-T细胞和CD4 IFN-γ IL 10 T细胞比例明显增高(P< 0．05),CsA及CTX均能抑制SLE PBMCs培养中IL-10水平,并对PHA刺激下的IFN-γ、IP-10和IL-12 分泌增高有抑制作用,且CsA的抑制作用更为显著;同时CsA还能显著抑制活化状态下PBMCs中表达 CD4 IFN-γ-IL-10 T细胞和CD4 IFN-γ IL-10 T细胞比例增高(P<0．05)。结论 SLE患者体内存在Th1 和Th2共同参与的复杂的细胞因子网络失衡。CsA与CTX均能干扰SLE细胞因子网络失调的免疫病理过程,且CsA的调节作用更为显著。与CTX相比,应用CsA可以更有效地改善患者的病情。     

乙型肝炎患者外周血CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞表型与功能分析

目的 观察急、慢性乙型肝炎(AHB、CHB)患者外周血CD4+CD25 high调节性T细胞(Treg)的频率、表型和功能特点.方法 采集16例AHB急性发病期(发病后第1周)患者、72例CHB患者和32例健康人的外周血,检测Treg频率,并分析其表面CD45RO、CD45RA、HLA-DR、CD95和细胞内细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)的表达水平.应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测CD4+ CD25+、CD4+ CD25-、CD4+和CD4-等细胞亚群和外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的FoxP3 mRNA表达量.通过MACS免疫磁珠分选Treg,并应用[3H]掺入法检测Treg抑制抗-CD3抗体和HBV抗原刺激的PBMC增殖能力,并观察Treg对HBV抗原或抗-CD3抗体刺激自体PBMC分泌IFNγ的影响.结果 CD4+CD25 high Treg高表达CD45RO、HLA-DR、CD95和细胞内CTLA-4,低表达CD45RA,并且较特异的高表达FoxP3 mRNA.乙型肝炎病人外周血Treg频率与健康对照(3.50±0.72)%比较无统计学差异,但CHB组(3.90±1.44)%显著高于AHB组(3.10±0.87)%,P＜0.05.Treg本身对于HBV抗原或抗-CD3抗体刺激没有明显的增殖反应和IFNγ分泌,但可抑制自体PBMC增殖和IFNγ分泌,其中对HBV抗原刺激引起的细胞反应抑制作用较强.结论 HBV感染者外周血Treg较特异地表达FoxP3分子,能抑制HBV抗原特异性细胞免疫反应,这对于深入阐明CHB发病机制具有重要意义.     

耐多药肺结核患者外周血调节性T细胞及表面共刺激分子的表达及作用探讨

目的探讨耐多药肺结核(MDR-TB)患者外周血中调节性T细胞(Treg)、相关细胞因子、表面共刺激分子的表达情况及免疫功能状态。方法回顾性收集2016年9月-2018年10月期间在我院初治的105例非耐药肺结核(DS-TB)患者、45例MDR-TB患者和50例健康志愿者的资料,采用ELISA法检测外周血转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和白介素10(IL-10)的含量;经荧光抗体标记后,采用流式细胞术检测CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+和CD4~+CD25~+CD127~- Treg细胞比例,以及Treg细胞表面共刺激分子-细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)、程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)、可诱导共刺激分子(ICOS)的表达情况,并进行相关性分析。结果 DS-TB患者和MDR-TB患者外周血TGF-β1和IL-10含量均高于对照组,且MDR-TB患者外周血TGF-β1和IL-10含量高于DS-TB患者(P0.05)。MDR-TB患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+和CD4~+CD25~+CD127~- Treg细胞比例分别为(5.24±1.18)%和(7.76±1.75)%,高于对照组和DS-TB患者(P0.05),且两者呈正相关性(R~2=0.674,P0.001)。另外,MDR-TB患者外周Treg细胞表面共刺激分子CTLA-4、PD-1和ICOS表达量分别为(0.49±0.15)%、(4.13±1.27)%、(0.46±0.23)%,均高于对照组和DS-TB患者(P0.05)。相关分析显示,TGF-β1(R~2=0.521,P0.001)、CTLA-4+Treg细胞(R~2=0.434,P0.001)、PD-1+Treg细胞(R~2=0.436,P0.001)、ICOS~+ Treg细胞(R~2=0.570,P0.001)比例与CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+ Treg细胞含量呈正相关性。结论 Treg细胞在肺结核患者特别是MDR-TB患者外周血中的表达明显升高,提示TB患者免疫功能受损程度可能与Treg细胞水平有关,且MDR-TB患者免疫抑制状态更严重。而Treg细胞表面共刺激分子CTLA-4、PD-1、ICOS有望成为未来肺结核治疗的潜在靶标。     

调节性T细胞、辅助T细胞在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能降低中的作用

目的探讨调节性T细胞(Treg)、辅助T细胞(Th)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能降低中的作用。方法采用肺功能仪观察COPD患者肺功能变化,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清γ-干扰素(IFN)、白介素(IL)-4、IL-17变化,采用流式细胞术检测外周血Treg表达。结果与正常组比较,COPD患者肺功能参数降低,6 min步行距离缩短,血清IL-4、外周血CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg降低,而血清IFN-γ、IL-17升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。相关分析结果显示,COPD患者Treg与IL-17呈负相关,IL-17、IFN-γ与IL-4呈负相关;Treg与IL-4呈正相关,IFN-γ与Th1/Th2、IL-17呈正相关;最大呼气流量(PEF)与IL-17呈负相关,FEV1/FVC与IFN-γ、Th1/Th2呈负相关;FEV1与IL-4、Treg呈正相关,FEV1/FVC与Treg呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 COPD患者Treg表达降低,免疫抑制功能明显下降,失去对炎性细胞的抑制作用,引起Th1/Th2失衡或Th17细胞过表达,导致COPD发生和肺功能降低。     

囊性包虫病患者外周血PD-1在Treg细胞上的表达与Foxp3、TGF-β和IL-10的相关性研究

目的通过检测囊性包虫病(cystic echinococcosis,CE)患者外周血中Treg细胞表面PD-1的表达与Treg细胞相关因子Foxp3、TGF-β和IL-10的表达情况,探讨负性共刺激分子PD-1与Treg细胞在CE患者中的关系及其对该疾病发生发展的作用。方法选取30例CE患者和30例健康对照人群,用流式细胞术检测CE患者和健康对照人群外周血中PD-1~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞的比例;实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测CE患者和对照人群外周血单个核细胞中PD-1和Foxp3 mRNA的表达;ELISA法检测CE患者和对照人群血清中TGF-β和IL-10的水平;Pearson相关法分析CE患者外周血中PD-1的表达与Foxp3、TGF-β和IL-10的相关性。结果与对照人群相比,CE患者外周血中PD-1~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞的比例均显著升高;外周血单个核细胞中PD-1和Foxp3 mRNA水平显著升高;血清中TGF-β和IL-10水平显著升高;CE患者外周血PD-1mRNA与Foxp3 mRNA表达水平正相关;PD-1~+CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞与TGF-β和IL-10的水平均正相关。结论负性共刺激分子PD-1在Treg细胞上高表达与Treg细胞及其因子TGF-β和IL-10的产生和功能发挥相关,可能促进细粒棘球蚴的生长发展。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者应用拉米夫定前后T淋巴细胞亚群、CD4+CD25+调节性T淋巴细胞及白细胞介素-10、干扰素-γ的变化

目的 观察慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者应用拉米夫定抗病毒治疗前后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、CD4+CD25+调节性T淋巴细胞(CD4+CD25+Treg)及IL-10、IFN-γ水平的变化.方法 选择CHB患者90例,在应用拉米夫定抗病毒治疗前及治疗后52周时,用流式细胞仪检测患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群;在治疗前及治疗后12、24、36、52周时,用流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+CD25+Treg频率,用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测IL-10、IFN-γ水平.组间及组内总体均数比较采用方差齐性的单因素方差分析或Dunnett's检验,组内治疗前后两时段均数比较采用配对t检验.结果 在90例CHB患者中,完全应答的32例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞、CD8+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+较治疗前升高(t=4.055、3.267、2.328,均P＜0.05),外周血CD4+CD25+Treg频率在0、12、24、36、52周时分别为(5.40±0.60)%、(4.99±0.59)%、(4.54±0.72)%、(3.86±0.95)%、(3.44±0.76)%;IFN-γ水平、IFN-γ/IL-10逐步上升,IL-10水平逐步下降.部分应答的43例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+较治疗前升高(t=3.484、2.018,均P＜0.05),CD8+T淋巴细胞较治疗前无明显差异,外周血CD4+CD25+Treg频率在0、12、24、36、52周时分别为(5.65±0.60)%、(5.23±0.63)%、(4.65±0.98)%、(4.42±0.97)%、(4.32±0.82)%,IFN-γ水平、IFN-γ/IL-10升高,IL-10水平降低.无应答的15例患者的外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞、CD8+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+、外周血CD4+CD25+Treg频率及IFN-y水平、IFN-γ/IL-10、IL-10水平较治疗前无明显变化.结论 应用拉米夫定治疗过程中,获得满意应答的CHB患者的外周血CD4+CD25+Treg频率下降,CD4+/CD8+、IFN-γ/IL-10的比例升高.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the correlation between the efficacy of lamivudine (LAM)therapy and changes of T lymphocyte subsets,CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg),and levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10)and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods Ninety CHB patients were enrolled in this study.T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry at baseline and week 52 of LAM therapy.The frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ Treg in the peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry and levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)at baseline,week 12,24,36 and 52.The comparisons of overall means between groups and within groups were done by analysis of variance or Dunnett's test.The comparison of means before and after LAM therapy was done by paired t test.Results In 32 complete-responders of 90 CHB patients,the proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes,CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were increased significantly after LAM therapy (t=4.055、3.267、2.328,all P＜0.05); the frequencies of CD4+CD25+ Treg at baseline,week 12,24,36 and 52 were (5.40±0.60)%,(4.99±0.59)%,(4.54± 0.72)%,(3.86±0.95)% and (3.44±0.76)%,respectively; the levels of IFN-γ,IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were increased,while the IL-10 level was decreased after LAM therapy.In 43 partial-responders,the proportion of CD4+T lymphocytes and ratio of CD4+/CD8+ were increased after LAM therapy (t= 3.484,2.018,both P＜0.05); the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes was not changed significantly after therapy; the frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ Treg at baseline,week 12,24,36 and 52 were (5.65±0.60)%,(5.23±0.63)%,(4.65±0.98)%,(4.42±0.97)% and (4.32±0.82)%,respectively;IFN-γ level,IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were increased,while IL-10 level was decreased.In 15 non-responders,the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets,the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Treg,the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were not changed significantly after LAM treatment.Conclusions In CHB patients who have achieved response after LAM therapy,the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Treg in the peripheral blood is decreased,while ratios of CD4+/CD8+ and IFN-γ/IL-10 in the peripheral blood are increased.     

乙型肝炎患者外周血CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞表型与功能分析

目的 观察急、慢性乙型肝炎(AHB、CHB)患者外周血CD4+CD25 high调节性T细胞(Treg)的频率、表型和功能特点.方法 采集16例AHB急性发病期(发病后第1周)患者、72例CHB患者和32例健康人的外周血,检测Treg频率,并分析其表面CD45RO、CD45RA、HLA-DR、CD95和细胞内细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)的表达水平.应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测CD4+ CD25+、CD4+ CD25-、CD4+和CD4-等细胞亚群和外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的FoxP3 mRNA表达量.通过MACS免疫磁珠分选Treg,并应用[3H]掺入法检测Treg抑制抗-CD3抗体和HBV抗原刺激的PBMC增殖能力,并观察Treg对HBV抗原或抗-CD3抗体刺激自体PBMC分泌IFNγ的影响.结果 CD4+CD25 high Treg高表达CD45RO、HLA-DR、CD95和细胞内CTLA-4,低表达CD45RA,并且较特异的高表达FoxP3 mRNA.乙型肝炎病人外周血Treg频率与健康对照(3.50±0.72)%比较无统计学差异,但CHB组(3.90±1.44)%显著高于AHB组(3.10±0.87)%,P＜0.05.Treg本身对于HBV抗原或抗-CD3抗体刺激没有明显的增殖反应和IFNγ分泌,但可抑制自体PBMC增殖和IFNγ分泌,其中对HBV抗原刺激引起的细胞反应抑制作用较强.结论 HBV感染者外周血Treg较特异地表达FoxP3分子,能抑制HBV抗原特异性细胞免疫反应,这对于深入阐明CHB发病机制具有重要意义.     

间日疟原虫重组蛋白Pvs25和Pvs28免疫小鼠应答机制观察

目的观察间日疟传播阻断疫苗候选抗原Pvs25和Pvs28的免疫应答机制。方法分别用与弗氏佐剂乳化后的Pvs25和Pvs28重组蛋白皮下免疫DBA/2小鼠;采用ELISA分别对各组小鼠脾细胞培养上清的IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10动态检测;以ELISPOT方法检测小鼠脾脏IFN-γ+和IL-4+细胞数量。结果经重组蛋白免疫的两组小鼠脾细胞培养上清IFN-γ的含量于初次免疫后第14d升高,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.01),但随后降至对照组水平;IL-4和IL-10均在初次免疫后第28d出现有意义的升高(P<0.01),后升高更为明显,分别直至免疫后期70d、56d出现下降,但直至112d仍明显高于免疫前的水平(P<0.01)。初次免疫后第70d?98d小鼠脾脏IFN-γ+和IL-4+细胞数量,与对照组相比IFN-γ+无明显变化,而IL-4+则明显增多(P<0.01)。结论Pvs25和Pvs28重组蛋白可诱导小鼠产生以Th2反应为主的免疫应答。     

乳腺癌患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg细胞及Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平测定及意义

目的探讨乳腺癌患者外周血CD4＋CD2＋5调节性T细胞（CD4＋CD2＋5Treg）水平变化在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用及机制。方法流式细胞术检测45例健康人（对照组）、44例乳腺良性增生患者（增生组）、61例乳腺癌患者（乳腺癌组）外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg水平,ELISA法检测三组Th1类细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α和Th2类细胞因子IL-6水平;分析CD4＋CD2＋5Treg与肿瘤临床病理特征及细胞因子的关系。结果乳腺癌组TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平显著高于0~Ⅱ期患者、对照组和增生组,且术后水平显著低于术前（P均〈0.05）;乳腺癌组TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者血清IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α水平明显低于0~Ⅱ期患者、对照组和增生组,IL-6水平则反之（P均〈0.05）;乳腺癌组外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平与IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α水平呈负相关（r=-0.579、-0.607、-0.691）,与IL-6呈正相关（r=0.804）,P均〈0.05。结论外周血CD4＋CD2＋5Treg细胞水平与乳腺癌发生、发展有关,可能机制为通过调节Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡参与机体免疫应答。     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4在日本血吸虫免疫逃避中的作用及其机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4)在日本血吸虫免疫逃避中的作用及其机制。方法雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分成3组,即正常对照组、感染对照组和抗CTLA-4单克隆抗体(Anti-CTLA-4mAb)组。各感染组每只小鼠经腹部皮肤感染日本血吸虫尾蚴40条,感染2周后,Anti-CTLA-4mAb组每只小鼠连续3d腹腔注射300μg anti-CTLA-4mAb,对照组注射等体积的PBS。感染后6周杀鼠冲虫,计数每只小鼠虫荷及每克肝脏虫卵数。流式细胞术检测各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞中调节性T细胞(CD4+CD25+Tregs)百分比。ELISA法检测各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞培养上清中细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-5和IL-10的含量。肝组织石蜡切片HE染色观察感染组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿病理变化。结果 Anti-CTLA-4mAb组减虫率为18.99%,脾淋巴细胞中CD4+CD25+Tregs百分比显著升高(P<0.05)。Anti-CTLA-4mAb组脾细胞培养上清中细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-5和IL-10的含量均高于感染对照组,肝脏虫卵肉芽肿直径较感染对照组明显增大。结论 AntiCTLA-4mAb使用同时增强Th1型和Th2型免疫反应,有利于机体清除日本血吸虫但以损伤机体为代价。研究结果提示宿主CTLA-4利于日本血吸虫免疫逃避。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.