良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕相关因素分析

目的探讨良性发作性位置性眩晕(BPPV)患者治愈后发生残余头晕的相关因素。方法选取我院神经内科行管石复位术并均复位成功的BPPV患者120例,对比头晕组和无头晕组的一般资料、临床特征、并发症等。结果单因素分析发现,年龄较高、BBPV时间较长、治愈次数较多的BPPV患者治愈后残余头晕的发生率较高,χ2趋势检验差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析发现,年龄(OR=1.320,95%CI=1.094~1.594)、BBPV时间(OR=1.439,95%CI=1.149~1.803)、治愈次数(OR=1.353,95%CI=1.147~1.595)是良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕的危险因素。结论年龄、BBPV时间、治愈次数是良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕的危险因素,管石复位术成功后残余头晕发生率较高,早期诊断和治疗有利于降低残余头晕的发生率。     

合并残余症状的BPPV向PPPD转化的相关因素分析

目的 分析良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, BPPV）患者复位治疗后残余症状（residual dizziness, RD）持续时间的影响因素及其向持续性姿势感知性头晕（persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, PPPD）转化的相关因素。方法 选取2021年1月-2022年1月陕西省人民医院眩晕门诊确诊为BPPV且复位成功的患者575例，存在RD的患者有273例。根据RD持续时间将患者分为RD≤1周组116例、1周相似文献   

良性阵发性位置性眩晕手法复位后残余头晕研究进展

良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)是前庭周围性眩晕中最常见的原因,经相应的手法复位治疗,绝大多数患者的眩晕症状消失,部分患者在成功复位后仍有残余头晕(RD),给患者的健康相关生活质量带来诸多困扰,RD产生的原因尚未完全明确,本文总结了国内外学者近年来报道的有关RD的发生率、相关影响因素,并归纳了RD常用的评估方法和治疗手段,以期为BPPV患者RD的规范化及个体化治疗提供参考。     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕残留症状的影响因素

目的 探讨良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）患者耳石复位后残留症状的影响因素。方法 本 研究为前瞻性研究，共收集42例门诊确诊BPPV的患者在发病时和耳石复位成功1周后的一般情况，以 及眩晕残障量表（DHI）、医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）和眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位检查（oVEMP）的结果。按 照复位成功后有无残留症状进行分组比较，Logistic回归分析残留症状的影响因素。结果 41例患者完 成随访，发现12例（29.3%）患者耳石复位成功后出现残留症状。残留症状组平均年龄和病程均大于无残 留症状组（P＜ 0.05）；残留症状组oVEMP患侧的振幅在耳石复位后有明显增高（P＜ 0.05）；残留症状组的 DHI-E（情绪）和HADS总分均高于无残留症状组（P ＜ 0.01）。进行Logistic回归分析发现BPPV发病时的 情绪状态是复位后残留症状的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 BPPV复位后残留症状受多方面因素影响， 抑郁与焦虑情绪是主要影响因素，BPPV发病时心理情绪干预能预防或改善残留症状的发生。     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕手法复位后残余头晕研究进展

良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）是前庭周围性眩晕中最常见的原因,经相应的手法复位治疗,绝大多数患者的眩晕症状消失,部分患者在成功复位后仍有残余头晕（RD）,给患者的健康相关生活质量带来诸多困扰,RD产生的原因尚未完全明确,本文总结了国内外学者近年来报道的有关RD的发生率、相关影响因素,并归纳了RD常用的评估方法和治疗手段,以期为BPPV患者RD的规范化及个体化治疗提供参考。     

184例良性发作性位置性眩晕的耳石定位与手法复位治疗的临床分析

目的观察不同半规管所致良性发作性位置性眩晕(BPPV)发生率,及不同复位手法治疗的疗效,探讨其最佳治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2011年1月²012年6月间在我院住院的184例BPPV患者的临床资料,对不同复位手法(Epley法、Barbecue翻滚法、Semont摆动法)的疗效进行比较。结果 184例患者中单半规管受累141例(76.63%),复位有效136例(96.45%);多半规管受累43例(23.37%),复位有效37例(86.04%)。总有效率94.02%。Epley手法复位有效率92.76%、Barbecue翻滚法复位有效率85.93%、Semont摆动法复位有效率95.35%。复发率3.26%,复位>2次103例。结论 BPPV患者中单半规管受累最常见;手法复位是BPPV的最有效的治疗方法。而半规管定位及复位手法的选择是影响疗效的主要因素。     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕复发的影响因素分析

目的 探讨良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）复发的影响因素。 方法 收集2009年9月～2010年10月在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科眩晕中心确诊并治疗的100例BPPV患者的资料,于诊治后12个月进行电话随访。对出现复发患者的年龄、性别、治疗方法、双温试验结果和共患颈椎病、高/低血压病、后循环缺血、高脂血症、糖尿病等情况比较,并采用二值Logistic回归分析BPPV复发的影响因素。 结果 年龄≥45岁的患者（38.89%）较年龄＜45岁的患者（14.29%）易复发（P=0.018）;血压异常［P=0.032,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）1.097～7.634,优势比（odds ratio,OR）=2.893］和非复位治疗（P=0.014,95%CI 1.261～7.940,OR 3.165）为BPPV复发的危险因素;性别、颈椎病、后循环缺血、高脂血症、糖尿病、双温试验异常与复发无显著相关。 结论 中老年BPPV患者易复发,血压异常和治疗方式与复发相关。     

绝经后良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者血清性激素及25-羟胆钙化醇水平变化研究

目的探讨女性绝经后血清性激素和25-羟胆钙化醇[25-(OH)-D_3]表达变化与良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)之间的关系。方法选择2015年9月1日至2017年2月1日共63例50～80岁绝经后女性良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者,采用电化学发光法检测血清雌二醇、黄体酮、黄体生成素、促卵泡激素和25-(OH)-D_3水平,采用Spearman秩相关分析年龄与雌二醇、雌二醇与25-(OH)-D_3之间的关联性;采用单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析筛查疾病危险因素。结果 BPPV组患者血清雌二醇[15.67(10.96,22.15)pg/ml]和25-(OH)-D_3[(24.24±1.05)ng/ml]水平均低于对照组[雌二醇:31.78(25.60,39.50)pg/ml,25-(OH)-D_3:(27.62±0.76)ng/ml],且组间差异具有统计学意义(Z=-6.768,P=0.000;t=-2.605,P=0.010),而黄体酮、黄体生成素、促卵泡激素组间差异无统计学意义。相关分析显示,两组受试者血清雌二醇与25-(OH)-D_3水平无关联性;但对照组年龄与血清雌二醇水平呈负相关(rs=-0.263,P=0.038),BPPV组二者则无关联性。多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析显示,绝经后女性血清雌二醇和25-(OH)-D_3水平降低是良性阵发性位置性眩晕的危险因素。结论血清雌二醇和25-(OH)-D_3水平降低可能是女性绝经后罹患良性阵发性位置性眩晕的危险因素。     

手法复位不同类型良性发作性位置性眩晕的预后

目的探讨手法复位不同类型良性发作性位置性眩晕(BPPV)的预后。方法应用变位试验对62例BPPV患者进行分型、定位,并采用耳石复位技术给予复位治疗。结果耳石位于后半规管(PC)55例(88.7%),水平半规管(HC)14例(22.6%),前半规管1例(1.6%);单一半规管46例(74.2%),混合半规管13例(21.0%)。单一半规管复位后1 d及3 d治愈率明显高于混合半规管(均P0.01),PC-BPPV复位后1 d及3 d治愈率明显高于HC-BPPV(均P0.05);1周后治愈率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论后半规管型及单一半规管耳石BPPV患者复位治疗的早期疗效好于其他类型患者。     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕与前庭神经元炎相继发病一例

目的 探讨良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)、前庭神经元炎(VN)在同一患者相继发病时的临床表现及鉴别诊断,以期提高对这两种疾病的再认识。方法 分析1例BPPV与VN相继发病时的临床表现、诊疗经过。结果 患者最初以“发作性眩晕,发生体位改变时加重”被诊断为“BPPV”,行耳石复位治疗后眩晕症状缓解。3d后头晕症状再次出现,且呈持续性,再次行耳石复位治疗无效,结合病史、症状体征、冷热试验和视频头脉冲试验,诊断为VN。经对症支持治疗、糖皮质激素抗炎治疗和前庭功能康复锻炼,4w后患者痊愈。结论 BPPV与VN均是以眩晕为主要临床表现的两种常见疾病,VN亦可诱发BPPV。两种疾病在同一患者相继出现时,尤其当患者先发生BPPV时,更容易发生误诊或者漏诊。因此提高临床医师对眩晕症状及相关疾病的认识以及熟练运用两种疾病的检查手段,可对患者尽早作出正确诊断并及时治疗。另外,临床医师亦应克服“一元论”的惯性思维模式,综合判断,全面诊断,防止以偏概全。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.