糖尿病患者血清1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇的变化及临床价值

目的评价血清1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇与糖化血清蛋白水平变化的临床意义.方法对125例健康人和83例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDDM)患者,采用吡喃氧化酶(PROD)法测定1,5-AG;酮胺氧化酶(KAO)法测定糖化血清蛋白(GSP).结果NIDDM患者血清AG含量(30.1±11.6μmol/L)明显低于健康对照组(179.3±49.2μmol/L),GSP含量(328±29.6μmol/L)明显高于对照组(179±28.5μmol/L).患者血清AG含量与空腹血糖(FBG)及GSP呈明显负相关(γ值分别为-0.425和-0.236,P值分别＜0.01和0.05).AG和GSP对糖尿病诊断的敏感性分别为93.8%和82.1%.结论结果提示血清AG含量测定可做为糖尿病诊断,筛选和血糖控制监测的指标.     

1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇检测在2型糖尿病中的临床意义

目的探讨1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇在(1,5-AG)检测在2型糖尿病(NIDDM)中的应用价值。方法52例NIDDM患者根据糖化血清蛋白(GSP)分成两组,即GSP>2.20mmol/L的NIDDM组32例,GSP正常的NIDDM组20例,对照组65例健康体检者,检测三组的空腹血糖浓度(GLU),1,5-AG,GSP。对检测结果进行t检验,同时分析1,5-AG与GLU,GSP的相关性。结果GSP>2.20mmol/LNIDDM组各检测项与对照组有非常显著性差异(P<0.001),并且1,5-AG含量明显偏低,与GSP,GLU呈负相关;GSP正常的NIDDM组与对照组无显著性差异,并且1,5-AG含量恢复正常。结论1,5-AG检测可作为NIDDM患者诊断与监测血糖控制的指标。     

血清1,5脱水葡萄糖醇的测定及临床意义

目的评价1,5脱水葡萄糖醇(1,5-AG)作为一项新的指标在糖代谢监测中的临床意义.方法对61例糖尿病组和35名正常对照组分别测定空腹血糖(FBS)、果糖胺(GSP)、1,5-AG,比较两组间结果差异有无显著性.同时比较1,5-AG与FBS、1,5-AG与GSP间有无相关性.结果正常对照组1,5-AG[(91.74±29.25)μmol/L)]、FBS[(5.04±0.91) mmol/L]、GSP[(2.08±0.18) mmol/L]结果与糖尿病组1,5-AG[(33.8±23.52) μmol/L]、FBS[(8.71±2.64) mmol/L]、GSP[(2.77±0.89) mmol/L]结果比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05).1,5-AG与FBS、GSP分别呈负相关(r1=-0.41,r2=-0.30,P<0.05).结论由于1,5-AG反映高血糖状态,其值可以判断每天的血糖波动情况,可以反映糖尿病患者近期的血糖控制水平.因此, 1,5-AG可作为一种新的监测糖代谢的指标.     

血清1,5脱水葡萄糖醇的测定及临床意义

目的　评价 1,5脱水葡萄糖醇 ( 1,5 AG)作为一项新的指标在糖代谢监测中的临床意义。方法　对6 1例糖尿病组和 35名正常对照组分别测定空腹血糖 (FBS)、果糖胺 (GSP)、1,5 AG ,比较两组间结果差异有无显著性。同时比较 1,5 AG与FBS、1,5 AG与GSP间有无相关性。结果　正常对照组 1,5 AG[( 91.74± 2 9.2 5 )μmol/L) ]、FBS[( 5 .0 4± 0 .91)mmol/L]、GSP[( 2 .0 8± 0 .18)mmol/L]结果与糖尿病组 1,5 AG[( 33.8± 2 3.5 2 )μmol/L]、FBS[( 8.71± 2 .6 4 )mmol/L]、GSP[( 2 .77± 0 .89)mmol/L]结果比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 1,5 AG与FBS、GSP分别呈负相关 (r1=- 0 .4 1,r2 =- 0 .30 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　由于 1,5 AG反映高血糖状态 ,其值可以判断每天的血糖波动情况 ,可以反映糖尿病患者近期的血糖控制水平。因此 ,1,5 AG可作为一种新的监测糖代谢的指标     

血清1,5-脱水山梨醇测定及临床应用

目的 探讨1,5-脱水山梨醇(1,5-AG)在糖尿病诊断中的价值。方法 采用吡喃糖氧化酶法检测血清1,5-脱水山梨醇,对方法学及影响因素进行了探讨,同时检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA_1c)及血糖(FBG),研究该三项指标在诊断糖尿病中的相关性。结果 测定41例DM患者血清1,5-AG含量((?)±s)为48.7±18.1μmol/L,显著低于正常对照组158.5±39.2 μmol/L,P<0.001;1,5-AG与HbA_1c呈负相关,r=-0.545 9,与空腹血糖呈负相关,r=-0.387 4。1,5-AG敏感性85.37％,特异性92.5％,显著大于HbA_1c;该方法学1,5-AG测定精密度批内CV:0.94％,批间CV:2.8％;回收率:102％;干扰试验:木糖、半乳糖能使1,5-AG结果增高,标本中血红蛋白浓度大于5 g/L时,能使1,5-AG结果下降。结论 1,5-AG对糖尿病可及时诊断与监控,方法操作简便,可适用于各类实验室常规应用。     

联合检测FFA、GSP在2型糖尿病诊治中的应用

目的观察2型糖尿病患者空腹GSP、FFA、阳G和餐后2小时FFA、PBG的变化,进一步探讨GSP、FFA在2型糖尿病诊治中的应用.方法选择2型糖尿病患者75例及健康对照组50例,采用氧化酶法测定血糖、酮胺氧化酶法测定GSP、酶比色法测定FFA.结果健康对照组FBG为4.94±0.59mmol/L、PBG为5.87±1.26mmol/L、FFA为485.46±107.04μmol/L、2FFA为482.14±108.12μmoL/L、GSP为244.52±30.73μmol/L;2型糖尿病患者FBG为9.57±2.51mmol/L、PBG为16.37±3.93mmol/L、FFA为902.17±201.85μmol/L、PFFA为882.88±185.08μmoL/L、GSP415.08±47.66μmd/L,两组之间比较有明显差异(P＜0.01).结论联合检测血清FFA、GSP对糖尿病的病情监控及并发症防治具有重要临床意义.     

联合检测FFA、GSP在2型糖尿病诊治中的应用

目的　观察 2型糖尿病患者空腹GSP、FFA、FBG和餐后 2小时FFA、PBG的变化 ,进一步探讨GSP、FFA在 2型糖尿病诊治中的应用。方法　选择 2型糖尿病患者 75例及健康对照组 50例 ,采用氧化酶法测定血糖、酮胺氧化酶法测定GSP、酶比色法测定FFA。结果　健康对照组FBG为 4 .94± 0 .59mmol/L、PBG为 5 .87± 1 .2 6mmol/L、FFA为 485 .46± 1 0 7.0 4 μmol/L、2FFA为 482 .1 4± 1 0 8.1 2 μmol/L、GSP为 2 4 4 .52± 30 .73μmol/L ;2型糖尿病患者FBG为 9.57± 2 .51mmol/L、PBG为1 6 .37± 3 .93mmol/L、FFA为 90 2 .1 7± 2 0 1 .85μmol/L、PFFA为 882 .88± 1 85 .0 8μmol/L、GSP41 5 .0 8± 47.66μmol/L ,两组之间比较有明显差异 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　联合检测血清FFA、GSP对糖尿病的病情监控及并发症防治具有重要临床意义。     

一种新的全酶法测定1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇

目的建立一种测定血清中1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇(1,5-AG)的方法,辅助诊断糖尿病。方法经葡萄糖激酶(GK)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)偶联系统使血清中葡萄糖彻底转化为不与呋喃糖氧化酶(PROD)反应的6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯,以PROD氧化1,5-AG,生成1,5-脱水果糖和H2O2,后者用Trinders反应进行比色测定。结果该方法在550μmol/L以内线性良好。高值(455.5μmol/L)、中值(215.8μmol/L)和低值(15.1μmol/L)批内变异系数(CV)分别为0.61%、0.84%和1.70%,批间CV分别为1.12%、2.00%和2.70%。平均回收率为101.6%。本法与微柱法相关性良好(r=0.999 8)。用本法对100名健康者测定1,5-AG水平为(161.9±40.2)μmol/L,呈正态分布。参考值范围(x±1.96s)为83.1~240.7μmol/L,无性别、年龄差异。结论该法简便、快速、灵敏、准确和稳定,可用于糖尿病的及时诊断与监控,适合于各类实验室常规应用。     

血清1,5-脱水山梨醇测定及在糖尿病诊疗中的应用价值

【目的】评价1,5-脱水山梨醇(1,5-AG)在糖尿病诊治监测中的临床意义。【方法】对42例非糖尿病对照、38例糖耐量减退和84例2型糖尿病患者进行研究。对照组测定空腹血糖和1,5-AG,糖耐量减退组测定空腹血糖(FBG)及餐后2 h血糖(2 hBG)和1,5-AG;2型糖尿病患者测定FBG及2hBG、果糖胺(FMN)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和1,5-AG。比较三组1,5-AG的差别,并以1,5-AG为自变量,FBG、2hBG、FMN和HbA1c为因变量行回归分析。【结果】糖耐量减退组1,5-AG水平明显低于非糖尿病对照组[(107.9±43.5)μmol/L对(149.9±46.5)μmol/L,P<0.01],但与年龄、FBG和2 hBG不相关;糖尿病组1,5-AG水平明显低于非糖尿病对照组[(46.3±38.7)μmol/L对(149.9±46.5)μmol/L,P<0.01],且与FBG、2hBG、FMN和HbA1c呈负相关。【结论】1,5-AG仅反映高血糖状态,是一种新的糖代谢指标,与FMN、HbA1c等指标结合,更有利于糖尿病的监测。     

酮氨酸氧化酶法测定糖化血清蛋白方法学研究

目的对酮氨酸氧化酶法全自动测定糖化血清蛋白(GSP)的方法进行评价。方法用日立7060全自动生化分析仪检测GSP,观察试剂稳定性、精密度、线性范围、抗干扰性、准确性、样品贮存温度和贮存时间,建立参考值范围。结果该方法180s达到反应终点,线性达到1266μmol/L(Y=0.9866X+0.134,r=0.9997);批内CV为1.54%,批间CV为3.20%;平均回收率为101.7%;当TG<9.8mmol/L、BIL<675μmol/L、Hb<200g/L、UA<3500μmol/L、Glu<100mmol/L时对测定结果无显著干扰。120例健康人血清GSP参考值范围(x±2s):110～220μmol/L。结论本方法线性范围宽、特异性强、精密度高,干扰因素少,是测定GSP的较好方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.