鞍区病变解剖结构变化的MRI观察

目的探讨鞍区病变相关解剖结构的形态变化规律.方法运用高场强的MR扫描机,连续观测41例鞍区病变的解剖结构改变,包括14例垂体微腺瘤、13例大型和巨型腺瘤、1例生殖细胞瘤、1例Rathke囊肿、1例颅咽管瘤和11例空蝶鞍.结果垂体柄的形态变异大,既可以偏斜,也可以折曲.垂体腺瘤、Rathke囊肿和颅咽管瘤大致呈膨胀性生长,推压周围结构;而生殖细胞瘤呈浸润性生长,周围结构很早即可出现信号改变.空蝶鞍可以发生在鞍膈下,也可以出现在鞍膈上,可分别称为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型.结论垂体微腺瘤的诊断不能依赖于垂体柄的偏斜及垂体腺的局部高起与否.多数垂体大腺瘤周围可以识别垂体腺组织,一般呈薄片状位于肿瘤的上面、后面和两侧.Ⅱ型空蝶鞍的鞍膈薄弱,其病因与Ⅰ型不同.     

Rathke囊肿的诊断与治疗

Rathke囊肿是起源于垂体Rathke囊袋残余组织的良性上皮性囊肿,其发病率占鞍区疾病的7%～8%,临床上容易误诊为垂体腺瘤或者颅咽管瘤。我科于2008年1月至2009年7月共收治了经手术病理证实的Rathke囊肿患者7例,现总结报告如下。     

鞍区囊性病变的鉴别诊断对手术入路的参考意义

目的 分析和比较颅咽管瘤、囊性垂体腺瘤、Rathke囊肿及垂体脓肿等四种鞍区囊性病变的临床特征,建立鞍区囊性病变的诊断流程.方法 运用统计学方法分析93例鞍区囊性病变患者的临床资料,比较不同患者临床特征的差异.结果 发病年龄较小、病变体积较大、第三脑室压迫、实性部分网状强化常见于颅咽管瘤;海绵窦侵犯、实性部分均匀强化常见于囊性腺瘤;Rathkc囊肿和垂体脓肿多表现为单纯囊性;病程短、尿崩、≥2个腺垂体激素低下及病变环形强化多见于垂体脓肿.结论 鞍区囊性病变的临床特征互相重叠,但又有一定的特异性;综合分析,有助于这四种囊性病变的鉴别.     

鞍区良性占位病变MR视束水肿样变的研究

目的 研究视束水肿样变(OTE征)在鞍区良性占位病变的诊断学和治疗学意义.方法 207例初次确诊和手术病理证实的鞍区良性占位病变患者,肿瘤均接触或压迫视交叉和/或视束,其中垂体腺瘤116例、颅咽管瘤52例、鞍区脑膜瘤18例、囊肿性病变14例、垂体脓肿7例,回顾性分析MR上OTE征的影像学特点、阳性率、与肿瘤大小和术前视觉功能障碍的关系.结果 OTE征在垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍区脑膜瘤、囊肿性病变、垂体脓肿的阳性分别为6、20、1、0和3例.在垂体瘤,OTE征与肿瘤大小有关,而与术前视觉功能障碍无关.在颅咽管瘤,OTE征与肿瘤大小和术前视觉功能障碍均无关,与肿瘤的生长方式有关,鞍上生长的肿瘤发生OTE征的比例显著高于鞍内鞍上生长的肿瘤(P=0.003).70.8%的OTE征在术后1个月内即可消失.结论 OTE征不是颅咽管瘤的特征件表现,在手术满意切除鞍区良性占位病变后,视束水肿样变多可很快消失.     

鞍区Rathke囊肿的诊断和显微外科治疗

目的 分析和探讨鞍区。Rathke囊肿的诊断和治疗。方法 27例经手术和病理证实为鞍区Rathke囊肿，其中男10例，女17例。平均年龄31岁。平均病程28．7个月。采用经鼻蝶入路显微手术清除囊内容物，囊壁部分切除，开放囊腔。结果随访半年至3年，头痛及视功能障碍的病例的症状全部得到缓解，11例内分泌症状者中8例恢复正常。结论 鞍区Rathke囊肿术前易与垂体腺瘤、囊性颅咽管瘤混淆，较难作出正确诊断。高分辨率MRI检查有助于鉴别。经鼻蝶窦显微外科手术是治疗本病的有效方法。     

显微手术治疗鞍区占位性病变23例

目的 探讨鞍区占位性病变的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年10月至2019年10月手术治疗的23例鞍区占位性病变的临床资料。结果 采用额底外侧入路12例,额底纵裂入路7例,眉弓入路4例。病灶全切除19例（82.6%）,次全切除4例。术后病理结果示垂体腺瘤7例、鞍结节脑膜瘤5例、颅咽管瘤6例、嗅沟脑膜瘤1例、嗅神经鞘瘤1例、Rathke囊肿3例。21例术后恢复良好。术后出现发热10例、电解质紊乱15例、尿崩8例,无死亡病例。23例术后3个月至1年;肿瘤复发4例,其中2例垂体腺瘤、1例颅咽管瘤,再次手术效果良好。结论 对于鞍区占位性病变,良好的手术入路及解剖暴露可提高手术全切除率,减少术后并发症。     

鞍区肿瘤的临床特征与术中解剖研究

目的 探讨鞍区解剖特点及垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、Rathke囊肿、鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床特征.方法 分析115例鞍区肿瘤手术治疗的病例资料,观察不同肿瘤的临床特点及术中鞍区解剖.结果 垂体瘤为鞍内或鞍上肿瘤,发病率居于鞍区第1位,主要表现为垂体前叶功能障碍、肿瘤部分囊性变;颅咽管瘤发病年龄较小,肿瘤主体在鞍上,多表现为钙化或囊变;Rathke囊肿为主体在鞍内的圆形或椭圆形肿物,边界清楚,肿瘤大小1 cm左右,与周围垂体组织存在较明显边界;鞍结节脑膜瘤以视力障碍为首发症状,鞍结节及其附近蝶骨平台骨质结节状增生为特征.结论 鞍区肿瘤的临床特征各具有特异性,熟悉鞍区解剖结构对鞍区肿瘤切除具有重要意义.     

保持鼻中隔原位的经蝶鞍内病变手术技术

鞍内病变以垂体腺瘤为主，偶尔遇到Rathke囊肿、垂体脓肿和颅咽管瘤等。70％～90％的垂体腺瘤可经鼻蝶入路手术并获得有效的治疗。20世纪50年代，Guiot将手术显微镜引入经蝶垂体腺瘤手术，70年代Hardy又设计和标定了经蝶垂体腺瘤手术的许多细节，从手术器械、手术室内所需设施及其安排、手术体位，到肿瘤分类、刮除方法，     

Rathke囊肿并垂体腺瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的总结垂体腺瘤伴Rathke囊肿的临床特征与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2例经手术病理证实伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤病例资料。结合临床特征、影像学表现、手术治疗以及相关文献进行分析。结果 2例病人均经翼点入路行开颅手术,术后病理结果为垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿。1例术后随访13个月复查MRI示未见肿瘤及囊肿复发,1例术后视力较术前好转。结论伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤临床罕见,鞍区MRI提示垂体腺瘤旁存在囊性信号应考虑合并Rathke囊肿。临床明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化标记。对于压迫症状明显且伴有Rathke囊肿的垂体腺瘤可手术治疗。     

鞍区囊肿短期迅速缩小1例

鞍区囊性病变主要包括囊性垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、Rathke囊肿和蛛网膜囊肿，MRI对其诊断和鉴别诊断具有十分重要作用。最近，我院收治1例高度怀疑Rathke囊肿患者，间隔1d再次行MRI检查发现病变缩小，现报道如下。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.