Insomnia and circadian variation of attacks in episodic migraine

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of insomnia on the 24-hour temporal pattern of migraine. BACKGROUND: Migraine attacks have been reported to occur in a harmonic (monophasic) or a biphasic 24-hour cyclic manner, and in some studies to have preponderance in the morning hours. The influence of insomnia on the circadian pattern has not been evaluated. METHOD: Based on a previous study of the circadian variation in migraine, an explorative data analysis was made to compare the circadian pattern of insomnia-related migraine attacks to the circadian pattern of migraine attacks not related to insomnia. If the patients reported difficulties in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep the night prior to the reported attack or the night the attack occurred, the attack was defined as insomnia-related. Relapses were not counted as distinctive attacks. RESULTS: Sixty-eight female migraineurs (mean +/- SD age: 35.5 +/- 7.0) prospectively recorded 1869 migraine attacks. Five hundred-and-thirty-three attacks (29%) were insomnia-related. Insomnia-related attacks had a biphasic temporal pattern with one peak in the morning hours and one peak after noon. They had a preponderance in the morning hours compared to attacks not related to insomnia (t= 3.27, df = 62, P= .002). In 79% of attacks insomnia was experienced prior to the headache. CONCLUSIONS: Episodic morning migraine is associated with insomnia. The cause and consequences of insomnia in migraine is not clarified, but sleep obviously protects against attacks rather than provokes them.     

Migraine attacks and sleep in children

Falling asleep as a means of ending migraine attack was studied in 133 4-16-year-old children in out-patient settings. Children registered 999 migraine attacks in headache diaries using a visual analogue scale (VAS) in 409 attacks and a five-face scale in 590 attacks. The distribution of maximal pain intensity was similar on both scales; on VAS 88% assigned grades between 63 and 100, and on the face scale 93% assigned grades of 4 or 5. Children fell asleep during 33% of the attacks (n = 329), in 64% of these within the first hour (n = 209). Of the children, 68% (n = 91) had fallen asleep at least once during an attack. Falling asleep was more common in children under 8 years of age than in older children. In those under 8 years, 62% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49-75%) of attacks were resolved by sleep, in those aged 8-12 years 34% (26-41%), and in children >12 years 24% (15-33%) (ANOVA, P<0.0001). Pain was relieved without sleep in 43% (n = 431) of attacks, in 38% of these (n = 383) within the first 4 h. The data on migraine resolution were missing for 24% (n = 239) of the attacks, most often because the attack exceeded the 5-h observation period. This study confirms that migraine attacks in children are extremely painful and often resolve during an interval of sleep in children under 8 years of age.     

Polysomnographic findings in nights preceding a migraine attack

Sleep recordings were performed in eight patients to analyse sleep alterations preceding migraine attacks. Polysomnographic recordings from nights before an attack were compared with nights without following migraine. We analysed standard sleep parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. The main findings preceding migraine attacks were a significant decrease in the number of arousals, a decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) density, a significant decrease of beta power in the slow wave sleep, and a decrease of alpha power during the first REM period. The results suggest a decrease in cortical activation during sleep preceding migraine attacks. According to the models of sleep regulation, alterations in the function of aminergic or cholinergic brainstem nuclei have to be discussed.     

心内科住院病人睡眠质量分析与护理干预

目的:了解心内科老年住院病人睡眠质量,分析睡眠障碍原因,探讨改善睡眠障碍的有效措施。方法:对97例病人采取一对一访谈式调查,了解其睡眠质量和睡眠障碍症状,包括病人上床时间、入睡所需时间、夜醒次数、再次入睡所需时间、晨醒时间等。分析影响睡眠的因素(包括疾病因素、环境因素、心理因素及其他因素),予针对性护理。护理干预后3、7d再次对病人进行睡眠质量评价。结果:心内科住院老年病人睡眠障碍症状主要为早醒(40.2%)、入睡困难(35.1%)、夜醒、醒后入睡困难等。主要原因依次为疾病因素、心理因素、环境因素、其他因素。护理干预后均有不同程度改善。结论:疾病因素和心理因素是影响心内科老年住院病人睡眠质量的主要因素,通过实施针对性护理干预,可以有效提高病人睡眠质量,促进病人早日康复。     

Headache and sleep: examination of sleep patterns and complaints in a large clinical sample of migraineurs

OBJECTIVES: This study characterized sleep parameters and complaints in a large clinical sample of migraineurs and examined sleep complaints in relation to headache frequency and severity. BACKGROUND: The relationship between headache and sleep has been documented at least anecdotally in medical literature for well over a century and clinical texts allude to the importance of sleep as a headache precipitant. A small number of empirical studies have emerged, but the precise nature and magnitude of the headache/sleep association and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS: In this investigation, 1283 migraineurs were drawn from 1480 consecutive headache sufferers presenting for evaluation to a tertiary headache clinic. Patients underwent a physical examination and structured interview assessing a variety of sleep, headache, and demographic variables. Migraine was diagnosed according the IHS criteria (1.1 to 1.6 diagnostic codes). Migraineurs were 84% female, with a mean age of 37.4 years. Groups were formed based on patient's average nocturnal sleep patterns, including short, normal, and long sleep groups, and were compared on headache variables. RESULTS: Sleep complaints were common and associated with headache in a sizeable proportion of patients. Over half of migraineurs reported difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep at least occasionally. Many in this sample reported chronically shortened sleep patterns similar to that observed in persons with insomnia, with 38% of patients sleeping on average 6 hours per night. Migraines were triggered by sleep disturbance in 50% of patients. "Awakening headaches" or headaches awakening them from sleep were reported by 71% of patients. Interestingly, sleep was also a common palliative agent for headache; 85% of migraineurs indicated that they chose to sleep or rest because of headache and 75% were forced to sleep or rest because of headache. Patients with chronic migraine reported shorter nightly sleep times than those with episodic migraine, and were more likely to exhibit trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, sleep triggering headache, and choosing to sleep because of headache. Short sleepers (ie, average sleep period 6 hours) exhibited significantly more frequent and more severe headaches than individuals who slept longer and were more likely to exhibit morning headaches on awakening. CONCLUSIONS: These data support earlier research and anecdotal observations of a substantial sleep/migraine relationship, and implicate sleep disturbance in specific headache patterns and severity. The short sleep group, who routinely slept 6 hours per night, exhibited the more severe headache patterns and more sleep-related headache. Sleep complaints occurred with greater frequency among chronic than episodic migraineurs. Future research may identify possible mediating factors such as primary sleep and mood disorders. Prospective studies are needed to determine if normalizing sleep times in the short sleeps would impact headache threshold.     

The effects of preferred familiar music on falling asleep

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not listening to music promotes falling asleep. Twenty university students, who usually listen to music at bedtime, were asked to take a nap in the laboratory while being monitored by a polysomnograph. Each participant selected preferred music to be played as they fell asleep. Stage 2 sleep latency was shorter for those sleeping with music playing compared to the no music control group. This tendency was reversed when participants tried to fall asleep quickly. Differences in sleep latency between the music and control conditions were due to the amount of episodic wakefulness. Results imply that music promotes or interferes with falling asleep by modulating the appearance of episodic wakefulness. Considering the mood, especially pleasantness while falling asleep and the ironic process theory of mental control (Wegner, 1994), the mechanisms of the effects of music on sleep are discussed. There is a possibility that listening to music promotes falling asleep though this may only be effective after balancing other factors.     

Classic migraine: Effective prophylaxis with metoprolol

Metoprolol slow-release tablets (Durules®), 200 mg, given once daily in the morning were compared with placebo in the prophylaxis of classic migraine. The trial comprised eight Scandinavian neurologic centres and was designed as a double-blind cross-over study with 4 weeks' run-in, four weeks washout, and 8 weeks of either treatment. Seventy-seven patients with two to eight migraine attacks per month were entered in the trial, and 73 completed it. A total of 1119 attacks with aura symptoms and 374 without were recorded. Metoprolol was significantly better than placebo with regard to the total frequency of attacks (1.8 versus 2.5 attacks/4 weeks), mean duration of attacks (6.0 versus 8.0 h/attack), mean global rating, and consumption of analgesics per attack: Similar differences could be shown for attacks with aura symptoms alone, except for the duration of attacks. Metoprolol is the first drug for which a prophylactic effect in classic migraine has been convincingly demonstrated.     

Dysfunction of arousal systems in sleep-related migraine without aura

Primary headaches are closely related to sleep. Modifications in the patterns of arousal during sleep have been reported in migraine, especially in the nights preceding a headache attack. We aimed at evaluating the pattern of arousal from sleep in a group of patients affected by sleep-related migraine. We enrolled 10 consecutive patients, three males and seven females, aged between 20 and 62 years, who presented frequent attacks of migraine without aura (more than five per month), closely related to sleep (more than one-half of the attacks occurred during sleep, causing an awakening). A control group was studied, matched for age and sex. Patients and controls underwent a full-night polysomnographic study, following adaptation; arousal pattern was studied by the scoring of the high-frequency EEG arousal and by the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). Migraineurs showed a lower CAP rate in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and, in particular, a lower number of A1 phases (low-frequency, high-amplitude EEG bursts) compared with the controls. Migraineurs also showed a lower index of high-frequency EEG arousals during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The reduction in the CAP rate indicates a lower level of arousal fluctuation in NREM sleep. The reduced arousal index in REM suggests a dysfunction in neural structures involved in both the control of REM sleep and the pathophysiology of migraine, such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem.     

Jactatio extra-capitis and migraine suppression

Sleep often terminates migraine headaches, and sleep disorders occur with greater prevalence in individuals with chronic or recurrent headaches. Rhythmic head, limb or body movements are common in children before falling asleep, but they very rarely persist into adolescence and adulthood, or appear de novo later in life as sleep-related rhythmic movement disorders. A 22-year-old female with migraine without aura and history of early childhood pre-dormital body rocking (jactatio) discovered that unilateral slow rhythmic movements of her right foot greatly facilitated falling sound asleep while reclining. Sleep served every time to terminate her migraine attack. Rhythmic movements may serve on occasion as a therapeutic hypnotic maneuver in migraine sufferers.     

Sleep disorders in dialysis patients

By means of standardized interviews and a self-rating scale, information was obtained from 51 dialysis patients concerning their duration of sleep, fitness, working capacity, interests, quality of life, etc. 34 of the subjects reported sleep disorders: 2 had difficulties falling asleep, 21 in sleeping through, and 11 experienced both. Severity of the sleeping problems increases with prolonged hemodialysis therapy; the same seems to apply to lack of an active lifestyle. 9 patients, apart from repeated nocturnal urination, no longer complained about sleeping problems following kidney transplantation.     

Health Behaviors in Episodic Migraine: Why Behavior Change Matters

Purpose of Review

Episodic migraine is common. Everyday behavioral patterns are associated with migraine attacks and disability. This paper reviews health behaviors that can be targeted in people with episodic migraine to enhance migraine-related outcomes.

Recent Findings

Stressful events and perceived stress have demonstrated associations with migraine attack onset among people with episodic migraine. Consistency in daily patterns (eating, sleeping, exercise, and hydration status) is also associated with migraine activity. Sleep deprivation, fatigue, and poor quality sleep have demonstrated relationships with migraine attack onset, as well as headache frequency and headache-related disability in people with episodic migraine.

Summary

The health behaviors implicated in episodic migraine are part of everyday patterns and can be targeted routinely in clinical practice to improve migraine management. Behavior change is challenging and should ideally be supported by a multidisciplinary team. Future research should focus on evaluating specific behavior change interventions and the relative impact of behavior on migraine outcomes in high- and low-frequency episodic migraine.

     

Acute confusional migraine attacks resolved by sleep: lack of significant abnormalities in post-ictal polysomnograms

We observed acute confusional migraine (ACM) attacks in two adolescents, and in both cases the episodes ended when the patients fell asleep spontaneously. Laboratory and neuroradiologic examinations were unremarkable. The post-ictal polysomnograms displayed a regular quality and duration of the physiologic components of sleep. Random posterior slow waves occurred only during the nocturnal awakenings and REM periods. The observation that sleep may resolve migraine attacks is emphasized. ACM is characterized by peculiar and relatively quickly reversible clinical manifestations and EEG abnormalities. The lack of significant abnormalities in post-ictal polysomnograms corresponds to a functional integrity of the brainstem structures involved in the global organization of sleep and may represent a useful laboratory feature in the diagnosis of ACM.     

Sleep disturbance symptoms in patients with heart failure

Sleep disturbances have a major impact on physical functioning, emotional well-being, and quality of life, but are not well described in patients with heart failure (HF). Eighty-four HF patients completed a sleep survey and provided demographic and clinical data. Seventy percent of the patients were male with a mean age of 54 years and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 22%. Forty-seven patients (56%) reported trouble sleeping and one-third used sleeping medication. The most frequently reported problems were inability to sleep flat (51%), restless sleep (44%), trouble falling asleep (40%), and awakening early (39%). Using logistic regression, physiological variables were tested as predictors of sleep disturbance. Severity of HF, age, gender, etiology, obesity, smoking, and use of beta-blockers were not predictors of sleep disturbance. HF patients experience significant sleep disturbances, which are not predicted by severity of symptoms or clinical status. Problems with sleep are an important component of a clinical assessment in this vulnerable population.     

护理干预在老年失眠患者治疗中的应用

目的:探讨护理干预在老年失眠患者治疗中的应用效果.方法:按照随机单盲分组方法将120例老年失眠患者分为干预组和对照组各60例,对照组采用普通护理,干预组采用护理干预,比较两种护理方法下两组患者的平均入睡时间、平均夜间觉醒次数、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、日间残留效应发生率及患者对护理工作的满意度等.结果:干预组患者在1 h内入睡的人数多于对照组(P<0.05),干预组平均夜间觉醒次数少于对照组(P<0.05),睡眠时间及睡眠效率均高于对照组(P<0.05),日间残留效应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),对护理的满意度高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:临床护理干预有助于老年失眠患者缩短入睡时间、提高睡眠质量、降低患者的日间残留效应发生率,并有助于提高患者对护理工作的满意度.     

Nadolol and Propranolol in Migraine Management

SYNOPSIS
The prophylactic effects of nadolol once daily and propranolol b.i.d. were studied in 28 patients with common or classic migraine. Following screening procedures, the subjects entered a 28- to 120-day placebo period, which was followed by a 24-week randomized, double-blind treatment period. The prophylactic effects were evaluated by frequency of migraine attacks, consumption of acute migraine-relief tablets, duration of attacks, ratings of headache and nausea severity, and duration of incapacitation. Compared to placebo, both beta blockers brought about a highly significant (p < 0.01 ) reduction in attack frequency and consumption of acute migraine-relief tablets, while no significant changes were found with regard to the other variables. No significant differences were found between the two beta blockers. The results indicate that nadolol once daily is as effective as propranolol b.i.d. in migraine management and that the main effect of beta blockers in migraine is in preventing attacks from breaking out, while the capacity for reducing the intensity or duration of unsuppressed attacks is less prominent.     

婴幼儿睡眠问题调查及影响因素分析

目的 了解婴幼儿睡眠状况,分析婴幼儿睡眠问题的影响因素.方法 应用问卷调查136例婴幼儿睡眠状况及其影响因素.对结果进行描述性分析、单因素分析和多因素分析.结果 入睡困难是婴幼儿睡眠存在的主要问题,其次是频繁夜醒.影响因素有:家庭类型、父母文化程度、居室环境、出生后喂养方式、蛋白质类辅食添加时间、夜间进食次数、入睡方式、睡床情况、入睡前情绪等.结论 婴幼儿睡眠问题普遍存在,影响因素多为不正确的育儿行为.预防婴幼儿睡眠问题出现和提高婴幼儿睡眠质量,需对家长进行健康指导.     

先天性心脏病患儿术后的睡眠护理

目的对先天性心脏病术后患儿的睡眠护理进行研究。方法对先天性心脏病术后0～6岁的100例患儿的睡眠情况进行调查研究,ICU护士通过48h连续观察,进行睡眠障碍临床症状分析。结果患儿有昼夜睡眠颠倒、入睡困难、睡眠中断、睡眠浅、易惊醒等睡眠质量不高的症状。经护理干预后上述症状得到很大改善。结论对先天性心脏病患儿术后施行有效的睡眠护理对于促进机体的复原具有重要意义。     

北京市部分离退休老年人睡眠质量调查分析

目的：调查老年人睡眠状况，为老年失眠症的研究提供更多依据。方法：396例年龄〉65岁的军队离退休老年人（老年组）与100例年龄18—20岁青年人（正常组）进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）的测查和睡眠特征分析。结果：与正常组比较，老年组睡眠质量差（PSQI〉7分）占72．7％，其中确诊为失眠症的占32．6％；总体睡眠质量与性别、年龄、生活环境无显著相关性。PSQI各单项目中，睡眠效率及日间功能评分，住院患者差于社区老人（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），男性差于女性（P〈0．05）；入睡时间及睡眠时间评分，女性差于男性（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），男女均存在因夜尿多影响睡眠的状况。结论：老年人失眠的发生率较高，男女性睡眠不良有各自特点，治疗以调整心理因索，适当运动及中医补肾温阳等为主，可能改善睡眠。     

橙皮水提取物对昆明种小鼠睡眠和自发活动的影响

背景应用抖笼换能器法、阈上、阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间的实验法,探讨橙皮水提取物对昆明种小鼠睡眠和自发活动的影响.目的观察橙皮水提取物对昆明种小鼠睡眠和自发活动的影响.设计随机对照实验观察.单位赣南医学院病理教研室、生理学教研室及药理教研室.材料实验于2005-01/02在赣南医学院科研中心实验室完成.选择健康成年昆明种清洁级小鼠90只,每种实验方法30只,随机分为3组,对照组,小剂量给药组,大剂量给药组;每组10只.方法①采用抖笼换能器法记录小鼠自发活动情况,小波(波幅＜5 mm)为小鼠轻度活动(舐毛、瘙痒)的波形;中波(波幅5～10 mm)为小鼠中度活动(走动、立起、爬上、爬下)的波形;大波(波幅＞10 mm以上)为小鼠强度活动(跑动、上串下跳)的波形.小剂量给药组、大剂量给药组分别腹腔注射橙皮水提取物5 mg/g、10 mg/g和对照组注射等量生理盐水,15 min后放回吊笼中,稳定3 min后记录15s内小鼠活动波形.②橙皮水提取物对小鼠阈上或阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间的实验法小剂量给药组、大剂量给药组分别腹腔注射橙皮水提取物5 mg/g、10 mg/g,对照组注射等量生理盐水;15 min后,3组均腹腔注射阈上剂量的戊巴比妥钠(2.5g/L)0.02 mL/g,或阈下剂量的戊巴比妥钠(2.5 g/L)0.01 mL/g,比较给药组与对照组动物的入睡个数、入睡时间和睡眠持续时间.主要观察指标①小鼠自发活动次数.②阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠睡眠时间.③阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠睡眠时间.结果各实验组小鼠无脱失情况,全部进入结果分析.①橙皮水提取物小剂量给药组,大剂量给药组使中波、大波出现次数显著减少,对小鼠自发活动具有明显的抑制作用,[(90.5±14.7),(58.3±12.5),(45.6±10.1),t=2.341～3.215;P＜0.05或P＜0.01].②橙皮水提取物小剂量给药组,大剂量给药组能显著加速阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠的入睡时间和延长戊巴比妥钠的睡眠时间,差异有显著性意义.③橙皮水提取物小剂量给药组,大剂量给药组能显著加速阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠的入睡时间和延长戊巴比妥钠的睡眠时间,差异有非常显著性意义.结论橙皮水提取物具有明显的延长昆明种小鼠睡眠时间和抑制小鼠自发性活动.与戊巴比妥钠有协同的中枢抑制作用.