脑静脉窦血栓磁共振血液成像的诊断价值

目的：探讨脑静脉磁共振血流成像在诊断脑脉窦血栓中的应用价值。材料与方法：１例脑静脉窦患者均作ＭＲＩ和脑静脉窦ＭＲＡ检查９３例治疗后随诊），８例行静脉期脑血管造影；与常规ＳＥ图像和Ｘ线脑血管造影对照，着重分析脑静脉ＭＲＡ在本病中的诊断价值。结果：受累的静脉窦有上矢状窦６例，窦汇（部分）８例，横窦８例（１０个），乙状窦８例（９个），直窦６例，大脑大静脉３例和大脑内静脉３例（６个）；脑静脉窦血栓ＭＲＡ直     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘的治疗

目的　探讨不同方法治疗不同类型的硬脑膜动静脉瘘 (DAVF)的疗效。方法　采用经动脉入路在供血动脉内采用低浓度NBCA胶、弹簧圈、游离纤毛钢圈、PVA等栓塞治疗 ;经静脉入路在瘘口静脉端用弹簧圈栓塞 ,或直接开颅手术夹闭瘘口、静脉窦表面颅骨钻孔后直接穿刺作静脉窦内栓塞及静脉内支架植入等方法治疗不同部位和不同类型的DAVF 32例。结果　 8例前颅凹底DAVF ,5例经动脉入路栓塞治疗 ,2例治愈 ,3例临床好转 ;3例 (1例经静脉入路治疗失败后 )前颅凹底入路行开颅瘘口直接夹闭治愈。 14例海绵窦区DAVF ,7例经眼上静脉入路海绵窦内栓塞治愈 ,4例经动脉入路 ,治愈 1例 ,好转 3例。 5例横窦区DAVF ,2例经静脉入路窦内栓塞治愈 ,2例动脉入路栓塞后好转 ,1例行窦孤立手术治愈。 4例多处瘘口的上矢状窦DAVF ,联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗 ,临床好转。 1例左侧颈静脉孔区DAVF联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗治愈。结论　前颅凹底DAVF以直接手术行瘘口夹闭疗效好 ,经动脉入路低浓度胶栓塞可治愈但需注意危险吻合 ;海绵窦区DAVF经静脉入路栓塞多可治愈。横窦区DAVF静脉入路栓塞瘘口静脉端效果好 ;复杂性DAVF治疗困难 ,目前联合多种治疗方法可以达到临床改善。将治疗策略定在针对瘘口的静脉端 ,可望达到临床治愈。     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘的治疗

目的 探讨不同方法治疗的不同类型的硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的疗效。方法 采用经动脉入路在供血动脉内采用低浓度NBCA胶、弹簧圈、游离纤毛钢圈、PVA等栓塞治疗；经静脉入路在瘘口静脉端用弹簧圈栓塞，或直接开颅手术夹闭瘘口、静脉窦表面颅骨钻孔后直接穿刺作静脉窦内栓塞及静脉内支架植入等方法治疗不同部位和不同类型的DAVF32例。结果 8例前颅凹底DAVF，5例经动脉入路栓塞治疗，2例治愈，3例临床好转；3例(1例经静脉入路治疗失败后)前颅凹底入路行开颅瘘口直接夹闭治愈。14例海绵窦区DAVF，7例经眼上静脉入路海绵窦内栓塞治愈，4例经动脉入路，治愈1例，好转3例。5例横窦区DAVF，2例经静脉入路窦内栓塞治愈，2例动脉入路栓塞后好转，1例行窦孤立手术治愈。4例多处瘘口的上矢状窦DAVF，联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗，临床好转。1例左侧颈静脉孔区DAVF联合多种治疗方法经多次治疗治愈。结论 前颅凹底DAVF以直接手术行瘘口夹闭疗效好，经动脉入路低浓度胶栓塞可治愈但需注意危险吻合；海绵窦区DAVF经静脉入路栓塞多可治愈。横窦区DAVF静脉入路栓塞瘘口静脉端效果好；复杂性DAVF治疗困难，目前联合多种治疗方法可以达到临床改善。将治疗策略定在针对瘘口的静脉端，可望达到临床治愈。     

多层螺旋CT平扫诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的价值

目的: 探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成多层螺旋CT平扫的临床诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析27例脑静脉窦血栓形成的多层螺旋CT平扫表现.结果: 27例CT平扫中,25例发现异常表现,其中21例见静脉窦高密度,其中上矢状窦、横窦各15例,乙状窦7例,直窦5例,大脑大静脉及内静脉2例; 17例出现脑实质内异常密度影,其中出血性静脉脑梗死10例,脑水肿3例,脑肿胀2例,静脉性血肿2例;累及2个以上静脉窦16例;2例CT平扫正常.21例静脉窦高密度区经MRV(13例)、CTV(19例)和/或DSA(13例)检查确诊为静脉窦栓塞部位.结论: 大部分脑静脉窦血栓形成多层螺旋CT平扫检查可显示特征性直接征象,结合间接征象可提高影像诊断准确性.     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗

目的 分析６０例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘用血管内栓塞治疗的方法,结果和技术特点。方法 ４７例用可脱球囊栓塞,１２例用弹簧圈栓塞;１例用ＩＢＣＡ胶栓塞。５９例经股动脉穿刺插管至颈内动脉进入海绵窦,１例顷扩张的眼上静脉插管至海绵窦内。结果 （１）４７例球囊栓塞中,３５例保持了颈内动脉通畅,占７４．５％;１２例闭塞了颈内动脉。（２）１２例弹簧圈栓塞中,４全保持了颈内动脉通畅,占３３％;８例闭塞了颈内动脉。     

经面静脉-眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的　评价经面静脉 眼上静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)的有效性。方法 :经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉入路到达患侧海绵窦 ,用GDC或EDC ,游离弹簧圈 ,真丝线段等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦 ,同时闭塞瘘口。面静脉插管困难者 ,在下颌角附近切开皮肤显露面静脉 ,直视下穿刺面静脉放置相应导管 ,再经眼上静脉到达患侧海绵窦并将其填塞。结果 :经面静脉 眼上静脉入路对 14例、16侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗 ,其中 5例为外伤性、直接CCF(A型 ) ,经动脉途径球囊栓塞后复发 ,或微弹簧圈栓塞未能成功 ,或经岩下窦入路未能成功 ,9例为自发性、间接CCF(D型 8例 ,C型 1例 )。 13例经股静脉 面静脉 眼上静脉途径 ,1例通过直视下面静脉穿刺。 11例栓塞治疗后即刻造影显示瘘消失 ,2例残留低流量的岩下窦引流 ,另有 1例在微导管进入面静脉后 ,面静脉痉挛闭塞 ,未能继续进行栓塞治疗 ,造影仍见瘘存在 ,但眼静脉出现明显的造影剂滞留。 1例A型CCF在球囊栓塞后出现外展神经麻痹 ,经面静脉 眼上静脉栓塞后亦无改善。因面静脉痉挛闭塞未能栓塞成功者 ,于术后即感眼部症状加重 ,但第 2天感症状缓解 ,术后第 2 1天症状明显改善 ,造影检查发现瘘口已经消失 ,术后 1个月患者眼部症状完全消失。其他病例在栓塞术后眼部症状明显改善 ,     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的MRI诊断(附15例分析)

目的 :探讨MRI对脑静脉窦血栓 (VST)的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 15例VST患者的完整临床和影像学资料。全部行MR检查 ,其中 9例行增强扫描 ,8例行脑静脉MRA检查 ;12例曾行CT检查 ,其中 4例行增强扫描。结果 :上矢状窦受累 12例合并横窦血栓 11例 ,窦汇 7例、乙状窦 6例、下矢状窦、直窦受累 6例 ,海绵窦受累 1例。血栓在T1WI上均呈等、高不均匀信号 ,并出现脑组织肿胀 ,脑沟变浅 ,脑回模糊 ,在T2 WI上信号因发病时间不同而有所不同 ,8例T2 WI脑实质无异常信号 ,7例T2 WI脑实质出现异常信号。增强扫描 9例全部出现静脉异常强化。MRA表现为受累静脉窦信号较淡、边缘模糊且不规则的血流信号或血流信号完全消失。 12例CT检查中 2例见“空delta征” ,4例表现为梗塞、出血等不典型改变。结论 :MRI是诊断VST的首选检查方法 ,并对VST的预后评价有重要意义     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗(附60例报告)

目的分析６０例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘用血管内栓塞治疗的方法、结果和技术特点。方法４７例用可脱球囊栓塞;１２例用弹簧圈栓塞;１例用ＩＢＣＡ胶栓塞。５９例经股动脉穿刺插管至颈内动脉进入海绵窦,１例经扩张的眼上静脉插管至海绵窦内。结果①４７例球囊栓塞中,３５例保持了颈内动脉通畅,占７４．５％;１２例闭塞了颈内动脉。②１２例弹簧圈栓塞中,４例保持了颈内动脉通畅,占３３％;８例闭塞了颈内动脉。③１例经眼上静脉插管用ＩＢＣＡ胶栓塞成功。结论介入放射血管内栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘其方法简便、安全可靠、效果良好,特别是用可脱球囊栓塞,保持颈内动脉通畅率高。     

脑静脉窦闭塞的影像学表现

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的影像学表现,进一步提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性地分析36例脑静脉窦血栓形成的影像学(包括MR I,CT和DSA)资料,男15例,女21例,年龄23~59岁。结果MR上T1加权像及T2加权像脑实质内出现异常信号26例,其中散在脑实质内出血并长T1长T2异常信号者16例,长T1长T2信号者6例,4例可见脑室扩大,4例脑肿胀,显示脑沟、池变窄。25例脑静脉窦不强化,但可见皮层静脉异常强化。CT上见脑肿胀并出血者10例,伴脑缺血性低密度者5例,且可见随时间推移静脉窦密度减低;DSA证实,上矢状窦闭塞15例,单侧横窦闭塞8例,乙状窦闭塞7例,直窦闭塞4例,下矢状窦闭塞2例。结论脑静脉窦闭塞的影像表现与动脉性闭塞完全不同。CT和MR检查对诊断脑静脉窦闭塞具有重要意义,DSA仍为诊断该病的金标准。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成(附8例报告)

本文报告８例颅内静脉窦血栓形成，男性７例，女性１例，眶内炎性假瘤及鼻部肿致海绵窦血栓形成２例，中耳炎致乙状窦或横窦血栓形成后颅凹脓肿２例，慢性中耳炎致模窦血栓形成２例。慢性中耳炎致上矢状诘窦和直窦血栓形成１例，产后致上矢状窦和海绵窦血栓形成１例。其中６例血栓形成发生于２个以上静脉窦或伴脑脓肿。神经系统局灶体征占７５％，文章结合文献对其发病机理，临床特征，ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ影像学特点进行了较详细的讨论。     

Hemodynamic changes after occlusion of the posterior superior sagittal sinus: an experimental PET study in cats

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Occlusion of the anterior third of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is generally well tolerated because of sufficient collateral venous blood flow. In contrast, the pathophysiologic effects of occlusion of the SSS posterior to the rolandic vein remain controversial. We aimed to identify the specific hemodynamic effects of this subtype of SSS occlusion. METHODS: We ligated the SSS just behind rolandic vein and in the posterior part near the confluens sinus in three anesthetized cats. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured before and at 2 and 24 hours after the SSS occlusion. At around 48 hours, experimental settings were terminated with perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Hematoxylin-eosin histologic evaluation was performed. RESULTS: In all three cats with SSS occlusion, rCBF was reduced over the time period of measurement; this finding was observed in areas covering 5-20% of the brain in planes affected by the occlusion. The degree of rCBF reduction and the extension and severity of histologically proved venous infarction were correlated. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that occlusion of the SSS posterior to the rolandic vein is associated with a significant rCBF reduction to still-viable tissue in the related vascular territory at 24 hours after occlusion. We describe subacute venous infarction in an experimental occlusion of the SSS. Analogous to clinical conditions, occlusion of SSS alone without additional occlusion of bridging veins is adequate for producing a venous circulatory disturbance.     

Results of transvenous embolization of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula: a single-center experience with emphasis on complications and management

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To describe the results of transvenous embolizations of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistua (cDAVF) with an emphasis on identifying the incidence, characteristics, and management strategies associated with the complications of transvenous embolization of cDAVFs. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive patients who were treated by transvenous embolization for cDAVFs were reviewed. The approach routes, angiographic results, complications, and clinical outcome were assessed. RESULTS: Retrograde inferior petrosal sinus (n = 36), transfacial vein (n = 7), transcontralateral intercavernous sinus (n = 4), and direct superior ophthalmic vein (n = 3) approaches were used. Angiographic results showed complete occlusion (n = 29), nearly complete occlusion (n = 13), and incomplete occlusion (n = 14). Complications associated with the procedures were cranial nerve palsy (n = 6), venous perforation (n = 3), and brain stem congestion (n = 2). The cranial nerve signs resolved with conservative treatment. Venous perforations were managed by coil embolizations at the site of the tear with no significant neurologic sequelae. One case of brain stem congestion resulted in hemiplegia after conservative treatment. The other case showed venous congestion as a result of rerouting of the shunted flow after venous embolization that was successfully managed by covered stent deployment for occlusion of the residual feeders. Clinical follow-up data were available in 46 patients. Complete resolution or improvement of symptoms was seen in 42 patients (91%). CONCLUSIONS: Cavernous DAVFs may be effectively treated by transvenous embolization. However, the procedure can be associated with various complications, some of which can potentially result in significant morbidity. Prompt diagnosis of the complications with appropriate management strategies is mandatory for a safe procedure.     

Evaluation of catheter loops in central venous port systems

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the cause for catheter loops of central venous ports. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 241 patients who received a central venous port via subclavian vein access were included in this retrospective study. Eighty of these patients had undergone a computed tomography of the chest, allowing retrospective evaluation of the course of central venous catheters. Complications were evaluated by review of the clinical data charts. RESULTS: In 49 patients, the catheter penetrated only the major pectoralis muscle. Only one of these patients (2.0%) showed a loop. In 31 cases, the catheter went through both the major and minor pectoralis muscle, and in 26 of these patients (83.9%), a loop was seen. Complications after port implantation were catheter occlusion (n = 2), pneumothorax (n = 2), thrombosis (n = 2), infection (n = 1), and catheter dislocation (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The loop of catheter of central venous ports is caused by catheter penetration through pectoralis major and minor.     

Intracranial venous system in the newborn: evaluation of normal anatomy and flow characteristics with color Doppler US.

To establish the effectiveness of color Doppler ultrasound (US) in identifying flow in the intracranial venous system in newborns, 20 healthy, full-term newborns were scanned. Visualization of the subependymal and internal cerebral veins, superior sagittal sinus, vein of Galen, straight sinus, and left transverse sinus was accomplished in almost every newborn (greater than or equal to 90%). Mean blood flow velocities were as follows: subependymal veins, 3.0 cm/sec; internal cerebral veins, 3.3 cm/sec; inferior sagittal sinus, 3.5 cm/sec; vein of Galen, 4.3 cm/sec; straight sinus, 5.9 cm/sec; and superior sagittal sinus, 9.2 cm/sec. Flow in the subependymal and internal cerebral veins was continuous in all but one newborn (5%), while low-amplitude pulsations were observed with increasing frequency in the more central venous structures such as the vein of Galen (15%), straight sinus (32%), and transverse sinuses (36%). It was concluded that visualization of the intracranial venous system with color Doppler US is possible in the majority of healthy neonates.     

脑血管介入评估脑静脉窦与特发性颅内压增高相关性

目的 探讨采用脑血管内介入方法评估脑静脉窦与特发性颅内压增高(ⅡH)的相关性.方法 回顾性分析13例临床诊断ⅡH患者资料.完善相关临床症状、体征、实验室、MR静脉成像(MRV)等检查.局部麻醉下作全脑血管DSA造影,同时超选至静脉窦作矢状窦、横窦、乙状窦、颈静脉分段测压.结果 脑血管DSA检查显示,13例患者中静脉窦狭窄或闭塞10例(76.9％),其中横窦6例,乙状窦3例,横窦和乙状窦同时受累l例.静脉窦超选测压显示,10例患者静脉窦狭窄两端压力差达120～580 mmH2O;8例(61.5％,8/13)静脉窦闭塞/狭窄可能与ⅡH相关,2例(15.4％,2/13)静脉窦狭窄可能继发于ⅡH,3例(23.1％,3/13)静脉窦狭窄可能与ⅡH无关.结论 脑血管内介入造影结合静脉窦超选测压,能够良好地辨别ⅡH与静脉窦的关系.     

Selective transvenous embolization of dural fistulas without occlusion of the dural sinus.

Two patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) and unsuccessful transarterial embolizations were treated with a technique for selective transvenous embolization. A 5F catheter was advanced from a femoral vein access into the internal jugular bulb and a catheter was navigated through the sinus lumen into the involved cortical veins or the parasinusal venous draining channels of the DAVFs. The venous recipients at the nidal level of the DAVFs were occluded by fibered platinum coils. Complete angiographic cure was effected in both patients, with occlusion of the venous recipients and the nidus, although the sinus segments next to the nidus of the DAVFs remained patent. Placement of coils in a transsinusal route into the venous channel of a DAVF yet outside the sinus lumen can result in complete obliteration of the fistula without damage to the physiological function of the dural sinuses.     

Use of the right external jugular vein as the preferred access site when the right internal jugular vein is not usable

PURPOSE: The present study describes the authors' experience with central venous access through the right external jugular vein (EJV) when the right internal jugular vein (IJV) is not available. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 23 patients in whom a central venous catheter placement was attempted via the right EJV was conducted. The reasons for catheterization via the right EJV included clinically silent occlusion of the right IJV (n = 17), localized skin infection overlying the right IJV related to a previous catheterization (n = 3), presence of an existing Hickman catheter in the right IJV (n = 1), and concern regarding the risk of catheter-related infection secondary to right IJV catheterization in patients with a tracheostomy tube device adjacent to the presumed site of right IJV catheterization (n = 2). Technical success, procedural complications, and follow-up results including catheter dwell time and delayed or late complications (eg, symptomatic venous thrombosis, catheter-related infection, and catheter malfunction) were assessed. Adverse events were expressed as events per 100 catheter-days of use. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 22 of 23 patients (96%). There were no procedural complications. The catheter dwell time ranged from 2 to 182 days, with a mean dwell time of 62.7 days. There were four delayed or late complications (three catheter-related infections, 0.22 per 100 catheter-days; one catheter malfunction, 0.07 per 100 catheter-days). No cases of symptomatic venous thrombosis were noted. CONCLUSION: The right EJV is an acceptable and preferred access site when the right IJV is not available for central venous catheterization.     

Healing response in elastase-induced rabbit aneurysms after embolization with a new platinum coil system

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elastase-induced rabbit aneurysms offer promise in preclinical testing, but their radiographic and histologic features after dense packing with platinum coils are unknown. We evaluated these features by using a new platinum coil system. METHODS: Right common carotid arterial (CCA) aneurysms were created in 17 rabbits by distal ligation and intraluminal elastase incubation. At least 3 weeks later, aneurysms were packed with detachable platinum coils. Animals were sacrificed at 2 (group 1, n=4), 4 (group 2, n=5), 12 (group 3, n=4), or 24 (group 4, n=4) weeks. Aneurysmal occlusion and coil compaction were angiographically assessed. Histologic features of tissue covering the coils and the aneurysmal dome were assessed and semiquantitatively compared across groups. RESULTS: No notable tracking, deployment, or detachment problems occurred. Volumetric occlusion was 5-49% (mean, 26.8% +/- 11%). Angiographic occlusion was 100% in six cases, 95% in four, and 90% in seven; occlusion scores remained unchanged in 13 cases, decreased in one, and increased in two (one case excluded from angiographic follow-up). Histologic findings were concordant within groups. Group 1 had coverage with thin fibrin layers and scattered leukocytes; group 2, some spindle-cell coverage; group 3, spindle-cell coverage. In groups 1 and 2, dome findings included only unorganized blood products. In group 3, blood products had been replaced with a hypocellular, poorly staining matrix. Some group 4 subjects had variably aged blood products, with tissue of limited organization. CONCLUSION: The platinum coil system performed well in experimental aneurysmal embolization. Densely packed rabbit aneurysms demonstrate reproducible histologic evolution: early fibrin coverage, delayed spindle-cell coverage, delayed intraaneurysmal thrombus resorption, and occasional coil compaction.     

超选择性双重栓塞治疗胆道出血

目的：讨论胆道出血的数字减影血管造影表现,经导管超选择性双重栓塞治疗胆道出血的疗效。方法：采用Seldinger‘s技术,经股动脉置入导管,行选择性肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉、肝动脉数字减影血管造影,经导管超选择栓塞出血动脉出血点的远端和近端,栓塞后造影了解栓塞效果。结果：12例胆道出血选择性肝动脉血管造影的表现。8例表现为肝内假性动脉瘤,2例为肝癌并发动脉-门脉瘘,2例肝部分切除术后出现肝内片状造影剂溢出影,2例腹腔动脉造影阴性,而选择性肝动脉血管造影均显示病灶;10例经民管用明胶海绵加弹簧圈或微弹簧圈栓塞治疗1例。出血停止,随访无再出血,2例用明胶绵栓塞,其中1例栓塞治疗后3周,再次发生出血,用明胶海绵加弹簧圈栓塞出血停止。结论：选择性肝动脉血管造影是诊断胆道出血的关键,超选择性双重栓塞出血动脉的远端和近端是治疗胆道出血安全有效的止血方法,其治疗一次性止血率优于单纯明胶海绵栓塞。