基于3D打印模型辅助后路内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的探讨个体化3D打印模型辅助后路固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的方法和效果。方法对河南省人民医院2013?03—2015-03CT及MRI确诊的21例颅颈交界区畸形患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中15例应用3D打印技术建立颈椎个体化3D打印模型,术前进行模拟置钉及内固定术,以期得到个体化得置顶数据,进而辅助真实手术,采取一期后路减压及内固定治疗。结果 15例3D打印模型模拟辅助术中置钉及内固定手术全部置钉成功,无椎动脉及神经根损伤,无内固定松动及断裂。术后随访6~18个月,平均10.6个月,术后VAS评分明显低于术前,JOA评分高于术前(P0.05)术后复查颈部CT或头颈部MR,寰椎齿突间隙(ADI)明显缩小,延髓颈髓角(CMA)明显增大,延髓腹侧受压明显减弱和消失,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。本组未出现手术死亡,且无呼吸困难病例。结论个体化3D打印模型辅助后路螺钉内固定可提高置钉成功率,有效保护椎动脉及神经根,提高安全性,特别对椎动脉"高跨"及各种先天椎体变异的寰枢椎不稳定病人有很大帮助。     

合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形后路减压复位内固定术疗效初步观察

目的 总结合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形经后路减压复位内固定术的临床经验.方法 回顾分析18 例合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形患者(先天性寰枢椎脱位15 例、经口腔入路齿状突磨除术后症状加重致枕颈失稳1 例、外伤所致2 例)的临床资料.施行经后路减压复位钉棒内固定术,术中行体感诱发电位及肌电图监测,根据日本骨科协会(JOA)17 分评分系统和影像学改善程度评价手术疗效.结果 术后影像学检查显示,18 例中16 例钉棒内固定系统和寰枢椎复位良好,1 例复位不良;骨性融合良好16 例,欠佳1 例.术后临床表现均不同程度好转,1 例突发呼吸骤停死亡.术后平均随访6.62 个月(3 ~ 28 个月),JOA 平均评分为11.62 ± 3.23,与手术前评分(7.51 ± 3.82)相比,差异具有统计学意义(t = - 5.476,P = 0.004).结论 经后路减压、复位、钉棒内固定术治疗合并寰枢椎脱位的颅颈交界区畸形临床疗效良好,能够减少患者痛苦、避免再次手术,值得临床推广应用.     

寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根钉棒技术在先天性颅颈交界区畸形翻修手术中的应用

目的 探讨寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根螺钉棒复位内固定技术对于已行不当后颅窝减压术的先天性颅颈交界区畸形患者进行翻修手术的可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月—2016年1月中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科收治的21例先天性颅颈交界区畸形患者的临床资料。其中18例患者在外院已行后颅窝减压术,3例患者行后颅窝减压术+枕颈内固定术。患者术前及术后均行颅颈交界区3D-CT及MRI检查,评估寰枢椎脱位和上颈髓受压的程度;采用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分标准对患者的临床状况进行评价。所有患者均采用后路寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根螺钉-棒技术行寰枢复位内固定,并取髂后上棘松质骨颗粒植骨融合。结果 本组患者的翻修手术均成功实施,术中未出现脊髓、椎动脉损伤。术后20例患者完成了6～24个月,平均12. 2个月的随访。3D-CT复查示,19例患者(90. 5%)获得垂直方向的完全复位,18例患者(85. 7%)获得水平方向的完全复位;植骨均出现融合,未出现钉棒脱落或复位丢失者。MRI复查显示,上颈髓受压均获得缓解。术后3个月的JOA评分从术前的(9. 8±2. 1)分提高到(14. 1±1. 9)分,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。结论 寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根螺钉-棒复位内固定技术治疗已行不当后颅窝减压术的先天性颅颈交界区畸形是安全有效且可行的。     

儿童先天性寰枢关节脱位后路复位及内固定技术

目的 探讨儿童先天性寰枢关节脱位后路直接复位及螺钉-钛棒(板)内固定技术的临床效果. 方法 选择第四军医大学西京医院神经外科自2008年4月至2011年3月收治的7例先天性颅颈交界区不稳定患儿,其中3例伴有扁桃体下疝,4例伴有脊髓空洞,3例寰枕融合.采用枕骨钉-枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术,并通过螺钉间撑开技术使寰枢关节复位.根据手术后JOA评分和影像学资料,评价手术疗效. 结果 7例患儿手术后临床症状明显改善.手术后1个月螺钉位置良好,3个月三维CT检查显示3例颅椎体间融合良好.随访1～15个月,患儿JOA评分平均为(12.03±3.58)分,与手术前(7.56±3.16)分比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 对适宜儿童寰枢关节脱位病例,后路直接复位及内固定是一种有效治疗手段.     

应用C1-2螺钉棒系统行后路复位、固定和融合治疗合并寰-枢椎脱位的颅底凹陷症

目的探讨应用C1-2螺钉棒内固定系统行后路复位、固定和融合治疗寰枢椎脱位的手术疗效。方法 2013年4月至2013年10月,对30例我科收治的合并寰枢椎脱位的颅底凹陷症患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根峡部螺钉(或下关节突螺钉、颈3椎弓根螺钉)棒内固定系统进行复位、固定并取髂后上嵴松质骨植骨融合。通过术后3D-CT评判复位程度,JOA评分评判临床疗效,并探讨影响手术效果的因素。结果 30例患者中26例达到完全复位,4例为部分复位。其中25例完成了3个月以上随访,CT显示植骨愈合良好,未出现植骨的吸收及内固定的松动。结论 C1-2椎弓根钉棒内固定系统对治疗合并寰枢椎脱位的颅颈交界区畸形可以获得满意的疗效,安全可行。     

颅颈交界后路内固定技术进展

颅颈交界区的后路内固定术通常指寰枢椎内固定术和枕颈内固定术,主要应用于先天畸形、外伤、炎症以及肿瘤破坏等各种原因导致的颅颈交界区失稳。寰枢椎脱位是颅颈交界区失稳的关键病理变化,因此各种内固定技术主要针对寰枢椎加以固定和植骨,即寰枢椎内固定术。有时寰椎或枢椎不     

颅颈交界区螺钉-钛棒(板)内固定技术的临床应用

目的 探讨螺钉-钛棒(板)内固定技术治疗颅颈交界区不稳定的临床经验.方法 27例颅颈交界区不稳定患者(先天性寰枢关节脱位21例、颅底凹陷症经口齿状突切除致寰枢关节脱位1例、外伤致寰枢关节脱位1例、经口斜坡脊索瘤切除致寰枢关节脱位3例和椎管内神经纤维瘤病致寰枕关节破坏1例),手术前日本整形外科协会(JOA)评分1～13分,平均(7.45±1.62)分,施行枕骨钉或寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术,并通过螺钉间撑开技术使寰枢关节复位.根据手术后JOA评分和影像学改善程度,评价手术疗效.结果 27例患者中除1例手术后临床症状无明显变化,余26例均明显改善.手术后2周CT检查椎体间融合良好,仅2例(2枚)枢椎椎弓根螺钉穿破骨皮质,但未造成血管损伤或神经压迫,其余螺钉位置良好.随访3～36个月,平均10.50个月.手术后3个月,患者JOA评分1～13分,平均(13.26±1.02)分,与手术前比较,差异具有统计学意义(t=24.210,P=0.001);平均改善率为(60±12)%.结论 枕骨钉或寰椎侧块.枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗颅颈交界区不稳定安全有效.     

自发性寰枢关节脱位后路复位内固定术中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时的备选方法

目的探讨自发性寰枢关节脱位后路内固定过程中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,其他备选螺钉内固定技术的安全性及有效性。方法对贵州省人民医院神经外科未采用枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗的11例自发性寰枢关节脱位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。在枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,采用枢椎椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉、枢椎下关节突螺钉及延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉来增加稳定性的方法。手术前后分别行CT及MRI检查,评价脊髓受压程度、脱位复位情况、螺钉位置、骨融合情况;通过比较术前、术后日本骨科协会(JOA)评分来评价疗效。结果 11例患者均为枢椎椎弓根置钉不能,改用备选方法置钉,全部行枕颈钉棒内固定。共置入枢椎椎板锣钉14枚,枢椎峡部螺钉5枚,枢椎下关节突螺钉1枚,延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉4枚。术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓神经根损伤。11例患者的寰枢关节脱位均得到不同程度的复位,随访中无患者出现螺钉松动、滑脱、断钉及复位丢失等情况,JOA评分为显著增加。结论对自发性寰枢关节脱位后路内固定过程中枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入不能时,可根据情况,个性化选用枢椎椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉、枢椎下关节突螺钉及延长固定节段至C3侧块螺钉的方法来固定,是可行且有效的。     

计算机导航辅助下颅颈交界区畸形的内固定治疗

目的探讨计算机导航在颅颈交界区畸形内固定治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析25例颅颈交界区畸形的病例资料,均在计算机导航辅助下行后路寰枢椎钉棒内固定治疗。术后所有病例随访至少12个月,同时采用日本骨科协会(JOA)脊髓功能评分对病人神经功能进行评估。结果术中导航辅助下行寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定15例,经寰枢关节螺钉固定6例,经寰枢关节螺钉联合Brooks技术固定4例;所有病人术中予以植骨融合。末次随访JOA评分由术前的(9.25±2.01)分提高至(14.36±1.97)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。所有病人螺钉置入位置满意,未发生椎动脉及神经损伤等并发症。结论计算机辅助导航为术者实施颅颈交界区畸形内固定手术提供重要帮助,在提高术中螺钉置入准确性、减少手术损伤、降低手术并发症等方面有巨大潜力。     

颈枕融合术治疗复杂颅颈交界区畸形的疗效分析

目的 探讨颈枕融合术治疗复杂颅颈交界区畸形的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2018年2月武汉大学人民医院神经外科行枕颈融合术治疗的23例复杂颅颈交界区畸形的临床资料。3例行经口齿状突切除+后路枕颈固定融合术,20例行寰枢椎复位+后颅窝减压+后路枕颈固定融合术。结果 术后2周齿状突与钱氏线距离、日本骨科协会评分、延髓-脊髓角、寰齿间距较术前均明显改善（P<0.05）。23例术后随访半年至5年,均未出现关节松动,内固定及植骨均较为牢靠;复查头颈部MRI均示脊髓压迫明显减轻,寰枕关节复位良好,内固定固定良好。结论 颈枕融合术治疗复杂颅颈交界区畸形是一种安全且有效的方式。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.